السياسة الخارجية التركية في مواجهة التحديات الإقليمية والعالمية

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 9 - 36, 01.09.2023

Burhanettin Duran Kemal İnat

https://doi.org/10.36360/1560-012-003-002

Öz

تفترض هذه الدراسة أن تركيا استفادت من المنافسة بين القوى العالمية في ظل حزب العدالة والتنمية، وهذا مكّنها من اتباع نهج أكثر استقلالية ودعم سياسة متوازنة بين الغرب وروسيا والصين. يحلّل هذا البحث التوسع في القدرة الاقتصادية والعسكرية لتركيا، وينتقل إلى التركيز على سياستها تجاه المنافسة بين الغرب وروسيا (بسبب حرب أوكرانيا) وكيف استجابت لـ"صعود آسيا". أخيرًا تحلّل الدراسة سعي تركيا لسياسة خارجية أكثر استقلالية، وكيف اصطدمت الدولة بالولايات المتحدة والاتحاد الأوروبي وروسيا، وبحلفائها على الأرض، وكيف استخدمت أنقرة سياسة التوازن الخاصة بها للحفاظ على غطاء لتلك التوترات.

Anahtar Kelimeler

تركيا, التحديات الإقليمية, التغيرات العالمية, السياسة الخارجية

Turkish Foreign Policy in the Face of Regional and Global Challenges

Öz

This article posits that Türkiye took advantage of the deepening competition between global powers under the Justice and Development Party (AK Party) to part ways with its traditional foreign policy tradition and pursue a more independent approach. To put those claims to the test, this article primarily analyzes the expansion of Türkiye’s economic and military capacity and proceeds to focus on its policy toward the deepening rivalry between the West and Russia and how it responded to the “rise of Asia.”.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türkiye, Regional Challenges, Global Changes, Independent Foreign Policy

