COVID-19: A Pediatric Point-Of-View

Abstract

With the COVID-19 pandemic, which has become the most significant global problem in recent years, rapid and intense changes have occurred in social life, education, health, economy, financial and administrative order both in Turkey and the World. This situation that threatens human existence has changed the thoughts of today and the future. The number of cases and patients in need of intensive care treatment is decreasing; however, despite the effective methods, it continues. Compared to adults, it has been observed that COVID-19 is rarer and milder for children. Nonetheless, according to today's knowledge, treatment recommendations for children should be planned according to adult studies and the condition of the pediatric patient. In this review study, the situation regarding the pandemic period's possible effects on children is discussed with the literature.

Keywords

• covid 19
• chıldhood
• gastrointestinal system
• pandemic

COVİD-19: Pediatrik Açıdan Bakış

Abstract

Son yılların en büyük küresel problemi haline gelen COVİD-19 Pandemisi ile birlikte ülkemizde ve dünyada toplumsal yaşam,eğitim, sağlık, ekonomi, iktisadi ve idari düzende hızlı ve güçlü
değişiklikler ortaya çıkmıştır. Tüm insanlığın varlığını tehdit eden bu durum hem günümüz hem de gelecek düşüncelerimizi değiştirmiştir. Etkili yöntemlere rağmen vaka ve yoğun bakım
tedavi ihtiyacı olan hasta sayısı azalmakla beraber devam etmektedir. Çocuklarda COVID-19’un erişkinlere göre daha nadir ve daha hafif seyrettiği gözlenmiştir. Ancak günümüz bilgilerine göre çocuklarla ilgili tedavi önerileri erişkin çalışmalarına göre ve çocuk hastanın durumuna göre planlanmalıdır. Bu gözden geçirme çalışmasında yaşanan pandemi sürecinin çocuklara olası etkileri ile ilgili durum literatür eşliğinde ele alınmıştır. 

Keywords

• COVID-19
• çocukluk dönemi
• gastrointestinal sistem
• pandemi

References

1. 1- (Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (who.int)). World Health Organization. Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19); 2020. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novelcoronavirus-2019/events-as-theyhappen [accessed 28.03.2021].
2. 2- Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirüs (COVID-19). StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL); 2020.
3. 3- Şeker M, Özer A, Tosun Z, Korkut C, Doğrul M. TUBA-COVID-19 Pandemi Değerlendirme Raporu; 2020.
4. 4- Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. N Engl J Med 2020;382:970-971.
5. 5- (WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard, n.d.; World Health Organization. 2021. https://covid19.who.int [accessed 05.04.2021].
6. 6- Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronavirüses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2015;1282:1-23
7. 7- Geller C, Varbanov M, Duval RE. Human coronavirüses: insights into environmental resistance and its influence on the development of new antiseptic strategies. Virüses 2012;4:3044-3068.
8. 8- Feyzioğlu B. SARS-CoV-2 Kökeni. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res 2020;Ozel sayi:1-9.

