Research Article

Effect of Probiotic Use Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis on Clinical Outcomes in Children Aged 2–12 Years Receiving Antibiotic Therapy: A Multicenter Cohort Study

Volume: 14 Number: 1 August 2, 2026
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Effect of Probiotic Use Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis on Clinical Outcomes in Children Aged 2–12 Years Receiving Antibiotic Therapy: A Multicenter Cohort Study

Abstract

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between probiotic supplementation containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, gastrointestinal tolerability, healthcare utilization, and social outcomes in children aged 2–12 years receiving antibiotic therapy, using real-world clinical data. 

Materials and Methods: This multicenter cohort study included children aged 2–12 years who were prescribed antibiotic therapy for an infectious diagnosis in pediatric outpatient clinics and/or departments of pediatrics across 15 centers between January 1, 2026, and June 1, 2026. Patients were categorized according to probiotic use during antibiotic therapy into the probiotic group, receiving supplementation containing L. rhamnosus GG and B. animalis subsp. lactis in addition to antibiotics (Group 1, n=120), and the control group, receiving antibiotics alone (Group 2, n=120). The primary outcome was antibiotic-associated diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within 24 hours without an alternative clinical explanation. Secondary outcomes included gastrointestinal symptoms, repeat healthcare visits, antibiotic modification or discontinuation, school/daycare absenteeism, and parental workday loss. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test, whereas categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent factors associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. 

Results: A total of 240 children were included, with 120 patients in each group. Baseline characteristics, including age, sex, antibiotic indication, antibiotic class, and duration of antibiotic therapy, were comparable between the groups. The incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea was significantly lower in the probiotic group than in the control group (16.7% vs. 32.5%; p=0.007). Probiotic supplementation was associated with a 49% relative reduction in the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (RR=0.51; 95% CI: 0.32–0.83). The probiotic group also had significantly shorter diarrhea duration, lower maximum daily stool frequency, and lower rates of abdominal pain, flatulence, bloating, nausea/vomiting, repeat healthcare visits, hospitalization, antibiotic modification/discontinuation, need for additional treatment, school/daycare absenteeism, and parental workday loss. 

Conclusion: In children aged 2–12 years receiving antibiotic therapy, supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis was associated with a lower incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and a reduced clinical and social burden, supporting its potential role as a practical adjunctive strategy to improve gastrointestinal tolerability during antibiotic treatment.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

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Project Number

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Ethical Statement

The study was approved by the İstanbul Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşcıoğlu City Hospital Scientific Research Ethics Committee at its meeting dated June 29, 2026, with decision number 296. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Since this was a retrospective observational study based on anonymized medical records, no study-related intervention was performed, no biological samples were collected, and no changes were made to patients’ diagnostic or therapeutic management. All personal identifiers were removed before analysis. The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design of the study.

Thanks

The authors would like to thank all 15 participating centers and healthcare professionals who contributed to the data collection process.