Kaynakça

• Kemal İnat, “Türk Dış Politikasının Kapasitesinin Dönüşümü: AK Parti Dönemi,” Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014), pp. 1-24.
• “GDP (Current US$)-Türkiye, Italy, France, Japan, Germany, U.S., United Kingdom, Switzerland,” World Bank, retrieved July 26, 2022, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2021&locations=TR-IT-FR-JP-DE-US-GB-CH&start=2002.
• “Download WEO Data: April 2022 Edition,” IMF, retrieved July 26, 2022, from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April.
• “Download World Economic Outlook Database: April 2022,” IMF, retrieved July 26, 2022 from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-reportc=186,&s=PPPSH,&sy=2002&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1.
• However, in addition to attacks against Türkiye’s economic and political stability, there are pressing problems like the coronavirus pandemic and inflationary and currency-related pressures rooted in the Russia-Ukraine war’s impact on the global economy that the country must address to keep pursuing an effective foreign policy.
• Göksel Yıldırım, “Milli İHA ve SİHA’lar İhracat Şampiyonunu Değiştirdi,” Anadolu Agency, (June 14, 2022), retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/milli-iha-ve-sihalar-ihracatsampiyonunu-degistirdi/2613116#:~:text=Bayraktar%20TB2%20S%C4%B0HA%20ve%20Bayraktar,sanayisinin%20yeni%20ihracat%20%C5%9Fampiyonu%20oldu.
• “Savunma ve Havacılık’ta 2021 Yılının İhracat Rekortmenleri,” Savunma SanayiST, (June 14, 2022), retrieved July 26, 2022, from https://www.savunmasanayist.com/turksat-5b-uydusu-hizmete-alma-torenigerceklestirildi.
• Yusuf Emir Işık, “Savunma ve Havacılık İhracatı 2 Milyar Dolar Sınırında!” Defence Turk, (July 4, 2022), retrieved from https://www.defenceturk.net/savunma-ve-havacilik-ihracati-2-milyar-dolar-sinirinda.
• “2002’den 2022’ye Rakamlarla Yerli Savunma Sanayii,” CNN Türk, (February 6, 2022), retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch v=R5j6HtKuV6I&ab_channel=CNNT%C3%9CRK; For detailed information about indigenous defense products under development, see, “Türk Savunma Sanayii Ürün Kataloğu,” Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye-Presidency of the Defense Industries, (2019), retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://www.ssb.gov.tr/urunkatalog/tr.
• Fatma Damla Kayayerli, “Türkiye, Dünyada En Fazla Diplomatik Temsilcisi Olan 5. Ülke,” Sabah, (December 28, 2020), retrieved from https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2020/12/28/turkiye-dunyada-en-fazladiplomatik-temsilcisi-olan-5-ulke.
• For detailed information on this issue see, Kemal İnat, Ali Aslan, and Burhanettin Duran (eds.), Kuruluşundan Bugüne AK Parti: Dış Politika, (İstanbul: SETA Publishing, 2018), pp. 449-552.
• For detailed information on this issue see, Kemal İnat and Melih Yıldız, “Will the Rise of China Transform the International System?” Insight Turkey, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Fall 2021), pp. 231-258.
• Kemal İnat, “Trump’ın Ardından Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri,” SETA, (December 19, 2020), retrieved from https://www.setav.org/trumpinardindan-turk-amerikan-iliskileri/; Kemal İnat, “NATO Zirvesi, Türkiye’nin NATO’daki Yeri ve Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri,” Anadolu Agency, (June 15, 2021), retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/nato-zirvesi-turkiye-nin-nato-daki-yeri-ve-turk-amerikaniliskileri/2274445; Kemal İnat, “Washington Zirvesi’nin Çözemediği Sorunlar,” Kriter, Vol. 4, No. 41 (December 2019).
• Hasan Yücel, “Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerinde S-400 Krizi,” SETA, No. 302, (January 2020); Murat Yeşiltaş, “Türkiye, Batı ve S-400,” Sabah, (December 16, 2017), retrieved from https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/ perspektif/murat-yesiltas/2017/12/16/turkiye-bati-ve-s-400; Kadir Üstün, “S-400 Krizi Eşiğinde Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri,” Sabah, (April 20, 2019), retrieved from https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/perspektif/kadirustun/2019/04/20/s-400-krizi-esiginde-turk-amerikan-iliskileri.
• Turkish Statistical Institution (TÜİK).
• Turkish Statistical Institution (TÜİK).
• The Turkish-led Middle Corridor project seeks to revive the historical Silk Road by channeling a significant part of China’s trade with Europe through Central Asia, the Caspian, the Caucasus and Türkiye. Accordingly, it requires the construction of transportation infrastructure for that purpose. In this regard, the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railroad became operational in 2017. See, “Türkiye’nin Çok Taraflı Ulaştırma Politikası,” Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs, retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye_nin-cok-tarafli-ulastirma-politikasi.tr.mfa.
