Uluslararası Hukukta Doğu Akdeniz Krizi ve Türkiye ile Libya Arasındaki Deniz Yetki Alanlarını Sınırlandırma Mutabakatının Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 40 Issue: 1, 519 - 556, 30.06.2020

Cüneyt Yüksel Deniz Baran

Abstract

Doğu Akdeniz havzası, tarih boyunca sayısız politik güç arasındaki çeşitli uyuşmazlıklara tanıklık etmiştir. Günümüzde de özellikle 2000’li yılların başlarından beri büyük hidrokarbon rezervlerinin keşfedilmesini takiben Doğu Akdeniz’e kıyıdaş devletlerin havzadaki deniz alanları üzerinde birbiriyle çakışan hak iddiaları gündeme gelmeye başlamış ve bir paylaşım krizi ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu krizin temelinde, uluslararası deniz hukukuna göre deniz yetki alanlarının hakça ilkelere uygun bir şekilde paylaşılması meselesi yatmaktadır. Doğu Akdeniz’deki uyuşmazlıklara ilişkin en güncel gelişmelerden biri, 27 Kasım 2019 tarihinde Türkiye ve Libya Ulusal Mutabakat Hükümeti arasında, iki devletin Akdeniz’deki deniz yetki alanları arasındaki sınırı belirlemek amacıyla yapılmış olan Mutabakat Muhtırası’dır. Söz konusu Mutabakat, Türkiye’nin Doğu Akdeniz’deki egemenlik haklarını aktif bir şekilde koruması bakımından önemli bir adımdır. Bu makalenin amacı, uluslararası hukukta deniz yetki alanlarının sınırlandırılmasına ilişkin ilke ve kuralları incelemek ve Mutabakat’ın hükümleri ile hukuki temellerini değerlendirmektir. İlk bölümde, Mutabakat’a giden süreci ortaya koymak için Doğu Akdeniz’deki mevcut uyuşmazlıklar incelenmektedir. Bunu takiben, deniz yetki alanlarının sınırlandırılmasına ilişkin uluslararası hukukun genel kural ve ilkeleri, uluslararası andlaşmalar ve içtihad hukuku ışığında ortaya konmaktır. Üçüncü bölümde Mutabakat’ın hükümleri, deniz yetki alanlarının sınırlandırılmasına ilişkin tespit edilmiş olan ilke ve kurallar çerçevesinde değerlendirilmektedir. Son bölümde ise Mutabakat’ın hukuki temelleri ve geçerliliğine ilişkin tartışmalar ele alınmaktadır.

Keywords

Uluslararası hukuk, Uluslararası deniz hukuku, Uluslararası hukukta deniz yetki alanlarının sınırlandırılması, Doğu Akdeniz sorunu, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükümeti ile Libya Devleti Ulusal Mutabakat Hükümeti Arasında Akdeniz’de Deniz Yetki Alanlarının Sınırlandırılmasına ilişkin Mutabakat Muhtırası

Supporting Institution

Yazarlar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.

The Eastern Mediterranean Crisis from International Law’s Aspect and The Assessment of the Turkey-Libya Maritime Boundary Delimitation Agreement This

Abstract

The Eastern Mediterranean Basin has witnessed various disputes between numerous political powers throughout history. At the present time, particularly following the discovery of massive hydrocarbon reserves since the 2000’s, contending claims of the littoral states on the maritime jurisdiction zones started to come to the fore, thus a distribution crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean arose. The key point of this crisis was the distribution of maritime zones in accord with the equitable principles in international maritime law. One of the latest developments regarding the Eastern Mediterranean crisis was the Turkey-Libya Maritime Boundary Delimitation Agreement, signed by the Turkish government and Libyan Government of National Accord on November 27, 2019 with the purpose of determining the maritime boundaries between the two states. This Agreement was very important in terms of Turkey’s proactive manner for protecting its own sovereign rights in the Eastern Mediterranean. The purpose of this article is to examine the maritime delimitation rules and principles in international law and assess the provisions and legal foundations of the Agreement. In the first chapter, the current disputes in the Eastern Mediterranean are elaborated in order to understand the path towards the conclusion of the Agreement. Afterwards, the maritime delimitation rules and principles are reviewed with a detailed examination of the main international treaties and international case law. In the third chapter, the provisions of the Agreement are assessed within the frame of those rules and principles. In the final chapter, the legal foundations and debates revolving around the validity of the Agreement are discussed.

Keywords

International law, international maritime law, the Eastern Mediterranean Crisis, the Turkey-Libya Maritime Boundary Delimitation Agreement

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• ‘The EU’s relationship with Turkey is failing’ (The Economist, 25 Temmuz 2019) <https://www. economist.com/europe/2019/07/25/the-eus-relationship-with-turkey-is-failing>.
• ‘The history of the European Union - 2004’ (European Union, 2004) <https://europa.eu/europeanunion/about-eu/history/2000-2009/2004_en>.
• ‘Tinoco Claims Arbitration (Great Britain v. Costa Rica)’ <https://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/ international-law/international-law-keyed-to-damrosche/chapter-5/tinoco-claims-arbitrationgreat-britain-v-costa-rica/>.
• ‘Tripartite Conference & Geneva Declaration’ (United Nations Peacekeeping Force In Cyprus) <https://unficyp.unmissions.org/tripartite-conference-geneva-declaration>.
• ‘TRNC issues new license to TPAO’ (AA, 9 Temmuz 2012) <https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/trncissues-new-license-to-tpao/356630>.
• ‘Turkey slams ExxonMobil’s exploration in eastern Med’ (AA, 19 Kasım 2018) <https://www.aa.com. tr/en/energy/energy-diplomacy/turkey-slams-exxonmobils-exploration-in-eastern-med/22342>.
• ‘Turkey’s illegal drilling activities in the Eastern Mediterranean: Council adopts framework for sanctions’ <https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/pressreleases/2019/11/11/turkey-s-illegal-drilling-activities-in-the-eastern-mediterranean-council-adoptsframework-for-sanctions/>.
• ‘UN backs Alassane Ouattara as Ivory Coast president’ (BBC, 9 Aralık 2010) <https://www.bbc. com/news/world-africa-11955468>.
• ‘United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea’ <https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII. aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en>.
• ‘Valetta Bildirisi’ (14 Haziran 2019) <https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/DOI/Press%20Releases/ Documents/PR191327.pdf>.