Sporcu Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Hop Test ile Asimetri İndeksi Belirlemenin Güvenirliği: Yaralanma Riskini Değerlendiren Kesitsel Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2024, , 75 - 87, 20.06.2024

Recep Fatih Kayhan , Alper Karadağ , Esranur Terzi

https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1465420

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sağlıklı üniversite sporcularında hop testlerinin güvenilirliğini değerlendirmek ve bu değerlendirmeler aracılığıyla bacak asimetrilerini belirlemektir. Çalışmaya toplamda 212 sporcu öprenci katılım gösterdi. Alt ekstremite kuvvetini değerlendirmek için dört farklı prosedürden oluşan hop testleri uygulandı. Analiz sonuçlarında hop testin Türk sporcu öğrenci örnekleminde güvenirlik düzeyleri 0,704-0,990 arasında olduğu ve yüksek düzeyde güvenirliğe sahip olduğu belirlendi. Sporcu öğrencilerin asimetri indekslerine bakıldığında ortalamaların 101,07% olduğu ve bu grubun normal uzuv simetrisine sahip olduğu belirlendi. Sporcu öğrencilerin cinsiyetleri açısından hop test değerlerinde farklılıkların olduğu, asimetri indeksi açısından ise sadece çapraz atlamada fark oluştuğu görüldü (p<0,05). Sporcu öğrencilerin yaşları ile hop test değerleri arasında negatif yönede anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğu (p<0,05), asimetri indeksinde ise yaş açısından ilişkiye rastlanmadığı görüldü (p>0,05). Sonuç olarak cinsiyet ve yaş arasındaki kuvvet dengesizliklerinin patlayıcı gücü etkileyen önemli fonksiyonlar olduğu ve bu parametreleri ölçede hop testin güvenilir sonuçlar verdiği çıkarımı yapılabilir. Asimetri indeksleri ile yaralanma riski arasındaki çıkarımsal ilişki göz önüne alındığında, çalışmamız sporcu öğrenciler arasında düşük bir yaralanma riskine işaret etmektedir. Bu bağlamda kişiye özel fiziksel aktivitelere veya antrenman programlarına katılmak, normal uzuv simetrisini teşvik edebilir ve sürdürebilir, bu da potansiyel olarak yaralanma risklerini azaltabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Güvenilirlik, Kuvvet, Sıçrama, Yaralanma

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar etik kurulundan alınmıştır (Tarih: 16 Mart 2023, Karar Numarası: 2023/75, Protokol No: E-40465587-050.01.04-648).

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

1919B012203068

Teşekkür

Desteklerinden doları TÜBİTAK komisyonuna teşekkür ederiz.

Reliability of the Hop Test and Asymmetry Index in University Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study Assessing Injury Risk

Öz

This study aims to assess the reliability of hop tests among healthy university athletes and to identify leg asymmetries through these assessments. A cohort of 212 university athletes, active in sports, participated in the study. Hop tests, comprising four distinct procedures, were administered to evaluate lower extremity strength. The hop tests demonstrated high reliability, with reliability coefficients ranging from 0.704 to 0.990. Examination of asymmetry indices revealed mean values of 101.07%, indicative of symmetrical limb function among participants. Gender-based differences were notable in hop test results, particularly in the crossover hop test, which showed significant asymmetry (p<0.05). Age-related variances were observed solely in the single-leg hop test (p<0.05), while asymmetry indices did not significantly differ across age groups (p>0.05). As a result, it can be concluded that strength imbalances between gender and age are important functions affecting explosive power and the hop test gives reliable results in measuring these parameters. Moreover, the study hints at a low risk of injury among athlete students, given the inferred association between asymmetry indices and injury risk. Engaging in tailored physical activities and sports-specific training regimens may foster and sustain normal limb symmetry, potentially mitigating injury risks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Injury, Jump, Reliability, Strength

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was received for this study from the ethics committee of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Non-Interventional Clinical Research (Date: March 16, 2023, Decision Number: 2023/75, Protocol No: E-40465587-050.01.04-648).

