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COVID-19 Pandemisi Öncesi ve Döneminde Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Takip Edilen Hastaların Kan Kültürü İzolatlarının Tür Dağılımı ve Antibiyotik Duyarlılıklarının Değerlendirilmesi: Retrospektif, Tek Merkez Analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 71 - 77, 01.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.38175/phnx.1222179

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, COVID-19 pandemisi öncesi ve döneminde tersiyer bir merkezin Yoğun bakım ünitesinde (YBÜ) yatan hastaların kan kültürlerinden izole edilen mikroorganizma türlerinin tanımlanması ve antibiyotik duyarlılıklarının araştırılmasıdır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: 15 Mart 2019 ile 15 Mart 2021 arasındaki COVID-19 pandemisi öncesi ve sonrası 2 yıllık süreçte YBÜ’de yatan hastalar iki gruba ayrılarak kan kültürleri retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. İzole edilen mikroorganizmalar ve antibiyotik duyarlılıkları analiz edildi.
Bulgular: Toplamda 1282 hastanın kan kültürü analiz edildi, demografik veriler gruplar arasında benzerdi. Pre-pandemik dönemdeki hastaların %39.6’sında (n=202) ve pandemik dönemdekilerin %41’inde (n=317) üreme saptandı. Tüm popülasyonun %71.3’ünde gram pozitif bakteriler, %21.6’sında gram negatif bakteriler ve %7.1’inde Candida spp. izole edildi. Pandemi dönemindeki kan kültürlerinde Klebsiella spp. anlamlı olarak yüksek, Enterococcus spp. ise anlamlı olarak düşüktü. COVID-19 döneminde Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., E.coli, Enterobacter spp. ve Pseudomonas spp. için antibiyotik duyarlılıklarında anlamlı olmasa da azalma tespit edildi. Koagülaz negatif stafilokoklarda (KNS) ise teikoplanin ve linezolid duyarlılığında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı azalma mevcuttu. Pandemi dönemindeki hastaların %57.6’sı (n=172) COVID-19 pozitifti. COVID-19 pozitif hastalarda ise Candida spp. oranları anlamlı olarak yüksek iken antifungal duyarlılıkta azalma saptanmadı.
Sonuç: COVID-19 enfeksiyonunun bağışıklık sistemi zayıflamış hastalarda ağır seyretmesi, sekonder enfeksiyonlarda anlamlı artışa yol açarak pandemi dönemindeki hastalardan izole edilen Klebsiella suşlarında artışta ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılıktaki azalmalarda etkili olmuş olabilir. YBÜ’mizde izole odalarda takip edilen bu hastalardaki çapraz bulaşın azalmasının Enterococcus suşlarının anlamlı olarak düşük saptanmasında, tedavide yüksek doz steroidlerin kullanılmasının ise izole edilen Candida suşlarının artmasında etkili olduğunu düşünüyoruz.

