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Detection of Human Norovirus among Children with Gastroenteritis in Diyala Governorate

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 - 6, 30.04.2020

Öz

Background: Acute gastroenteritis remains a global public health problem and human noroviruses persist a cause of gastroenteritis.
Objectives: To determine the rate of human norovirus infections among children with gastroenteritis in Diyala governorate by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and immuneochromatography, also to assess genogroup 1(GGI) and genogroup 2(GGII) by nested polymerase chain reaction among study population.
Patients and methods: Cross sectional study were carried out on 182 children under five years old with acute gastroenteritis who attended the emergency department of pediatrics in Al-Batool Teaching Hospital in Baqubah city, during the period from 6th September 2018 till 4th of March 2019. Stool samples were collected from each participant and stored as frozen at -70 °C to use for enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and quick qualitative immunochromatographic test, finally positive results for human norovirus was used for RNA extraction and nested polymerase chain reaction.
Results: The rate of human norovirus infection was 6.04%, most common among females 6 (54.55%). Age group (1-12) months showed highest frequency 8 (72.73%). The primary education of the mothers was noted in (54.55 %) followed by (18.18 %) for each secondary and higher education. Children with artificial milk feeding constituted (81.82%) and (18.18%) were mixed feeding, while no positive results recorded among children with breast feeding. The highest infection rate was noticed among patients used filtered and boiled water (54.54 %) followed by filtered water (27.28 %). Among clinical features caused by virus infection, abdominal pain constituted 11(100%), vomiting 10(90.09%), and nausea was noted in 7(63.63%). The results of nested polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that only one case was positive for human norovirus genogroup 2(GGII).
Conclusion: Human norovirus genogroup II appear to play a major role in acute gastroenteritis among children.