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

1919B012203068

Teşekkür

Desteklerinden doları TÜBİTAK komisyonuna teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

• Ageberg, E., Zatterstrom, R., & Moritz, U. (1998). Stabilometry and one-leg hop test have high test–retest reliability. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 8, 198–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00192.x
• Bailey, C., Sato, K., Alexander, R., Chiang, C. Y., & Stone, M. H. (2013). Isometric force production symmetry and jumping performance in collegiate athletes. Journal of Trainology, 2(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.17338/trainology.2.1_1
• Barber, S., Noyes, F.R., Mangine, R.E., McClosky, J.W., & Hartman, W. (1990). Quantitative assessment of functional limitations in normal and anterior cruciate-deficient knees. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 255, 204-214.
• Bishop, C., Pereira, L. A., Reis, V. P., Read, P., Turner, A. N., & Loturco, I. (2020). Comparing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry during the squat, countermovement and drop jump tests in elite youth female soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(11-12), 1296-1303. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1649525
• Bojic, I., Kocić, M., & Stajić, S. (2015). The explosive power of the lower limbs in basketball and handball players. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 1-9.
• Cakir, G. (2021). Normality analysis. Ed: Kalkavan, A. Introduction to data analysis in sports sciences. İstanbul: Efe Akademi.
• Cakir, H.I. (2021b). Descriptive statistics. Ed: Kalkavan, A. Introduction to data analysis in sports sciences. İstanbul: Efe Akademi.
• Clark, N.C. (2001). Functional performance testing following knee ligament injury. Physical Therapy in Sport, 2, 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1054/ptsp.2001.0035
• Coppieters, M., Stappaerts, K., Janssens, K., & Jull, G. (2002). Reliability of detecting onset of pain and submaximal pain during neural provocation testing of the upper quadrant. Physiotherapy Research International, 7, 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.251
• Croisier, J. L., Ganteaume, S., Binet, J., Genty, M., & Ferret, J. M. (2008). Strength imbalances and prevention of hamstring injury in professional soccer players: a prospective study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(8), 1469-1475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508316764
• De Ste Croix, M. B. A., Priestley, A. M., Lloyd, R. S., & Oliver, J. L. (2015). ACL injury risk in elite female youth soccer: Changes in neuromuscular control of the knee following soccer-specific fatigue. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(5), e531–e538. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12355
• Deighan, M. A., & Sergent, K. A. (2012). Bilateral leg strength and landing mechanics in college-aged female athletes. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 7(6), 607–616.
• Delextrat, A., & Cohen, D. (2008). Physiological testing of basketball players: Toward a standard evaluation of anaerobic fitness. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22, 1066–1072. https://doi.org/.10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181739d9b
• Dingenen, B., Truijen, J., Bellemans, J., & Gokeler, A. (2019). Test–retest reliability and discriminative ability of forward, medial and rotational single-leg hop tests. The Knee, 26(5), 978-987. 26(5), 978-987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2019.06.010
• Faigenbaum, A. D., Kraemer, W. J., Blimkie, C. J., Jeffreys, I., Micheli, L. J., Nitka, M., & Rowland, T. W. (2009). Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the national strength and conditioning association. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23, S60-S79. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819df407
• Falk, B., & Dotan, R. (2006). Child-adult differences in the recovery from high-intensity exercise. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 34(3), 107-112. https://doi.org/0091-6331/3403/107Y112
• Fousekis, K., Tsepis, E., & Vagenas, G. (2011). Lower limb strength in professional soccer players: profile, asymmetry, and training age. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 10(1), 234-241.
• Fousekis, K., Tsepis, E., Poulmedis, P., Athanasopoulos, S., & Vagenas, G. (2010). Intrinsic risk factors of noncontact ankle sprains in soccer: A prospective study on 100 professional players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(4), 758–765. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512449602