Destekleyen Kurum

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Proje Numarası

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Teşekkür

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Kaynakça

  • Şirin MC, Ağuş N, Yılmaz N, Bayram A, Yılmaz-Hancı S, Şamlıoğlu P, et al. Microorganisms isolated from blood cultures of the patients in intensive care units and their antibiotic susceptibilities. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2017;74(4):269-278. DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2017.94899
  • Hoenigl M, Wagner J, Raggam RB, Prueller F, Prattes J, Eigl S, et al. Characteristics of hospital-acquired and community-onset blood stream infections, South-East Austria. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104702.
  • Aytaç Ö, Şenol FF, Şenol A, Öner P, Aşçı Toraman Z. A Comparison of the Species Distribution and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Blood Culture Isolates from Intensive Care Unit Patients Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic. Turk Mikrobiyol Cemiy Derg. 2022;52(1):39-47.
  • Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-1062.
  • Florio W, Morici P, Ghelardi E, Barnini S, Lupetti A. Recent advances in the microbiological diagnosis of bloodstream infections. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2018;44(3):351-370.
  • Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41(2):145-151.
  • Tabah A, Koulenti D, Laupland K, Misset B, Valles J, Bruzzi de Carvalho F, et al. Characteristics and determinants of outcome of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in intensive care units: the EUROBACT International Cohort Study. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(12):1930-1945.
  • Zhanel GG, DeCorby M, Laing N, Weshnoweski B, Vashisht R, Tailor F, et al. Antimicrobial resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: Results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) Study, 2005-2006. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(4):1430-1437.
  • Küçükateş E, Gültekin N. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Microorganisms Isolated from Blood Cultures of Hospitalized Patients in Intensive Care Units. Haseki Tip Bul. 2016;54(2):97-102.
  • Asaad AM, Ansar Qureshi M, Mujeeb Hasan S. Clinical significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates from nosocomial bloodstream infections. Infect Dis (Lond). 2016;48(5):356-360.
  • Çalık Ş, Tosun S, Altın Ü, Arı A, Olut AI, Yüksel Ergin Ö. Is There Clinical Significance of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Blood Cultures? Flora. 2017;22(1):34-41.
  • Kirn TJ, Weinstein MP. Update on blood cultures: how to obtain, process, report, and interpret. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(6):513-520.
  • Stohl S, Benenson S, Sviri S, Avidan A, Block C, Sprung CL, et al. Blood cultures at central line insertion in the intensive care unit: comparison with peripheral venipuncture. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(7):2398-2403.
  • Vicent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, Anzueto A, Martin CD, et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA. 2009;302(21):2323-2329.
  • Duman Y, Kuzucu Ç, Çuğlan S. Bacteria Isolated from Blood Cultures and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Erciyes Medical Journal. 2011;33(3):189-196.
  • Karlowsky JA, Jones ME, Draghi DC, Thornsberry C, Sahm DF, Volturo GA. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from blood cultures of hospitalized patients in the United States in 2002. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004;3:7. DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-3-7
  • Lakhundi S, Zhang K. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: molecular characterization, evolution and epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018;31(4):e00020-18.
  • Köck R, Becker K, Cookson B, van Gemert-Pijnen JE, Harbarth S, Kluytmans J, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Burden of disease and control challenges in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(41):19688.
  • Kula Atik T, Uzun B. Evaluation of Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Blood Cultures to Methicillin and Other Antimicrobial Agents. Klimik Derg. 2020;33(2):132-136.
  • Gülmez D, Gür D. Microorganisms Isolated from Blood Cultures in Hacettepe University İhsan Doğramacı Children’s Hospital from 2000 to 2011: Evaluation of 12 Years. J Pediatr Inf. 2012;6(13):79-83.
  • Altunsoy A, Aypak C, Azap A, Ergönül O, Balık I. The impact of a nationwide antibiotic restriction program on antibiotic usage and resistance against nosocomial pathogens in Turkey. Int J Med Sci. 2011;8(4):339-344.
  • Çetin F, Mumcuoğlu F, Aksoy A, Gürkan Y, Aksu N. Microorganisms isolated from blood cultures and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2014;71(2):67-74.
  • Kılınç Ç, Güçkan R, Kahveci M, Kayhan Y, Pirhan Y, Özalp T. Distribution of Gram Negative Isolates in Blood Cultures and Their Antibiotic Resistance. Int J Basic Clin Med. 2015;3(3):125-130.
  • Uzun B, Gungor S, Yurtsever SG, Afsar İ, Demirci M. Evalution of Resistance to Various Antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Blood Cultures of Intensive Care Patients. Ankem Derg. 2012;26(2):55-60. DOI:10.5222/ankem.2012.055
  • Türk Dağı H, Arslan U, Tuncer İ. Antibiotic Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Blood Cultures. ANKEM Derg. 2011;25(1):22-26.
  • Lee CR, Lee JH, Park M, Park KS, Bae IK, Kim YB, et al. Biology of Acinetobacter baumannii: Pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and prospective treatment options. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:55.
  • Riche CVW, Cassol R, Pasqualotto AC. Is the frequency of candidemia increasing in COVID-19 patients receiving corticosteroids? J Fungi (Basel). 2020;6(4):286.

