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Emergency Case Management of Crush Syndrome and Rhabdomyolysis Following Earthquake Disasters

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 , 52 - 56 , 31.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA92JC88SM

Öz

Earthquakes are catastrophic events causing large-scale destruction and high mortality, with a significant risk of crush syndrome and rhabdomyolysis among individuals trapped under debris. This study examines the prehospital emergency management of crush syndrome and rhabdomyolysis following earthquakes. A comprehensive review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for studies published in English and Turkish between January 1, 2018, and December 10, 2025. Out of 3,439 initially identified publications, 1,229 remained after year-based filtering; ultimately, 25 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were evaluated in full text. Findings indicate that early fluid resuscitation, electrolyte monitoring, hyperkalemia management, and controlled reperfusion are vital to reducing mortality. Initiating intervention before extrication significantly decreases the likelihood of acute kidney injury and fatal arrhythmias. The review demonstrates that time-sensitive field management, accurate triage, and decisive actions—such as indicated field amputations—are critical components of disaster response. In conclusion, the successful management of crush syndrome and rhabdomyolysis depends primarily on early recognition, field-adapted protocols, personnel training, and team coordination rather than advanced treatment capacity. The preparedness of prehospital emergency teams and the implementation of standardized intervention algorithms are key determinants in reducing mortality in disaster settings.

Etik Beyan

This study is a review and does not involve the collection of data from human participants. Therefore, ethical committee approval is not required.

Kaynakça

  • United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. UNDRR annual report 2020. Geneva: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction; 2020. http://www.undrr.org/publication/undrr-annual-report-2020. Accessed 22 Jan 2026.
  • Almukhlifi Y, Crowfoot G, Wilson A, Hutton A. Emergency healthcare workers’ preparedness for disaster management: an integrative review. J Clin Nurs. 2021;31(11-12):1427-1443.
  • Long B, Liang SY, Gottlieb M. Crush injury and syndrome: a review for emergency clinicians. Am J Emerg Med. 2023;67:20-29.
  • Usuda D, Shimozawa S, Takami H, Kako Y, Sakamoto T, Shimazaki J, et al. Crush syndrome: a review for prehospital providers and emergency clinicians. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):1-10.
  • Karahan F, Ünal S, Tezol Ö, Sürmeli Döven S, Durak F, Alakaya M, et al. Thromboprophylaxis in pediatric patients with earthquake-related crush syndrome: a single centre experience. Pediatr Surg Int. 2023;39(1):248.
  • Kundakci B, Mirioglu A, Tekin M, Bagir M, Bicer OS, Arslan YK, et al. 6 February 2023, orthopedic experience in Kahramanmaraş earthquake and surgical decision in patients with crush syndrome. J Orthop Surg Res. 2023;18(1):1-10.
  • Luo Y, Liu C, Li D, Yang B, Shi J, Guo X, et al. Progress in the Diagnostic and Predictive Evaluation of Crush Syndrome. Diagnostics. 2023;13(19):3034.
  • Yang XY, Song J, Hou SK, Fan HJ, Lv Q, Liu ZQ, et al. Ulinastatin ameliorates acute kidney injury induced by crush syndrome inflammation by modulating Th17/Treg cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;81:106265.
  • Ramírez-Guerrero G, Reis T, Marcello M, de Cal M, Ronco C. Crush syndrome-related acute kidney injury in earthquake victims, time to consider new therapeutical options?. Int J Artif Organs. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/03913988231191954.
  • Yazici R, İlçin C, Özsu T, Demirtakan T, Kalafat UM, Doğan S. A Comprehensive Review for Refreshing the Crush Syndrome Knowledge After the Devastating Earthquake in Türkiye. Compr Med. 2023;15(2):165-170.
  • Atmis B, Bayazit AK, Cagli Piskin C, Saribas E, Piskin FC, Bilen S, et al. Factors predicting kidney replacement therapy in pediatric earthquake victims with crush syndrome in the first week following rescue. Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182(11):1-8.
  • Cabral BMI, Edding SN, Portocarrero JP, Lerma EV. Rhabdomyolysis. Dis Mon. 2020;66(8):101015.
  • Rauch S, Borgato A, Gruber E, Leggieri C, Bock M, Seraglio PME. Case report: prevention of rhabdomyolysis-associated acute kidney injury by extracorporeal blood purification with cytosorb®. Front Pediatr. 2022;9:801807.
  • Karakaya D, Yılmaz AÇ, Güngör T, Kenan BU, Çelikkaya E, Çakıcı EK. Is the renal score predictive for kidney replacement therapy in pediatric patients with crush syndrome?. Pediatr Nephrol. 2023;38(11):1-6.
  • Abu-Zidan FM, Idris K, Cevik AA. Prehospital management of earthquake crush injuries: A collective review. Turk J Emerg Med. 2023;23(4):199–210. DOI: 10.4103/tjem.tjem_201_23.
  • Erdemir AG, İdilman İS, Çifçi GÇ, Yıldız AE, Demirkazık F, Onur MR, et al. Imaging in crush injury: a spectrum of findings in survivors of the twin earthquakes on February 6, 2023. Emerg Radiol. 2023;30(5):1-11.