Destekleyen Kurum

none

Proje Numarası

174

Kaynakça

  • 1. Plants-Paris, K., Bishoff, D., Oyaro, M.O., Mwinyi, B., Chappell, C., Kituyi, A., Nyangao, J., Mbatha, D. and Darkoh, C. (2019). Prevalence of Clostridium difficile infections among kenyan children with diarrhea. Pubmed-NCBI; (19)30035-9. 2. Dennehy, P.H. (2005). Acute diarrheal disease in children: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Infect. Dis. Clin. North. Am., 19(3): 585-602. 3. Kabayiza, J.C. (2014). Acute gastroenteritis in Rwandan children under five years of age investigated by real-time PCR, M.Sc. Thesis, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg. 4. Trang, N.V., Tamura, T. and Garcia, C. (2012). Detection and molecular characterization of noroviruses and sapoviruses in children admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis in Vietnam, J. Med. Virol., 84: (2) 290-297. 5. Krisztián, B., Mary, K., Vito, M. and Umesh, D. (2018). Viral gastroenteritis, Lancet, 392(10142):175-186. 6. Green, K.Y. (2013). Caliciviridae: the noroviruses. In Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M., Cohen, J.I., Griffin, D.E., Lamb, R.A., Martin, M.A., Racaniello, V.R. and Roizman, B. (ed), Fields Virology, 6th Ed., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA; 1: 582-608. 7. Vinjé, J. (2015). Advances in laboratory methods for detection and typing of Human norovirus, J. Clin. Microbiol., 53:373-381. 8. Lias, C., Paul, D., Michael, L., Boyd, Y., Matthew, H., Kari D., Rachel, L., and Ralph ,S. (2019). Human norovirus epitope D plasticity allows escape from antibody immunity without loss of capacity for binding cellular Ligands, J. Virol., 15; 93(2): e01813-18. 9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Updated norovirus outbreak management and disease prevention guidelines. Morbidity and mortality weekend report. 60(3):1-15. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6003.pdf 10. Sattar, B. and Shashank, S. (2018). Bacterial gastroenteritis. Stat Pearls Publishing - Bookshelf - NCBI, available https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513295/ 11. Bartsch, S.M., Lopman, B.A., Ozawa, S., Hall, A.J. and Lee, B.Y. (2016). Global economic burden of norovirus gastroenteritis, PLoS ONE, 26;11(4): e0151219. 12. Kitajima, M., Oka, T., Haramoto, E., Phanuwan, C., Takeda, N. and Katayama, K. (2012). Genetic diversity of genogroup IV noroviruses in wastewater in Japan. Letters in Applied Microbiology., 2011;52:181–184. 13. Al-Ali, R.M., Chehadeh, W., Hamze, M., Dabboussi, F., Hlais, S. and Mallat, H. (2011). First description of gastroenteritis viruses in Lebanese children: a pilot study, J. Infect. Public. Health., 4(2):59-64. 14. Thwiny, H.T., Hassan, J.H. (2015). Detection of norovirus in stool samples by RT-PCR from under five years age children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Basrah, Iraq, Journal of Thi-Qar Science, 5(2): 47-53. 15. Ben Salem-Ben Nejma, I., Hassine, Z.M., Hassine, F., Sdiri-Loulizi, K., Ben Said, M. and Aouni, M. (2014). Etiology of acute diarrhea in Tunisian children with emphasis on diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: Prevalence and identification of E. Coli virulence markers. Iran, J. Public Health., 43(7):947-960. 16. Tayeb, H.T., Dela-Cruz, D.M., Al-Qahtani, A., Al-Ahdal, M.N. and Carter, M.J. (2008). Enteric viruses in pediatric diarrhea in Saudi Arabia, J. Med. Virol., 80 (11):1919-1929. 17. Al-Moussawi, D.K., Rahman, L.C. and Basim, A.J. (2018). Genotyping and phylogenic of norovirus as main cause of children gastritis in Thi Qar province, University of Thi - Qar Journal of Science, 6(4) :35-41. 18. Mohammed, N.S., Mohammed, F.H. and Haider, K.A. (2016). Detection of norovirus and rotavirus in children under five years during winter 2012-2013 in Mosul province, I.A.S.J., 19(3): 101-107. 19. Al-Marsome, H.T., Jabbar, S.H., Hala, S.A., and Abdulrhman M.H.H. (2016). Diagnosis of noroviruses in Iraqi children suffering from gastroenteritis by enzyme linked assay and conventional PCR, I.A.S.J., 34(1): 42-49. 20. Al-Mashhadani, M.N., Nakagomi, O., Dove, W., Ahmed, H., Nakagomi T., Hart C.A. and Cunliffe N.A. (2008). Norovirus gastroenteritis among children in Iraqi Kurdistan, J. Med. Virol., 80 (3): 506-9. 