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Ketamine Infusion in the Management of Refractory Status Epilepticus Following Cardiac Arrest: A Case Report

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 , 57 - 59 , 31.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA37HX46AB

Öz

Objective: Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is a neurological emergency characterized by high morbidity and mortality, defined as the failure of first- and second-line antiepileptic drugs. RSE occurring in the post-cardiac arrest period poses additional therapeutic challenges due to hemodynamic instability. This case report aims to present a patient who developed RSE after cardiac arrest and achieved successful seizure control with ketamine infusion and to discuss the efficacy and safety of ketamine in this context with a review of the literature.
Case: In the emergency department, he had a second cardiac arrest and underwent CPR, and during this period, generalized tonic-clonic seizures were observed, prompting intravenous diazepam administration. The patient was sedated with midazolam and fentanyl infusions in the intensive care unit. Neurology consultation led to the initiation of levetiracetam and valproate. Despite these treatments, focal myoclonic seizures persisted and increased in frequency. Anesthesiology recommended propofol infusion, but due to hypotension (related to underlying sepsis), propofol was contraindicated. On the 4th day of admission, ketamine infusion was started at 1 mg/kg/h; after minimal reduction in seizure frequency, the dose was increased to 1.5 mg/kg/h. Seizure frequency, hemodynamic parameters, and adverse effects were monitored.
Conclusion: In this case, ketamine infusion provided effective seizure control without significant adverse effects. The effective dose of 1.5 mg/kg/h was consistent with the literature, supporting ketamine as a safe and effective alternative in RSE. Early consideration of ketamine infusion may be beneficial in preventing neuronal damage when other anesthetic agents cannot be used.

Kaynakça

  • Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014 Apr;55(4):475-82.
  • Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, Rossetti AO, Scheffer IE, Shinnar S, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus - Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2015;56(10):1515–23.
  • Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, Alldredge B, Bleck TP, Glauser T, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012 Feb;17(1):3–23.
  • Kapur J, Coulter DA. Experimental status epilepticus alters gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor function in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Ann Neurol. 1995 Dec;38(6):893–900.
  • Naylor DE, Liu H, Wasterlain CG. Trafficking of GABA(A) receptors, loss of inhibition, and a mechanism for pharmacoresistance in status epilepticus. J Neurosci. 2005 Aug 3;25(31):7724–33.
  • Terunuma M, Xu J, Vithlani M, Sieghart W, Kittler J, Pangalos M, et al. Deficits in phosphorylation of GABA(A) receptors by intimately associated protein kinase C activity underlie compromised synaptic inhibition during status epilepticus. J Neurosci. 2008 Jan 9;28(2):376–84.
  • Adotevi N, Lewczuk E, Sun H, Joshi S, Dabrowska N, Shan S, et al. α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid Receptor Plasticity Sustains Severe, Fatal Status Epilepticus. Ann Neurol. 2020 Jan;87(1):84-96.
  • Mazarati AM, Wasterlain CG. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists abolish the maintenance phase of self-sustaining status epilepticus in rat. Neurosci Lett. 1999 Jun 11;265(3):187–90.
  • Sheth RD, Gidal BE. Refractory status epilepticus: response to ketamine. Neurology. 1998 Dec;51(6):1765–6.
  • Gaspard N, Foreman B, Judd LM, Brenton JN, Nathan BR, McCoy BM, et al. Intravenous ketamine for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective multicenter study. Epilepsia. 2013 Aug;54(8):1498-503.
  • Malter MP, Neuneier J. Super-refractory status epilepticus in adults. Neurol Res Pract. 2022 Aug 22;4(1):35.
  • Rosenow F, Weber J. S2k-Leitlinie: Status Epilepticus im Erwachsenenalter: Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie. Nervenarzt. 2021 Oct;92(10):1002-1030.
  • Ochoa JG, Dougherty M, Papanastassiou A, Gidal B, Mohamed I, Vossler DG. Treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: A review. Epilepsy Curr. 2021;21(6):1535759721999670.
  • Sabharwal V, Ramsay E, Martinez R, Shumate R, Grant R, Tesh R, et al. Propofol-ketamine combination therapy for effective control of super-refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav. 2015 Nov;52(Pt A):264–6.
  • Synowiec AS, Singh DS, Yenugadhati V, Valeriano JP, Schramke CJ, Kelly KM. Ketamine use in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res. 2013 Jul;105(1-2):183–8.

Kardiyak Arrest Sonrası Gelişen Refrakter Status Epileptikus Yönetiminde Ketamin İnfüzyonu: Olgu Sunumu

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 , 57 - 59 , 31.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA37HX46AB