• Fuat Kabakcı, “Türkiye-Çin İlişkileri Birçok Alanda Gelişiyor,” Anadolu Agency, (March 24, 2021), retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/turkiye-cin-iliskileri-bircok-alanda-gelisiyor/2186643.
• “Kuşak ve Yol Forumu’nun Ardından,” Anadolu Agency, (May 16, 2017), retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/kusak-ve-yol-forumununardindan/819306.
• “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan, Çin’de Gazetecilerin Sorularını Yanıtladı,” Sabah, (July 4, 2019), retrieved from https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2019/07/04/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-cinde-gazetecilerinsorularini-yanitladi.
• Mehmet Şah Yılmaz, “Pekin Büyükelçisi Önen: Çin’in Ülkemize Yatırımları Son Dönemde Önemli İvme Kazandı,” Anadolu Agency, (December 30, 2021), retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/pekinbuyukelcisi-onen-cin-in-ulkemize-yatirimlari-son-donemde-onemliivme-kazandi/2461397#:~:text=T%C3%BCrkiye’nin%20Pekin%20 B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkel%C3%A7isi%20Abdulkadir,milyar%20dolar%20seviyesine%20ula%C5%9Ft%C4%B1%22%20dedi.
• “Türkiye’ye Yatırımda Hangi Ülkeler Başı Çekiyor?” NTV, (December 10, 2020), retrieved from https://www.ntv.com.tr/ekonomi/turkiyeye-yatirimda-hangi-ulkeler-basi-cekiyor,J- 5uSKW870O9SzfO6P5WFQ#:~:text=T%C3%BCrkiye’ye%20en%20fazla%20yat%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%20yapan%20ilk%20on%20%C3%BClke%20aras%C4%B1nda,Fransa%20ve%20Azerbaycan%20 yer%20al%C4%B1yor.
• “Yeniden Asya Girişimi,” Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs, retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://www.mfa.gov.tr/yenidenasya-girisimi.tr.mfa.
• Emre Gürkan Abay, “Rus Birlikleri Afrin’den Çekildi,” Anadolu Agency, (January 20, 2018), retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/rusbirlikleri-afrinden-cekildi/1036813.
• Kemal İnat, “Batı’nın Yaptırım Kararları Ne Anlama Geliyor?” Türkiye, (October 16, 2019), retrieved from https://www.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr/kose-yazilari/prof-dr-kemal-inat/batinin-yaptirim-kararlari-ne-anlamageliyor-610275; Kemal İnat, “Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri Neden Bu Noktaya Geldi?” Türkiye, (November 2, 2019); Burhanettin Duran, “Barış Pınarı Harekatı ve Yeni Güç Dengesi,” Kriter, Vol. 4, No. 40 (November 2019), retrieved from https://kriterdergi.com/cerceve/baris-pinari-harekati-veyeni-guc-dengesi.
• Burhanettin Duran, “S-400’lerin Teslimatı ve 15 Temmuz,” Sabah, (July 13, 2019), retrieved from https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/duran/2019/07/13/s-400lerin-teslimati-ve-15-temmuz.
• “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Ukrayna Haklı Davasında Yalnız Bırakıldı,” NTV, (March 11, 2022), retrieved from https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-ukrayna-hakli-davasinda-yalniz-birakildi,-YOzJwSb0SdgW0Mhzeqhw.
• Mustafa Deveci and Fuat Kabakcı, “Dışişleri Bakanı Çavuşoğlu: Yaptırımlara Katılma Eğilimimiz Yok,” Anadolu Agency, (March 1, 2022), retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/politika/disisleri-bakanicavusoglu-yaptirimlara-katilma-egilimimiz-yok/2520335.
• “Tahıl Krizini Bitiren Tarihi İmza! Karadeniz’in Kilidini İstanbul Açtı,” Hürriyet, (July 23, 2022), retrieved from https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/tahil-krizini-bitiren-tarihi-imza-karadenizin-kilidiniistanbul-acti-42105535; “Guterres: Anlaşma Erdoğan’ın Israrlı Çabalarıyla Oldu,” TRT Haber, (July 22, 2022), retrieved from https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/guterres-anlasma-erdoganin-israrlicabalariyla-oldu-696515.html#:~:text=S%C3%B6z%20konusu%20 anla%C5%9Fman%C4%B1n%20imzalanmas%C4%B1nda%20%C3%B6nemli,a%C5%9Famas%C4%B1nda%20hayati%20%C3%B6neme%20sahipti.%22%20ifadesini.
• Mehmet Rakipoğlu, “Türkiye’nin Körfez Ülkeleri ve Yemen Politikaları 2021,” in Burhanettin Duran, Kemal İnat and Mustafa Caner (eds.), Türk Dış Politikası Yıllığı 2021, (İstanbul: SETA Publishing, 2022), pp. 150-151; “Suudi Arabistan’dan Yeni Adım! Türk Ürünlerine Boykot Süreci Sona Eriyor,” Milliyet, (April 22, 2022), retrieved from https://www.milliyet.com.tr/ekonomi/suudi-arabistandan-yeni-adim-turk-urunlerineboykot-sureci-sona-eriyor-6742329.
• Burhanettin Duran, “Normalleşmenin Yeni Durağı, Ermenistan…,” Sabah, (December 17, 2021); Armağan Gözkaman, “Türkiye-Ermenistan ‘Normalleşmesi’: Farklı Koşullar, Yeni Bir Yaklaşım,” Anadolu Agency, (May 6, 2022), retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/turkiyeermenistan-normallesmesi-farkli-kosullar-yeni-bir-yaklasim/2580860