21. Al-Khoweledy, A.J.S. (2015). Investigation of norovirus among diarrheal children in Al-Najaf province. IASJ., 8(3): 1-6. 22. Lorrot, M., Bon, F., El Hajje, M.J., Aho, S., Wolfer, M. and Giraudon, H. (2011). Epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: prospective survey during a 2-year period in a Parisian hospital, France, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 30 (3):361-368. 23. Huynen, P., Mauroy, A., Martin, C., Savadogo, L.GB., Boreux, R., Thiry, E. and De Mol, P. (2019). Molecular epidemiology of norovirus infections in symptomatic and asymptomatic children from Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, J. Clin. Virol., 58(3), 515-521. 24. Qi, L.M., Xinzhi, X., Ying, X., Hua, L., Huangcheng, S., Wenwen, D., Wenge, T., Tao, S., and Qin, L. (2017). Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus genogroup II attributed to contaminated cold dishes on a cruise ship in Chongqing, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 15: 2823. 25. Hussein, A.A., Rawaa, A.H. and Mohammed, J.S. (2018). Enteric Viruses co-infection with giardiasis among diarrheal children in Diyala province – Iraq, J. Pure Appl. Microbiol., 12(2): 793-799. 26. Mahmood, D.B., Raghad, A., Faisal, G.A. and Rafah, A.S. (2015). Detection of Adenovirus antigen and its correlation with clinical signs among children with gastroenteritis, IJS, 56(2): 1633-1638. 27. Webb, A. and Starr, M. (2005). Acute gastroenteritis in children. Australian family physician, 34(4): 227-231. 28. Castilho,J.R., Veridiana, M., Hugo, R.R., Ulysses, F., Jan, V. and Maria, L. (2006). Genetic diversity of norovirus among children with gastroenteritis in São Paulo state, Brazil. JCM (Journal of clinical microbiology). 29. Al-Yassin, S.T. (1999). A study of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients, M.Sc. Thesis, College of Medicine, Tikrit University. 30. Debasism, B. and Ahemed, T. (2013). Study of knowledge, attitude and practice among mothers towards acute respiratory infection in urban and rural communitiesof burdwan district, West Bengal, India. Rev Progr., 1(8):1-6. 31. Ujunwa, F. (2014). Ezeonu C. risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in under-five children in Enugu Southeast Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res., 4(1):95–9. 32. Makita, K., Hayakawa, Y., Okame, M., Homma, K., Phan, T.G., Okitsu, S., and Ushijima, H. (2006). First detection of IgA against norovirus in breast milk, Clin. lab., 53(3-4): 125-128. 33. Al-Ameedi, R.A and Al-Amar, M.H. (2015). Detection of norovirus and adenovirus type 40/41 in diarrhea among children aged 1-60 months, in Al-Najaf province, Iraq, I.J.A.R., 3(11), 1391-1398. 34. Eftim, S.E., Hong, T., Soller, J., Boehm, A., Warren, I., Ichida, A., and Nappier, S.P. (2017). Occurrence of norovirus in raw sewage - A systematic literature review and meta-analysis, Water Res., 111:366-374. 35. Lopman, B., Paul, G., Geun, W., Aron, J., Umesh, D. and Jan, V. (2012). Environmental transmission of human norovirus gastroenteritis, Science Direct, 2(1): 96-102. 36. Wang, Y., Lipengm H., Lifeng, P., Caoyi, X., Qing, L., Xuetao, Z., and Weiping, Z. (2018). Age, primary symptoms, and genotype characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in Shanghai schools in 2017, Sci. Rep., 8: 15238. 37. Timurkan, M., Aydin, H. and Aktaş, O. (2017). Frequency and molecular characterization of human norovirus in Erzurum- Turkey, Turk. J. Med. Sci., 47(3):960-966. 38. Mathew, J.L., Patwari, A.K., Gupta, P., Shah, D., Gera, T. and Gogia, S. (2019). Acute respiratory infection and pneumonia in India: a systematic review of literature for advocacy and action: UNICEF-PHFI series on newborn and child health, India. Indian Pediatr.,48(3):191–218. 39. Nirwati, H., Donato, C.M, Mawarti, Y., Mulyani, N.S., Ikram, A., Aman, A.T., Peppelenbosch, M.P., Soenarto, Y., Pan, Q. and Hakim, M.S. (2019). Norovirus and rotavirus infections in children less than five years of age hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Indonesia, Arch. Virol., 164(6):1515-1525. 40. Lauring, A.S., Frydman, J. and Andino, R. (2013). The role of mutation load robustness in RNA virus evolution. Nature Reviews, Microbiology, 11(5), 327-336.