Deprem Afetinden Sonra Görülen Crush Sendromu ve Rabdomiyoliz Oldularında Acil Vaka Yönetimi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 , 52 - 56 , 31.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA92JC88SM

Öz

Depremler; geniş çaplı yıkıma, çoklu travmalara ve yüksek mortaliteye neden olan, enkaz altında kalan bireylerde ezilme (crush) sendromu ve rabdomiyoliz gelişme riski yüksek olan katastrofik olaylardır. Bu çalışma, deprem sonrası hastane öncesi evrede ezilme sendromu ve rabdomiyoliz vakalarının acil yönetimini incelemektedir. Bu kapsamda; PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında 1 Ocak 2018 ile 10 Aralık 2025 tarihleri arasında İngilizce ve Türkçe dillerinde yayımlanan çalışmalar taranmıştır. Başlangıçta belirlenen 3439 yayından, yıl bazlı kısıtlamalar sonrası 1229’una ulaşılmış; kriterleri karşılayan 25 çalışma tam metin olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular; erken sıvı resüsitasyonu, elektrolit dengesi takibi, hiperkalemi yönetimi ve kontrollü reperfüzyonun mortaliteyi azaltmada hayati önem taşıdığını göstermektedir. Enkaz altındaki bireylere kurtarma (ekstrikasyon) öncesinde müdahale edilmesi, akut böbrek hasarı ve ölümcül aritmi olasılığını anlamlı düzeyde düşürmektedir. İnceleme; saha yönetiminde zamanın kritik olduğunu, doğru triyajın önemini ve gerektiğinde saha amputasyonu gibi hayat kurtarıcı kararların ertelenmemesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak, deprem sonrası ezilme sendromu ve rabdomiyolizin başarılı yönetimi; ileri tedavi kapasitesinden ziyade erken tanıma, sahaya uyarlanmış protokoller, personel eğitimi, ekip koordinasyonu ve zamanında karar verme sürecine bağlıdır. Hastane öncesi acil ekiplerin hazırlıklı olması ve standart müdahale algoritmalarının uygulanması, afet ortamlarında mortalitenin azaltılmasında temel belirleyicilerdir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, derleme (review) türünde olup, insan katılımcılarından veri toplanmasını içermemektedir. Bu nedenle, etik kurul onayı alınması gerekmemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. UNDRR annual report 2020. Geneva: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction; 2020. http://www.undrr.org/publication/undrr-annual-report-2020. Accessed 22 Jan 2026.
  • Almukhlifi Y, Crowfoot G, Wilson A, Hutton A. Emergency healthcare workers’ preparedness for disaster management: an integrative review. J Clin Nurs. 2021;31(11-12):1427-1443.
  • Long B, Liang SY, Gottlieb M. Crush injury and syndrome: a review for emergency clinicians. Am J Emerg Med. 2023;67:20-29.
  • Usuda D, Shimozawa S, Takami H, Kako Y, Sakamoto T, Shimazaki J, et al. Crush syndrome: a review for prehospital providers and emergency clinicians. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):1-10.
  • Karahan F, Ünal S, Tezol Ö, Sürmeli Döven S, Durak F, Alakaya M, et al. Thromboprophylaxis in pediatric patients with earthquake-related crush syndrome: a single centre experience. Pediatr Surg Int. 2023;39(1):248.
