Arktik Bölgesi’nin 1982 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 40 Issue: 2, 1023 - 1051, 30.12.2020

Nesrin Singil

Abstract

Son yıllarda Arktik Bölgesi’nde buzulların erimesi neticesinde sera gazlarının salınımı gibi birtakım zorluklar ile karşı karşıya kalınmıştır. Diğer taraftan, yeni su yollarının açılması, doğal gaz, petrol gibi doğal kaynakların keşfinin kolaylaşmasını sağlayarak, kıyı devletleri bakımından birtakım imkanları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu durumun ise, Bölge’nin önemini artırdığı açıktır. Bu nedenle Bölge’de, özellikle kıyı devletleri deniz alanlarını genişletme eğilimi göstermektedir. Arktik’te ortaya çıkan deniz alanlarına ilişkin sorunların çözümünde, 1982 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi’nin dikkate alınması gerekmektedir. ABD dışındaki Arktik devletleri, bu Sözleşme’ye taraftır. Ancak ABD de bu Sözleşme’nin uluslararası örf ve âdet hukuku haline gelmiş hükümleri ile bağlıdır. Ayrıca bölgedeki yönetişimin sağlanması, deniz kirliliğinin önlenmesi gibi hususlarda da bu Sözleşme’ye ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Bu çalışmada Arktik Bölgesi, 1982 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde, ilk olarak Bölge’nin genel özellikleri incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, Bölge’de iş birliği ihtiyacının bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmış olan Arktik Konseyi’ne değinilmiştir. Ardından ise, küresel iklim değişikliğinin Bölge üzerindeki etkilerinin gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde ise, BMDHS bakımından Arktik Bölgesi ele alınmıştır. Bu çerçevede ilk olarak, Bölge’ye yönelik özel bir düzenleme diyebileceğimiz, ‘buzla kaplı alanlar’ başlıklı 234. madde ele alınmıştır. Ardından ise, Arktik Bölgesi’nin deniz alanları detaylandırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Arktik Bölgesi’nde karasuları, boğazlar, kıta sahanlığı, münhasır ekonomik bölge ve açık denizler ayrı başlıklar altında ele alınmış ve bu deniz alanları, Sözleşme’nin ilgili hükümleri çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.

Keywords

Arktik Bölgesi, İklim Değişikliği, Deniz alanlarının sınırlandırılması, Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi, Buzla Kaplı Alanlar

Evaluation of the Arctic Region within the Framework of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Abstract

In recent years, as a result of the melting of glaciers, some problems such as the release of greenhouse gases have been faced in the Arctic Region. On the other hand, occuring of new waterways has brought along some opportunities which has facilitated the exploration of natural resources such as natural gases and oil in terms of coastal states. Obviously, this situation has increased the importance of the Region. Therefore, especially the coastal states tend to expand their maritime areas in the Region. In the Arctic, the solution of the problems related to the maritime areas should be considered within the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Arctic states, except the USA, are party to this Convention. However, the USA is bound to this convention in terms of the provisions that are considered as international customary law. In addition, this Convention is essential to ensure the governance in the Region and the prevention of marine pollution.
In this study, the Arctic Region is discussed within the framework of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. In the beginning, the general characteristics of the Region are examined first. Then, the Arctic Council which emerged as a result of the need for cooperation in the Region is mentioned. Later, effects of global climate change on the Region are aimed to be shown. In the second part of the study, the Arctic Region is discussed in terms of UNCLOS. In this framework, Article 234 with the title “ice-covered areas”, which we can call a special arrangement for the Region, is discussed. Then, the maritime areas of the Arctic Region are elaborated. Within this scope, territorial sea, straits, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone and high seas in the Arctic Region have been handled under separate titles. These maritime areas have been evaluated within the framework of the relevant provisions of the Convention.

Keywords

Arctic Region, Climate Change, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Maritime Areas, Maritime Delimitation, Ice-Covered Areas

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