Diyala Valiliğinde Gastroenteritli Çocuklarda İnsan Norovirüsünün Saptanması

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 - 6, 30.04.2020

Öz

Amaçlar: Akut gastroenterit, küresel bir halk sağlığı sorunu olmaya devam
etmektedir ve insan norovirüsleri, gastroenterit nedenidir. Diyala vilayetinde
gastroenteritli çocuklar arasında insan norovirüs enfeksiyonlarının
oranını enzim bağlantılı immünosorbent testi ve immünokromatografi
ile belirlemek, ayrıca çalışma popülasyonunda nested polimeraz zincir
reaksiyonu ile genogrup 1 (GGI) ve genogrup 2’yi (GGII) değerlendirmek.
Gereç ve Yöntem: 6 Eylül 2018 - 4 Eylül tarihleri arasında Bakuba ilinde
Al-Batool Kadın Doğum ve Çocuk Eğitim Hastanesi pediatri acil servisine
başvuran 5 yaş altı 182 çocuk üzerinde kesitsel çalışma yapılmıştır. Her bir
katılımcıdan dışkı örnekleri toplandı ve enzime bağlı immünosorbent testi
(ELISA) ve hızlı kalitatif immünokromatografik test için kullanılmak üzere
-70 ° C’de dondurulmuş olarak saklandı, son olarak insan norovirüsü için
pozitif sonuçlar RNA ekstraksiyonu ve nested polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu
(PCR)için kullanıldı.
Bulgular: İnsan norovirüs enfeksiyonu oranı %6.04, en yaygın kızlarda 6
(%54.55) bulundu. 1-12 aylık yaş grubu en yüksek frekansı 8 (%72.73) gösterdi.
Annelerin eğitim düzeyi ilköğretim %54,55 olarak kaydedildi, ardından orta
öğretim %18,18 ve yüksek öğrenim için %18,18 izlendi. Formül mama
ile beslenenler çocukların %81,82’sini oluştururken,%18,18’inde karma
beslenme belirlenmiş, emzirilen çocuklarda norovirus saptanmamıştır. En
yüksek enfeksiyon oranı filtrelenmiş ve kaynatılmış su (%54,54) ve ardından
filtrelenmiş su (%27,28) kullanan hastalarda görüldü. Virüs enfeksiyonunun
neden olduğu klinik özellikler arasında karın ağrısı 11 (%100), kusma 10
(%90.09) ve bulantı 7 (%63.63) olarak belirlendi. Nested polimeraz zincir
reaksiyonunun sonuçları, insan norovirüs genogrup 2 (GGII) için yalnızca
bir vakanın pozitif olduğunu gösterdi.
Sonuç: İnsan norovirüs genogrup II’nin, çocuklar arasında akut
gastroenteritte önemli bir rol oynadığı görülmektedir.