Öz

Amaç: Refrakter status epileptikus (RSE), birinci ve ikinci basamak antiepileptik tedavilere yanıt vermeyen, yüksek morbidite ve mortalite ile seyreden nörolojik bir acildir. Özellikle postkardiyak arrest dönemde gelişen RSE’de hemodinamik instabilite tedavi seçeneklerini kısıtlamaktadır. Bu vaka sunumunda, kardiyak arrest sonrası gelişen ve konvansiyonel tedavilere dirençli nöbetlerin ketamin infüzyonu ile başarılı şekilde kontrol altına alındığı bir olgu sunularak, ketaminin bu hasta grubundaki etkinliği ve güvenilirliğinin literatür eşliğinde tartışılması amaçlanmıştır.
Olgu: Acil serviste ikinci kez kardiyak arreste giren hastaya yeniden KPR uygulandı ve bu sırada jeneralize tonik-klonik nöbet gözlenmesi üzerine intravenöz diazepam uygulandı. Hastanın izleminde midazolam ve fentanil infüzyonu ile sedasyon sağlanırken, nöroloji konsültasyonu ile levetirasetam ve valproat tedavisi başlandı. Ancak nöbetler (fokal miyoklonik) devam etti ve sıklığı arttı. Anestezi kliniği propofol infüzyonu önerdi, ancak hasta hipotansif olduğu için propofol başlanamadı. Bunun üzerine izlemin 4. gününde ketamin infüzyonu (1 mg/kg/saat) başlandı, nöbetlerde kısmi azalma olunca doz 1,5 mg/kg/saat’e yükseltildi. Nöbet sıklığı, hemodinamik parametreler ve olası yan etkiler kaydedildi.
Sonuç: Bu vakada, ketamin infüzyonu ile başarılı nöbet kontrolü sağlanmış ve ciddi bir yan etki gözlenmemiştir. Literatürde bildirilen etkili doz aralığıyla uyumlu olarak 1,5 mg/kg/saat dozunda ketamin, güvenli ve etkili bir seçenek olarak değerlendirilebilir. RSE tedavisinde, özellikle diğer anestezik ajanların kullanılamadığı durumlarda, ketamin infüzyonunun erken dönemde düşünülmesi nöronal hasarı önlemede önemli olabilir.

Etik Beyan

Bu bildiri, 12-14 Şubat 2026 tarihleri arasında Konya'da düzenlenen 2. Uluslararası Acil Akademik Tıp Kongresi'nde sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014 Apr;55(4):475-82.
  • Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D, Rossetti AO, Scheffer IE, Shinnar S, et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus - Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2015;56(10):1515–23.
  • Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, Alldredge B, Bleck TP, Glauser T, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012 Feb;17(1):3–23.
  • Kapur J, Coulter DA. Experimental status epilepticus alters gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor function in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Ann Neurol. 1995 Dec;38(6):893–900.
  • Naylor DE, Liu H, Wasterlain CG. Trafficking of GABA(A) receptors, loss of inhibition, and a mechanism for pharmacoresistance in status epilepticus. J Neurosci. 2005 Aug 3;25(31):7724–33.
  • Terunuma M, Xu J, Vithlani M, Sieghart W, Kittler J, Pangalos M, et al. Deficits in phosphorylation of GABA(A) receptors by intimately associated protein kinase C activity underlie compromised synaptic inhibition during status epilepticus. J Neurosci. 2008 Jan 9;28(2):376–84.
  • Adotevi N, Lewczuk E, Sun H, Joshi S, Dabrowska N, Shan S, et al. α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid Receptor Plasticity Sustains Severe, Fatal Status Epilepticus. Ann Neurol. 2020 Jan;87(1):84-96.
  • Mazarati AM, Wasterlain CG. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists abolish the maintenance phase of self-sustaining status epilepticus in rat. Neurosci Lett. 1999 Jun 11;265(3):187–90.
  • Sheth RD, Gidal BE. Refractory status epilepticus: response to ketamine. Neurology. 1998 Dec;51(6):1765–6.
  • Gaspard N, Foreman B, Judd LM, Brenton JN, Nathan BR, McCoy BM, et al. Intravenous ketamine for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective multicenter study. Epilepsia. 2013 Aug;54(8):1498-503.
  • Malter MP, Neuneier J. Super-refractory status epilepticus in adults. Neurol Res Pract. 2022 Aug 22;4(1):35.
  • Rosenow F, Weber J. S2k-Leitlinie: Status Epilepticus im Erwachsenenalter: Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie. Nervenarzt. 2021 Oct;92(10):1002-1030.
  • Ochoa JG, Dougherty M, Papanastassiou A, Gidal B, Mohamed I, Vossler DG. Treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: A review. Epilepsy Curr. 2021;21(6):1535759721999670.
  • Sabharwal V, Ramsay E, Martinez R, Shumate R, Grant R, Tesh R, et al. Propofol-ketamine combination therapy for effective control of super-refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav. 2015 Nov;52(Pt A):264–6.
  • Synowiec AS, Singh DS, Yenugadhati V, Valeriano JP, Schramke CJ, Kelly KM. Ketamine use in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res. 2013 Jul;105(1-2):183–8.
Toplam 15 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Acil Tıp, Yoğun Bakım, Nöroloji ve Nöromüsküler Hastalıklar
Bölüm Diğer
Yazarlar

Hüseyin Ay 0009-0008-2903-0170

Burak Can Şanal 0009-0001-2063-0427

Muhammed Ragıb Alp 0009-0003-4910-8637

Ömer Jaradat 0000-0002-6177-710X

Abdullah Sadık Girişgin 0000-0003-2669-0532

Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Şubat 2026
Kabul Tarihi 26 Şubat 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA37HX46AB
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver 1.Hüseyin Ay, Burak Can Şanal, Muhammed Ragıb Alp, Ömer Jaradat, Abdullah Sadık Girişgin. Kardiyak Arrest Sonrası Gelişen Refrakter Status Epileptikus Yönetiminde Ketamin İnfüzyonu: Olgu Sunumu. Phnx Med J. [Internet]. 01 Mart 2026;8(1):57-9. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA37HX46AB

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