Preliminary Objections of the M/V Norstar Case

Öz

The Spanish authorities following a request of Italy seized M/V Norstar an oil tanker registered under the flag of Panama when it was anchored in the Bay of Palma de Mallorca, Spain, in 1998. Panama demanded release of the vessel and payment for the damage caused by unlawful arrest of M/V Norstar, but it has not been fulfilled. In 2015, Panama instituted proceedings against Italy in a dispute between the two states concerning the interpretation and application of the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea in connection with the detention of M/V Norstar by Italy. Italy submitted its preliminary objections on the lack of jurisdiction the International Tribunal for the Law of Sea (ITLOS) and the inadmissibility of the application of Panama. In this paper, the judgment of ITLOS on Italy’s preliminary objection, base on lack of jurisdiction and inadmissibility was examined. In addition, subjects such as estoppel, extinctive prescription, State representation and acquiescence were also evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• M/V Norstar Case,The United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea (UNCLOS),International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS),Panama,Italy

M/V Norstar Davası’nın İlk İtirazları

Öz

1998 yılında, İtalya’nın isteği üzerine İspanya makamları tarafından, Panama bayraklı M/V Norstar adındaki petrol tankerine İspanya’nın Palma de Mallorca Körfezinde demirlediği sırada el konulmuştur. Panama, M/V Norstar’ın serbest bırakılmasını ve hukuksuz alıkonulmasından doğan zararın giderilmesini talep etmiş fakat yerine getirilmemiştir. 2015 yılında Panama, M/V Norstar’ın İtalya tarafından alıkonulması ile bağlantılı Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi’nin yorumlanması ve uygulanması ile ilgili iki devlet arasında bir uyuşmazlık sebebiyle İtalya’ya karşı dava açmıştır. İtalya, Uluslararası Deniz Hukuku Mahkemesinin yetkisizliği ve Panama’nın iddialarının kabul edilemezliğine karşı ilk itirazlarını sunmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Uluslararası Deniz Hukuku Mahkemesinin, İtalya’nın ilk itirazları olan yetkisizlik ve kabul edilmezlik konusunda verdiği karar incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, önceki beyanlara aykırı tutum yasağı, ıskati zaman aşımı, devletin temsili ve zımni kabul gibi konular da değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• M/V Norstar Davası,Uluslararası Deniz Hukuku Mahkemesi,(UDHM),Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi (BMDHS),Panama,İtalya

Kaynakça

1. 16 Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary Between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh/Myanmar) Judgment of 14 March 2012, https://www.itlos. org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no_16/published/C16-J-14_mar_12.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2018)
2. 2 The M/V “Saiga” Case, (Saint Vincentand the Grenadinesv. Guinea) Judgment 1 July 1999, https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no_2/published/C2-J-1_Jul_99.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2018)
3. 25 The M/V “Norstar” Case (Panama v. Italy) [2015] Application of the Republic of Panama (16 November 2015) https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no.25/C25_ Application.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.04.2018)
4. 25 The M/V “Norstar” Case (Panama v. Italy) [2015] Preliminary Objections Judgment (4 November 2016), https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no.25/Preliminary_ Objections/Judgment/C25_Judgment_04.11.16_orig.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 04.06.2018).
5. 25 The M/V “Norstar” Case (Panama v. Italy) [2015] Written Preliminary Objections under Article 294, Paragraph 3, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea (10 March 2016) https:// www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no.25/Preliminary_Objections/Italy/The_ MV_Norstar_case_Preliminary_Objections_Italy.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2018)
6. 25 The M/V “Norstar” Case (Panama v. Italy) [2015] Judgment (19 April 2019), para. 24, 88, 97https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no.25/Judgment/C25_ Judgment_10.04.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 13.06.2019)
7. Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of the All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation) [2017] https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/166
8. Blum YZ, Historic Titles in International Law (Martinus Nijhoff 1965)

9. Bowett DW, “Estoppel Before International Tribunals and Its Relation to Acquiescence” (1957) 33Brit. Y.B. Int’l L. 176-202
10. Büyük ME, Uluslararası Hukukta Hukukun Genel İlkeleri (On İki Levha Yayıncılık A.Ş. 2018)
11. Case Concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation) Preliminary Objections [2008] Judgment of 1 April 2011 https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/140/140-20110401-JUD-01-00-EN. pdf (Erişim Tarihi 11.06.2017)
12. Case Concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia) Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 26 June 1992, https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/80/080-19920626-JUD-0100-EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2018)
13. Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/ United States of America), Judgment of 12 October 1984 Given by the Chamber Constituted by the order Made by the Court on 20 January 1982, https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/67/06719841012-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2017)
14. Case of the Monetary Gold Removed From Rome in 1943 (Preliminary Question) (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America) [1954], Judgment of June 15th 33 https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/19/019-19540615-JUD-0100-EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2018)
15. Çelikbaş NM, “Navlun Sözleşmesi ile Konişmento Arasındaki İlişki” (2012) 8/1 TAAD 187-219
16. Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with Commentaries, 2001 http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 06.01.2019) http://www.unicankara.org.tr/doc_pdf/metin135.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2018) https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e73#law9780199231690-e73-div1-1 (Erişim Tarihi: 19.06.2019)
17. Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria) [1994] Jugment of 11 June 1998 https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/94/094-19980611-JUD-0100-EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2018)
18. South West Africa Cases, (Ethiopia v. South Africa, Liberia v. South Africa) Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 21 December 1962 328, https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/47/04719621221-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 13.06.2018)
19. The M/V “Louisa”Case ( Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Kingdom of Spain), Judgment 28 May 2013, https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no_18_merits/published/ C18_Judgment_280513.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 13.06.2018)
20. The Mavrommatis Palestine Concession, Series A- No:2, August 30 1924, Collection of Judgments, Publications of the Permanent Court of International Justice https://www.icj-cij.org/files/ permanent-court-of-international-justice/serie_A/A_02/06_Mavrommatis_en_Palestine_Arret. pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 13.06.2018)
21. Wilken S & Ghaly K, The Law of Waiver, Variation, and Estoppel (Oxford University Press 2011).