  • Kundakci B, Mirioglu A, Tekin M, Bagir M, Bicer OS, Arslan YK, et al. 6 February 2023, orthopedic experience in Kahramanmaraş earthquake and surgical decision in patients with crush syndrome. J Orthop Surg Res. 2023;18(1):1-10.
  • Luo Y, Liu C, Li D, Yang B, Shi J, Guo X, et al. Progress in the Diagnostic and Predictive Evaluation of Crush Syndrome. Diagnostics. 2023;13(19):3034.
  • Yang XY, Song J, Hou SK, Fan HJ, Lv Q, Liu ZQ, et al. Ulinastatin ameliorates acute kidney injury induced by crush syndrome inflammation by modulating Th17/Treg cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;81:106265.
  • Ramírez-Guerrero G, Reis T, Marcello M, de Cal M, Ronco C. Crush syndrome-related acute kidney injury in earthquake victims, time to consider new therapeutical options?. Int J Artif Organs. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/03913988231191954.
  • Yazici R, İlçin C, Özsu T, Demirtakan T, Kalafat UM, Doğan S. A Comprehensive Review for Refreshing the Crush Syndrome Knowledge After the Devastating Earthquake in Türkiye. Compr Med. 2023;15(2):165-170.
  • Atmis B, Bayazit AK, Cagli Piskin C, Saribas E, Piskin FC, Bilen S, et al. Factors predicting kidney replacement therapy in pediatric earthquake victims with crush syndrome in the first week following rescue. Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182(11):1-8.
  • Cabral BMI, Edding SN, Portocarrero JP, Lerma EV. Rhabdomyolysis. Dis Mon. 2020;66(8):101015.
  • Rauch S, Borgato A, Gruber E, Leggieri C, Bock M, Seraglio PME. Case report: prevention of rhabdomyolysis-associated acute kidney injury by extracorporeal blood purification with cytosorb®. Front Pediatr. 2022;9:801807.
  • Karakaya D, Yılmaz AÇ, Güngör T, Kenan BU, Çelikkaya E, Çakıcı EK. Is the renal score predictive for kidney replacement therapy in pediatric patients with crush syndrome?. Pediatr Nephrol. 2023;38(11):1-6.
  • Abu-Zidan FM, Idris K, Cevik AA. Prehospital management of earthquake crush injuries: A collective review. Turk J Emerg Med. 2023;23(4):199–210. DOI: 10.4103/tjem.tjem_201_23.
  • Erdemir AG, İdilman İS, Çifçi GÇ, Yıldız AE, Demirkazık F, Onur MR, et al. Imaging in crush injury: a spectrum of findings in survivors of the twin earthquakes on February 6, 2023. Emerg Radiol. 2023;30(5):1-11.
Toplam 16 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Acil Tıp
Bölüm Diğer
Yazarlar

Kadir Okan Bağış 0000-0001-9524-9770

Esra Ersöz Genç 0000-0002-4988-6709

Süreyya Gümüşsoy 0000-0001-5708-8988

Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Şubat 2026
Kabul Tarihi 24 Şubat 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA92JC88SM
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver 1.Kadir Okan Bağış, Esra Ersöz Genç, Süreyya Gümüşsoy. Deprem Afetinden Sonra Görülen Crush Sendromu ve Rabdomiyoliz Oldularında Acil Vaka Yönetimi. Phnx Med J. [Internet]. 01 Mart 2026;8(1):52-6. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA92JC88SM

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