9. 9- Lee PI, Hu YL, Chen PY, Huang YC, Hsueh PR. Are children less susceptible to COVID19? J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2020;53(3):371-372.
10. 10- Sarialioglu F, Belen Apak FB, Haberal M. Can Hepatitis A Vaccine Provide Protection Against COVID-19? Exp Clin Transplant 2020;18:141–143.
11. 11- Miller A, Reandelar MJ, Fasciglione K, Roumenova V, Li Y, Otazu GH. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. medRxiv 2020.
12. 12- Zhou P, Fan H, Lan T, et al. Fatal swine acute diarrhoea syndrome caused by an HKU2-related coronavirüs of bat origin. Nature 2018;556:255-258.
13. 13- She J, Liu L, Liu W. COVİD-19 epidemic: Disease characteristics in children. J Med Virol. 2020;92:747-754. htpps://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25807.
14. 14- World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19). Geneva: WHO; 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/whochina-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf.
15. 15- Feng G, Zheng KI, Yan QQ, et al. COVID-19 and Liver Dysfunction: Current Insights and Emergent Therapeutic Strategies. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2020;8:18-24.
16. 16- Xu X, Han M, Li T, Sun W, Wang D, Fu B, et al. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020- 03/04/5486705/files/ae61004f930d47598711a0d4cbf874a9.pdf.
17. 17- Acar T, Demirel EA, Afşar N, et al. Nörolojik Bakış Açısından COVID-19. Turk J Neurol 2020;26:56-106.
18. 18- WHO-World-Health-Organization. Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirüs (nCoV) infection is suspected. 2020.
19. 19- T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü Covid -19 Rehberi. 03.09.2020. https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/ 20- WHO-World-Health-Organization. Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirüs disease 2019 (COVID-19) and considerations during severe shortages. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/rational-use-of-personal-protective-equipment-for-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-and-considerations-during-severe-shortages [accessed 23.12.2020].
20. 21- Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirüs Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1708-1720.
21. 22- Mao L, Wang M, Chen S, et al. Neurological Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Vuhan, China: a retrospective case series study. medRxiv 2020.
22. 23- Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirüs Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020:1239-1242.
23. 24- CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children and Teens. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/children/symptoms.html. [Accessed 17.03.2021]
24. 25- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus disease (COVID19). People who are at higher risk for severe illness. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0625-update-expands-covid-19.html [Accessed 29.03.2021]
25. 26- Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, et al. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the Coronavirüs Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:2352-2371.
26. 27- Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) distributed via the CDC Health Alert Network May 14, 2020.
27. 28- Consiglio CR, Cotugno N, Sardh F, Pou C, Amodio D, Rodriguez L, et al. The immunology of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19. Cell 2020;183:968-81.
28. 29- Lee PY, Day-Lewis M, Henderson LA, Friedman KG, Lo J, Roberts JE, et al. Distinct clinical and immunological features of SARS-CoV2-induced multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. J Clin Invest 2020;130:5942-50
29. 30- Li T, Lu H, Zhang W. Clinical observation and management of COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020;9:687-690.
30. 31- Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirüs-Infected Pneumonia in Vuhan, China. JAMA 2020;323:1061-1069.
31. 32- Jin X, Lian JS, Hu JH, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirüs-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut 2020;69:1002-1009.
32. 33- Lin L, Jiang X, Zhang Z, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms of 95 cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Gut 2020;69:997-1001.
33. 34- Gu J, Han B, Wang J. COVID-19: Gastrointestinal Manifestations and Potential Fecal-Oral Transmission. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1518-1519.
34. 35- Jin H HC, Chen S, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Mao L, et al. Consensus for prevention and management of coronavirüs disease 2019 (COVID-19) for neurologists Stroke & Vascular Neurology 2020.
35. 36- Chen F, Liu ZS, Zhang FR, Xiong RH, Chen Y, Cheng XF, et al. First case of severe childhood novel coronavirus pneumonia in China. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2020;58:E005.
36. 37- Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirüs in Vuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395:497-506.
37. 38- Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:420-422.
38. 39- Lan L, Xu D, Ye G, et al. Positive RT-PCR Test Results in Patients Recovered From COVID-19. JAMA 2020.
39. 40- Toubiana J, Poirault C, Corsia A, Bajolle F, Fourgeaud J, Angoulvant F, et al. Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the covid-19 pandemic in Paris, France: prospective observational study. BMJ 2020;369:m2094.
40. 41- Ceylan N, Savaş R. Covid-19’un Radyolojik bulguları. Türkiye Solunum Araştırmaları Derneği. 2020:33-44.
41. 42- Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al. Time Course of Lung Changes On Chest CT During Recovery From 2019 Novel Coronavirüs (COVID-19) Pneumonia. Radiology 2020:200370.
42. 43- Kanne JP. Chest CT findings in 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections from Wuhan, China: key points for the radiologist. Radiology 2020;295:16–17.
43. 44- Hoffmann C. Available from: https://amedeo.com/CovidReference02_ fr.pdf
44. 45- Onay ZR, Eyüboğlu TŞ, Aslan AT. Çocuklarda Covid-19. Türkiye Solunum Araştırmaları Derneği. 2020:135-147
45. 46- Deza Leon MP, Redzepi A, McGrath E, Abdel-Haq N, Shawaqfeh A, Sethuraman U, Tilford B, Chopra T, Arora H, Ang J, Asmar B. COVID-19 associated pediatric multi-system inflammatory sendrom. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2020 May 22;piaa061
46. 47- Kim E, Erdos G, Huang S, et al. Microneedle array delivered recombinant coronavirus vaccines: Immunogenicity and rapid translational development. EBioMedicine 2020;55:102743. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102743.
47. 48- WHO Target Product Profiles for COVID-19 Vaccines, n.d https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-target-product-profiles-for-covid-19-vaccines [Accessed 09.04.2020]
48. 49- Çocukların Aşılanması. Türk Tabipler Birliği COVİD-19 Pandemisi 10. Ay Değerlendirme Raporu. Tanır G, Sf 40. https://www.ttb.org.tr/haber_goster.php?Guid=5b50dd24-5993-11eb-a234-396657807ef8. [Accessed 18.01.2021]
49. 50- Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Savastano S, Colao A. Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020.
50. 51- Dunn CG, Kenney E, Fleischhacker SE, Bleich SN. Feeding Low-Income Children during the Covid-19 Pandemic. N Engl J Med 2020;382:e40.
51. 52- Barazzoni R, Bischoff SC, Breda J, et al. ESPEN expert statements and practical guidance for nutritional management of individuals with SARSCoV-2 infection. Clin Nutr 2020;39(6):1631-8. www.Espen.org
52. 53- Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr 2019;38:48-79.
53. 54- World Health Organization (WHO). Country and Technical Guidance - Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). March 20, 2020. Available at: https://www.who. int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/ technical-guidance Accessed July 8, 2020.
54. 55- Jiang F, Deng L, Zhang L, Cai Y, Cheung CW, Xia Z. Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirüs Disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Gen Intern Med 2020;35:1545-1549.
55. 56- Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirüs disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ 2020;368:m1091.
56. 57- Du RH, Liang LR, Yang CQ, et al. Predictors of Mortality for Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2: A Prospective Cohort Study. Eur Respir J 2020;55: 2000524.
57. 58- Xudong X, Junzhu C, Xingxiang W, Furong Z, Yanrong L. Age- and gender-related difference of ACE2 expression in rat lung. Life Sciences 2006;78:2166-71.