References

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Details

APA
Arıca, V., Sipahier, N., Yildiz Ozkan, H., Özdrama Yıldız, E. G., Kemalbay, H. D., Aydın Özgür, F., Ademoğlu, A., Dönmez, Ç., Çiftçi, E., Akgün, A. R., Güler Yaşar, Ş., Barlas Kunt, G. C., Dağdeviren, F. E., Kaya, B. B., Kazar Hakgör, N., Yürük, S., Ulutaş, E., Karaaslan, F., Duman, V., … Köle, M. T. (2026). Effect of Probiotic Use Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis on Clinical Outcomes in Children Aged 2–12 Years Receiving Antibiotic Therapy: A Multicenter Cohort Study. Pediatric Practice and Research, 14(1), 1989524. https://doi.org/10.21765/pprjournal.1989524
AMA
1.Arıca V, Sipahier N, Yildiz Ozkan H, et al. Effect of Probiotic Use Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis on Clinical Outcomes in Children Aged 2–12 Years Receiving Antibiotic Therapy: A Multicenter Cohort Study. pediatr pract res. 2026;14(1):1989524. doi:10.21765/pprjournal.1989524
Chicago
Arıca, Vefik, Neslihan Sipahier, Hatice Yildiz Ozkan, et al. 2026. “Effect of Probiotic Use Containing Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium Animalis Subsp. Lactis on Clinical Outcomes in Children Aged 2–12 Years Receiving Antibiotic Therapy: A Multicenter Cohort Study”. Pediatric Practice and Research 14 (1): 1989524. https://doi.org/10.21765/pprjournal.1989524.
EndNote
Arıca V, Sipahier N, Yildiz Ozkan H, Özdrama Yıldız EG, Kemalbay HD, Aydın Özgür F, Ademoğlu A, Dönmez Ç, Çiftçi E, Akgün AR, Güler Yaşar Ş, Barlas Kunt GC, Dağdeviren FE, Kaya BB, Kazar Hakgör N, Yürük S, Ulutaş E, Karaaslan F, Duman V, Aygün MD, Kanat İ, İnci A, Yurtsever U, Köle MT (August 1, 2026) Effect of Probiotic Use Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis on Clinical Outcomes in Children Aged 2–12 Years Receiving Antibiotic Therapy: A Multicenter Cohort Study. Pediatric Practice and Research 14 1 1989524.
IEEE
[1]V. Arıca et al., “Effect of Probiotic Use Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis on Clinical Outcomes in Children Aged 2–12 Years Receiving Antibiotic Therapy: A Multicenter Cohort Study”, pediatr pract res, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 1989524, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.21765/pprjournal.1989524.
ISNAD
Arıca, Vefik - Sipahier, Neslihan - Yildiz Ozkan, Hatice - Özdrama Yıldız, Emine Gözde - Kemalbay, Hatice Demet - Aydın Özgür, Feyza - Ademoğlu, Ayşe et al. “Effect of Probiotic Use Containing Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium Animalis Subsp. Lactis on Clinical Outcomes in Children Aged 2–12 Years Receiving Antibiotic Therapy: A Multicenter Cohort Study”. Pediatric Practice and Research 14/1 (August 1, 2026): 1989524. https://doi.org/10.21765/pprjournal.1989524.
JAMA
1.Arıca V, Sipahier N, Yildiz Ozkan H, Özdrama Yıldız EG, Kemalbay HD, Aydın Özgür F, Ademoğlu A, Dönmez Ç, Çiftçi E, Akgün AR, Güler Yaşar Ş, Barlas Kunt GC, Dağdeviren FE, Kaya BB, Kazar Hakgör N, Yürük S, Ulutaş E, Karaaslan F, Duman V, Aygün MD, Kanat İ, İnci A, Yurtsever U, Köle MT. Effect of Probiotic Use Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis on Clinical Outcomes in Children Aged 2–12 Years Receiving Antibiotic Therapy: A Multicenter Cohort Study. pediatr pract res. 2026;14:1989524.
MLA
Arıca, Vefik, et al. “Effect of Probiotic Use Containing Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium Animalis Subsp. Lactis on Clinical Outcomes in Children Aged 2–12 Years Receiving Antibiotic Therapy: A Multicenter Cohort Study”. Pediatric Practice and Research, vol. 14, no. 1, Aug. 2026, p. 1989524, doi:10.21765/pprjournal.1989524.
Vancouver
1.Vefik Arıca, Neslihan Sipahier, Hatice Yildiz Ozkan, Emine Gözde Özdrama Yıldız, Hatice Demet Kemalbay, Feyza Aydın Özgür, Ayşe Ademoğlu, Çağla Dönmez, Eda Çiftçi, Ali Rıza Akgün, Şeyma Güler Yaşar, Gülçe Ceren Barlas Kunt, Fatma Ece Dağdeviren, Buse Berfin Kaya, Nihal Kazar Hakgör, Sümeyye Yürük, Elber Ulutaş, Fatih Karaaslan, Vildan Duman, Mina Dilara Aygün, İdil Kanat, Ayşenur İnci, Ulaş Yurtsever, Mehmet Tolga Köle. Effect of Probiotic Use Containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis on Clinical Outcomes in Children Aged 2–12 Years Receiving Antibiotic Therapy: A Multicenter Cohort Study. pediatr pract res. 2026 Aug. 1;14(1):1989524. doi:10.21765/pprjournal.1989524