Proje Numarası

174

Kaynakça

  • 1. Plants-Paris, K., Bishoff, D., Oyaro, M.O., Mwinyi, B., Chappell, C., Kituyi, A., Nyangao, J., Mbatha, D. and Darkoh, C. (2019). Prevalence of Clostridium difficile infections among kenyan children with diarrhea. Pubmed-NCBI; (19)30035-9. 2. Dennehy, P.H. (2005). Acute diarrheal disease in children: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Infect. Dis. Clin. North. Am., 19(3): 585-602. 3. Kabayiza, J.C. (2014). Acute gastroenteritis in Rwandan children under five years of age investigated by real-time PCR, M.Sc. Thesis, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg. 4. Trang, N.V., Tamura, T. and Garcia, C. (2012). Detection and molecular characterization of noroviruses and sapoviruses in children admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis in Vietnam, J. Med. Virol., 84: (2) 290-297. 5. Krisztián, B., Mary, K., Vito, M. and Umesh, D. (2018). Viral gastroenteritis, Lancet, 392(10142):175-186. 6. Green, K.Y. (2013). Caliciviridae: the noroviruses. In Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M., Cohen, J.I., Griffin, D.E., Lamb, R.A., Martin, M.A., Racaniello, V.R. and Roizman, B. (ed), Fields Virology, 6th Ed., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA; 1: 582-608. 7. Vinjé, J. (2015). Advances in laboratory methods for detection and typing of Human norovirus, J. Clin. Microbiol., 53:373-381. 8. Lias, C., Paul, D., Michael, L., Boyd, Y., Matthew, H., Kari D., Rachel, L., and Ralph ,S. (2019). Human norovirus epitope D plasticity allows escape from antibody immunity without loss of capacity for binding cellular Ligands, J. Virol., 15; 93(2): e01813-18. 9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Updated norovirus outbreak management and disease prevention guidelines. Morbidity and mortality weekend report. 60(3):1-15. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6003.pdf 10. Sattar, B. and Shashank, S. (2018). Bacterial gastroenteritis. Stat Pearls Publishing - Bookshelf - NCBI, available https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513295/ 11. Bartsch, S.M., Lopman, B.A., Ozawa, S., Hall, A.J. and Lee, B.Y. (2016). Global economic burden of norovirus gastroenteritis, PLoS ONE, 26;11(4): e0151219. 12. Kitajima, M., Oka, T., Haramoto, E., Phanuwan, C., Takeda, N. and Katayama, K. (2012). Genetic diversity of genogroup IV noroviruses in wastewater in Japan. Letters in Applied Microbiology., 2011;52:181–184. 13. Al-Ali, R.M., Chehadeh, W., Hamze, M., Dabboussi, F., Hlais, S. and Mallat, H. (2011). First description of gastroenteritis viruses in Lebanese children: a pilot study, J. Infect. Public. Health., 4(2):59-64. 14. Thwiny, H.T., Hassan, J.H. (2015). Detection of norovirus in stool samples by RT-PCR from under five years age children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Basrah, Iraq, Journal of Thi-Qar Science, 5(2): 47-53. 15. Ben Salem-Ben Nejma, I., Hassine, Z.M., Hassine, F., Sdiri-Loulizi, K., Ben Said, M. and Aouni, M. (2014). Etiology of acute diarrhea in Tunisian children with emphasis on diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: Prevalence and identification of E. Coli virulence markers. Iran, J. Public Health., 43(7):947-960. 16. Tayeb, H.T., Dela-Cruz, D.M., Al-Qahtani, A., Al-Ahdal, M.N. and Carter, M.J. (2008). Enteric viruses in pediatric diarrhea in Saudi Arabia, J. Med. Virol., 80 (11):1919-1929. 17. Al-Moussawi, D.K., Rahman, L.C. and Basim, A.J. (2018). Genotyping and phylogenic of norovirus as main cause of children gastritis in Thi Qar province, University of Thi - Qar Journal of Science, 6(4) :35-41. 18. Mohammed, N.S., Mohammed, F.H. and Haider, K.A. (2016). Detection of norovirus and rotavirus in children under five years during winter 2012-2013 in Mosul province, I.A.S.J., 19(3): 101-107. 19. Al-Marsome, H.T., Jabbar, S.H., Hala, S.A., and Abdulrhman M.H.H. (2016). Diagnosis of noroviruses in Iraqi children suffering from gastroenteritis by enzyme linked assay and conventional PCR, I.A.S.J., 34(1): 42-49. 20. Al-Mashhadani, M.N., Nakagomi, O., Dove, W., Ahmed, H., Nakagomi T., Hart C.A. and Cunliffe N.A. (2008). Norovirus gastroenteritis among children in Iraqi Kurdistan, J. Med. Virol., 80 (3): 506-9. 21. Al-Khoweledy, A.J.S. (2015). Investigation of norovirus among diarrheal children in Al-Najaf province. IASJ., 8(3): 1-6. 22. Lorrot, M., Bon, F., El Hajje, M.J., Aho, S., Wolfer, M. and Giraudon, H. (2011). Epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: prospective survey during a 2-year period in a Parisian hospital, France, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 30 (3):361-368. 