Evaluation of Species Distribution and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Blood Culture Isolates of Patients Followed in the Intensive Care Unit Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective, Single-Center Analysis

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 71 - 77, 01.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.38175/phnx.1222179

Öz

Objective: This study aims to identify the microorganism species isolated from blood cultures of patients hospitalized in the ICU of a tertiary center before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and to investigate their antibiotic susceptibility.
Material and Method: Patients hospitalized in the ICU two years before and after the COVID-19 pandemic between March 15, 2019, and March 15, 2021, were divided into two groups, and their blood cultures were evaluated retrospectively. Isolated microorganisms and their antibiotic susceptibility were analyzed.
Results: A total of 1282 patients’ blood cultures were analyzed, and demographic data were similar between groups. Blood culture growth was detected in 39.6% (n=202) of the patients in the pre-pandemic period and 41% (n=317) in the pandemic period. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 71.3%, gram-negative bacteria in 21.6%, and Candida spp. in 7.1% of the population. Klebsiella spp. was significantly higher, and Enterococcus spp. was significantly lower in blood cultures during the pandemic. In the COVID-19 period, although not significant, a decrease in antibiotic susceptibility was detected for Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., E.coli, Enterobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp. There was a statistically significant decrease in susceptibility to teicoplanin and linezolid in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). During the pandemic, 57.6% (n=172) of the patients were positive for COVID-19. In COVID-19-positive patients, while Candida spp. was significantly higher, no decrease in antifungal susceptibility was detected.
Conclusion: The severe COVID-19 infection in immunocompromised patients may have led to a significant increase in secondary infections, contributing to the increase in Klebsiella strains isolated from patients in the pandemic period and the reduction in antimicrobial susceptibility. The decrease in cross-contamination in these patients, who were followed up in isolated rooms in our ICU, was influential in the significantly lower detection of Enterococcus strains. High-dose steroids in the treatment effectively increased the number of isolated Candida strains.

Proje Numarası

Yoktur.

