إثيوبيا بين الفيدرالية والتفكّك

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 173 - 194, 01.01.2022

Khiry Mohamed Omar

Öz

تناول هذا البحث بالتحليل اتجاهات التطور في معالجة المسألة الإثنية، إذ واجهت إثيوبيا مشكلات التكامل القومي بعدة مشروعات، حيث مرّت بالنمط الإمبراطوري، ثم بالدولة المركزية، وأخيرًا بالفيدرالية الإثنية. وتميّز كل منها باقتراح وتصور لنظام الحكم، غير أنها لم توفر حلًّا مناسبًا لوقف الحرب الأهلية، وتنامي الوعي القومي، وناقشت الدراسة بشكل خاص سياسات الانتقال في المسألة الإثنية، وخصوصًا ما يتعلق بالنزاع على شكل الدولة بين مشروعَي مَلَس زيناوي، رئيس الوزراء الأسبق، وآبي أحمد، رئيس الوزراء الحالي، إذ اجتهد المشروعان في تقديم حلول للعلاقات تقوم على تحالف الإثنيات كما في الجبهة الثورية الشعبية، أو على الحزب الواحد كما في حزب الازدهار. وفي هذا السياق، يشير التاريخ الإثيوبي إلى أن الحلول الفكرية لاقت قيودًا؛ بسبب الاختلافات الدينية والإثنية.

Anahtar Kelimeler

أثيوبيا, الحرب الأهلية, جبهة تحرير تيغراي, الفيدرالية

Ethiopia: Federalism and Disintegration

Öz

This study deals with the trends of the ethnic issue in Ethiopia which has developed several projects to confront its national integration problems. Ethiopia went through the imperial pattern, then the central state, and finally the ethnic federation. Each of these patterns was distinguished by a vision of the government system, but it did not provide an appropriate solution to stop the civil war and the growth of national awareness. The study discusses in particular the politics of transition in the ethnic issue, especially with regard to the conflict over the form of the state between the two projects of Meles Zenawi, the former prime minister, and Abi Ahmed the current prime minister, as the two projects worked hard to offer solutions to relations based on an alliance of ethnicities. In this context, Ethiopian history indicates that intellectual solutions met with limitations, because of religious and ethnic differences. Additionally, the study argues that the main reason of the current crisis is the redistribution of power between the federal government and the government of the Tigray region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ethiopia, Civil War, TPLF, Federalism

Kaynakça

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• - Ibid.
• - Yonatan Fessha, Institutional Recognition …., op., cit., pp 335 – 347
• Assefa A. Lemu , Book Review: “Medemer”,A Book by Dr. Abiy Ahmed (Review of Part I of Medemer), 11-12-19 http://aigaforum.com/article2019/Book-Review-Medemer-by-Abiy.htm
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• Assefa A. Lemu , OP., Cit.,
• TPLF Calls Plan to Change EPRDF from Coalition to One Party Illegal, October 16, 2019 https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7327/TPLF-Calls-Plan-to-Change-EPRDF-from-Coalition-to-One-Party-Illegal
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• Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship between Eritrea and Ethiopia, Asmara: July 9, 2018 - أدت خلافات ما بعد سقوط منغستو لأن يكون إعلان جبهة تحرير إريتريا EPLF استقلال الدولة غير كاف لوقف الصراع مع إثيوبيا/ جبهة تيغراي، بل ظلت حالة التوتر سائدة، وبينما كانت حرب 1998 كاشفة عن الأزمة الكامنة بين الجماعتين الإثنيتين، فإن محاولة تكوين تحالف بين أفورقي وآبي أحمد وعبد الله فرماجو تؤكد عمق الخلافات الإثنية، كما أنها من ناحية أخرى، تكشف عن أزمة القيادة والصراع عليها في نطاق إثيوبيا التقليدية.
• A proposed administrative shift in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church stokes ethnic, religious tensions , Op., Cit.
• ملخص الإحاطة الصحفية للمتحدث الرسمي باسم وزارة الخارجية الإثيوبية ، 11 نوفمبر 2021. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100068927120737
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• The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Release: The TPLF is once again crying wolf to cover up its fresh attacks on civilians October 18, 2021 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press Release, October 18, 2021.
• Sawako Utsumi and Lee Jay Walker, Ethiopia crisis: TPLF forces accused of raping women in the Amhara region, November 10, 2021. https://www.voanews.com/a/amnesty-report-details-accounts-of-rape-by-tigrayan-forces-in-ethiopia-s-amhara-region-/6307309.html
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• - Sawako Utsumi and Lee Jay Walker, Ethiopia crisis: TPLF forces accused of raping women in the Amhara region https://www.voanews.com/a/amnesty-report-details-accounts-of-rape-by-tigrayan-forces-in-ethiopia-s-amhara-region-/6307309.html
• TPLF vows to hold its own elections, calls on gov’t to halt “attempts to dismantle constitutional order” MAY 4, 2020 https://addisstandard.com/news-update-tplf-vows-to-hold-its-own-elections-calls-on-govt-to-halt-attempts-to-dismantle-constitutional-order/
• - The National Regional Government of Tigray, Statement from the National Regional Government of Tigray Regarding Current Affairs Statement of Position, October 24, 2020.
• Gordon CampbellOn, On Ethiopia’s Civil War, November 11 , 2021. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL2111/S00023/on-ethiopias-civil-war.htm
• Nine anti-gov’t groups team up as Ethiopia recalls ex-soldiers 5 Nov 2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/5/nine-anti-abiy-groups-team-up-as-ethiopia-recalls-ex-soldiers
• Gordon CampbellOn, On Ethiopia’s Civil War, November 11 , 2021. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL2111/S00023/on-ethiopias-civil-war.htm
• The Government of National Regional State of Tigray Office of President, Adiss Ababa: December 19, 2021. https://scontent.fyei6-2.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/269861828_4912417502143808_2189001576756823185_n.jpg?_nc_cat=105&ccb=1-5&_nc_sid=730e14&_nc_ohc=tTcYSl5Jp5UAX_plRv9&tn=ib75lZzlVGNeKeux&_nc_ht=scontent.fyei6-2.fna&oh=00_AT8DL377bG0FlZPgEJmY3dRxpmtQZSFcaR-CQ0J5v4GxSA&oe=61CBFDE9
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• المرجع السابق.
• السفارة الإثيوبية في بروكسل، بيان وقف إطلاق النار من جانب واحد في إثيوبيا إنساني وليس حصارًا صادر عن وزارة الخارجية الإثيوبية ن 7 يوليو 21.
• Editorial Board, A crisis in Ethiopia has been looming for months. Now, it’s here, November 6, 2021 https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/11/07/ethiopia-crisis-abiy-ahmed-tigray-province/ Gordon CampbellOn, Op., Cit.
• ABDIRASHID DIRIYE KALMOYM Is Ethiopia on the verge of state collapse? https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/is-ethiopia-on-the-verge-of-state-collapse
• Ibid
• Editorial Board, Op., Cit.
• Ghidey Zeratsion,One of TPLF founders, speaks out November 10, 2021 https://borkena.com/2021/11/10/ghidey-zeratsionone-of-tplf-founders-speaks-out/
• Gordon CampbellOn, On Ethiopia’s Civil War, 11 November 2021. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL2111/S00023/on-ethiopias-civil-war.htm