23. Huynen, P., Mauroy, A., Martin, C., Savadogo, L.GB., Boreux, R., Thiry, E. and De Mol, P. (2019). Molecular epidemiology of norovirus infections in symptomatic and asymptomatic children from Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, J. Clin. Virol., 58(3), 515-521. 24. Qi, L.M., Xinzhi, X., Ying, X., Hua, L., Huangcheng, S., Wenwen, D., Wenge, T., Tao, S., and Qin, L. (2017). Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus genogroup II attributed to contaminated cold dishes on a cruise ship in Chongqing, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 15: 2823. 25. Hussein, A.A., Rawaa, A.H. and Mohammed, J.S. (2018). Enteric Viruses co-infection with giardiasis among diarrheal children in Diyala province – Iraq, J. Pure Appl. Microbiol., 12(2): 793-799. 26. Mahmood, D.B., Raghad, A., Faisal, G.A. and Rafah, A.S. (2015). Detection of Adenovirus antigen and its correlation with clinical signs among children with gastroenteritis, IJS, 56(2): 1633-1638. 27. Webb, A. and Starr, M. (2005). Acute gastroenteritis in children. Australian family physician, 34(4): 227-231. 28. Castilho,J.R., Veridiana, M., Hugo, R.R., Ulysses, F., Jan, V. and Maria, L. (2006). Genetic diversity of norovirus among children with gastroenteritis in São Paulo state, Brazil. JCM (Journal of clinical microbiology). 29. Al-Yassin, S.T. (1999). A study of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients, M.Sc. Thesis, College of Medicine, Tikrit University. 30. Debasism, B. and Ahemed, T. (2013). Study of knowledge, attitude and practice among mothers towards acute respiratory infection in urban and rural communitiesof burdwan district, West Bengal, India. Rev Progr., 1(8):1-6. 31. Ujunwa, F. (2014). Ezeonu C. risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in under-five children in Enugu Southeast Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res., 4(1):95–9. 32. Makita, K., Hayakawa, Y., Okame, M., Homma, K., Phan, T.G., Okitsu, S., and Ushijima, H. (2006). First detection of IgA against norovirus in breast milk, Clin. lab., 53(3-4): 125-128. 33. Al-Ameedi, R.A and Al-Amar, M.H. (2015). Detection of norovirus and adenovirus type 40/41 in diarrhea among children aged 1-60 months, in Al-Najaf province, Iraq, I.J.A.R., 3(11), 1391-1398. 34. Eftim, S.E., Hong, T., Soller, J., Boehm, A., Warren, I., Ichida, A., and Nappier, S.P. (2017). Occurrence of norovirus in raw sewage - A systematic literature review and meta-analysis, Water Res., 111:366-374. 35. Lopman, B., Paul, G., Geun, W., Aron, J., Umesh, D. and Jan, V. (2012). Environmental transmission of human norovirus gastroenteritis, Science Direct, 2(1): 96-102. 36. Wang, Y., Lipengm H., Lifeng, P., Caoyi, X., Qing, L., Xuetao, Z., and Weiping, Z. (2018). Age, primary symptoms, and genotype characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in Shanghai schools in 2017, Sci. Rep., 8: 15238. 37. Timurkan, M., Aydin, H. and Aktaş, O. (2017). Frequency and molecular characterization of human norovirus in Erzurum- Turkey, Turk. J. Med. Sci., 47(3):960-966. 38. Mathew, J.L., Patwari, A.K., Gupta, P., Shah, D., Gera, T. and Gogia, S. (2019). Acute respiratory infection and pneumonia in India: a systematic review of literature for advocacy and action: UNICEF-PHFI series on newborn and child health, India. Indian Pediatr.,48(3):191–218. 39. Nirwati, H., Donato, C.M, Mawarti, Y., Mulyani, N.S., Ikram, A., Aman, A.T., Peppelenbosch, M.P., Soenarto, Y., Pan, Q. and Hakim, M.S. (2019). Norovirus and rotavirus infections in children less than five years of age hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Indonesia, Arch. Virol., 164(6):1515-1525. 40. Lauring, A.S., Frydman, J. and Andino, R. (2013). The role of mutation load robustness in RNA virus evolution. Nature Reviews, Microbiology, 11(5), 327-336.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Orjinal Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Marwa Diraa Bu kişi benim

Jalil İbrahim Al-ezzi 0000-0002-7541-4852

Areej Hussein Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4284-9104

Proje Numarası 174
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2020
Kabul Tarihi 17 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Diraa M, Al-ezzi Jİ, Hussein A. Detection of Human Norovirus among Children with Gastroenteritis in Diyala Governorate. pediatr pract res. 2020;8(1):1-6.