Kaynakça

  • Şirin MC, Ağuş N, Yılmaz N, Bayram A, Yılmaz-Hancı S, Şamlıoğlu P, et al. Microorganisms isolated from blood cultures of the patients in intensive care units and their antibiotic susceptibilities. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2017;74(4):269-278. DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2017.94899
  • Hoenigl M, Wagner J, Raggam RB, Prueller F, Prattes J, Eigl S, et al. Characteristics of hospital-acquired and community-onset blood stream infections, South-East Austria. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104702.
  • Aytaç Ö, Şenol FF, Şenol A, Öner P, Aşçı Toraman Z. A Comparison of the Species Distribution and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Blood Culture Isolates from Intensive Care Unit Patients Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic. Turk Mikrobiyol Cemiy Derg. 2022;52(1):39-47.
  • Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-1062.
  • Florio W, Morici P, Ghelardi E, Barnini S, Lupetti A. Recent advances in the microbiological diagnosis of bloodstream infections. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2018;44(3):351-370.
  • Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41(2):145-151.
  • Tabah A, Koulenti D, Laupland K, Misset B, Valles J, Bruzzi de Carvalho F, et al. Characteristics and determinants of outcome of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in intensive care units: the EUROBACT International Cohort Study. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(12):1930-1945.
  • Zhanel GG, DeCorby M, Laing N, Weshnoweski B, Vashisht R, Tailor F, et al. Antimicrobial resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: Results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) Study, 2005-2006. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(4):1430-1437.
  • Küçükateş E, Gültekin N. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Microorganisms Isolated from Blood Cultures of Hospitalized Patients in Intensive Care Units. Haseki Tip Bul. 2016;54(2):97-102.
  • Asaad AM, Ansar Qureshi M, Mujeeb Hasan S. Clinical significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates from nosocomial bloodstream infections. Infect Dis (Lond). 2016;48(5):356-360.
  • Çalık Ş, Tosun S, Altın Ü, Arı A, Olut AI, Yüksel Ergin Ö. Is There Clinical Significance of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Blood Cultures? Flora. 2017;22(1):34-41.
  • Kirn TJ, Weinstein MP. Update on blood cultures: how to obtain, process, report, and interpret. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(6):513-520.
  • Stohl S, Benenson S, Sviri S, Avidan A, Block C, Sprung CL, et al. Blood cultures at central line insertion in the intensive care unit: comparison with peripheral venipuncture. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(7):2398-2403.
  • Vicent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, Anzueto A, Martin CD, et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA. 2009;302(21):2323-2329.
  • Duman Y, Kuzucu Ç, Çuğlan S. Bacteria Isolated from Blood Cultures and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Erciyes Medical Journal. 2011;33(3):189-196.
  • Karlowsky JA, Jones ME, Draghi DC, Thornsberry C, Sahm DF, Volturo GA. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from blood cultures of hospitalized patients in the United States in 2002. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2004;3:7. DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-3-7
  • Lakhundi S, Zhang K. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: molecular characterization, evolution and epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018;31(4):e00020-18.
  • Köck R, Becker K, Cookson B, van Gemert-Pijnen JE, Harbarth S, Kluytmans J, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Burden of disease and control challenges in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(41):19688.
  • Kula Atik T, Uzun B. Evaluation of Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Blood Cultures to Methicillin and Other Antimicrobial Agents. Klimik Derg. 2020;33(2):132-136.
  • Gülmez D, Gür D. Microorganisms Isolated from Blood Cultures in Hacettepe University İhsan Doğramacı Children’s Hospital from 2000 to 2011: Evaluation of 12 Years. J Pediatr Inf. 2012;6(13):79-83.
  • Altunsoy A, Aypak C, Azap A, Ergönül O, Balık I. The impact of a nationwide antibiotic restriction program on antibiotic usage and resistance against nosocomial pathogens in Turkey. Int J Med Sci. 2011;8(4):339-344.
  • Çetin F, Mumcuoğlu F, Aksoy A, Gürkan Y, Aksu N. Microorganisms isolated from blood cultures and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2014;71(2):67-74.
  • Kılınç Ç, Güçkan R, Kahveci M, Kayhan Y, Pirhan Y, Özalp T. Distribution of Gram Negative Isolates in Blood Cultures and Their Antibiotic Resistance. Int J Basic Clin Med. 2015;3(3):125-130.
  • Uzun B, Gungor S, Yurtsever SG, Afsar İ, Demirci M. Evalution of Resistance to Various Antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Blood Cultures of Intensive Care Patients. Ankem Derg. 2012;26(2):55-60. DOI:10.5222/ankem.2012.055
  • Türk Dağı H, Arslan U, Tuncer İ. Antibiotic Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Blood Cultures. ANKEM Derg. 2011;25(1):22-26.
  • Lee CR, Lee JH, Park M, Park KS, Bae IK, Kim YB, et al. Biology of Acinetobacter baumannii: Pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and prospective treatment options. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:55.
  • Riche CVW, Cassol R, Pasqualotto AC. Is the frequency of candidemia increasing in COVID-19 patients receiving corticosteroids? J Fungi (Basel). 2020;6(4):286.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yoğun Bakım
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Kadir Arslan 0000-0003-4061-0746

Ayça Sultan Şahin 0000-0002-7765-5297

Proje Numarası Yoktur.
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 20 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Arslan K, Şahin AS. Evaluation of Species Distribution and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Blood Culture Isolates of Patients Followed in the Intensive Care Unit Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective, Single-Center Analysis. Phnx Med J. 2023;5(2):71-7.

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