• Fuentes, R., Engelke, W., Bustos, L., Oporto, G., Borie, E., Sandoval, P., ... & Borques, P. (2011). Reliability of tow radiographic methods to assess condilar asymmetry. International Journal of Morphology, 29(3), 694-701.
• Hamilton, R.T., Shultz, S.J., Schmitz, R.J., & Perrin, D.H. (2008). Triple-hop distance as a valid predictor of lower limb strength and power. Journal of Athletic Training, 43, 144–151. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.144
• Hannah, R., Folland, J. P., Smith, S. L., & Minshull, C. (2015). Explosive hamstrings-to-quadriceps force ratio of males versus females. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115, 837-847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3063-y
• Haverkamp, B. F., Wiersma, R., Vertessen, K., van Ewijk, H., Oosterlaan, J., & Hartman, E. (2020). Effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive outcomes and academic performance in adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(23), 2637-2660. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1794763
• Hegedus, E.J., McDonough, S., Bleakley, C., Cook, C.E., & Baxter, G.D. (2015). Clinician-friendly lower extremity physical performance measures in athletes: a systematic reviewof measurement properties and correlation with injury, part 1. The tests for knee function including the hop tests. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49, 642–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094094
• Helgerud, J., Høydal, K., Wang, E., Karlsen, T., Berg, P., Bjerkaas, M., ... & Hoff, J. (2007). Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve V˙ O2max more than moderate training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(4), 665-671. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180304570
• Hermassi, S., Gabbett, T.J., Ingebrigtsen, J., Van Den, T.R., Chelly, M.S., & Chamari, K. (2014). Effects of a short-term in-season plyometric training program on repeated-sprint ability, leg power and jump performance of elite handball players. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 9(5), 1205-1216. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.9.5.1205
• Hewett, T. E., Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., Heidt Jr, R. S., Colosimo, A. J., McLean, S. G., ... & Succop, P. (2005). Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(4), 492-501.https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504269591
• Hides, J. A., Stanton, W. R., Mendis, M. D., Gildea, J., Sexton, M. J., & Frana, N. (2017). Effect of motor control training on muscle size and football games missed from injury. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49(5), 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318244a321
• Hoff, J., & Helgerud, J. (2004). Endurance and strength training for soccer players: physiological considerations. Sports Medicine, 34, 165-180. https://doi.org/0112-1642/04/0003-0165/$31.00/0
• Holm, I., & Vøllestad, N. (2008). Significant effect of gender on hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio and static balance in prepubescent children from 7 to 12 years of age. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(10), 2007-2013. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508317963
• Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., Maffiuletti, N., & Marcora, S. M. (2007). A vertical jump force test for assessing bilateral strength asymmetry in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(11), 2044. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31814fb55c
• Iturriaga, V., Navarro, P., Cantin, M., & Fuentes, R. (2012). Prevalence of vertical condilar asymmetry of the temporomandibular joint in patients with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. International Journal of Morphology, 30(1), 315-321.
• Jaiyesimi, A. O., & Jegede, J. A. (2005). Hamstring and quadriceps strength ratio: effect of age and gender. Journal of the Nigeria Society of Physiotherapy, 15(2), 54-59.
• Kalkavan, A. (2021). Introduction to data analysis in sports sciences. Istanbul: Efe Akademi.
• Kayhan, R.F. (2021). Relationship and impact analyses. Ed: Kalkavan, A. Introduction to data analysis in sports sciences. Istanbul: Efe Akademi.
• Kockum, B., & Annette, I.L.H. (2015). Hop performance and leg muscle power in athletes: Reliability of a test battery. Physical Therapy in Sport, 16(3), 222-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.09.002
• Landi, F., Calvani, R., Picca, A., Tosato, M., Martone, A. M., D’Angelo, E., ... & Marzetti, E. (2018). Impact of habitual physical activity and type of exercise on physical performance across ages in community-living people. PLoS One, 13(1), e0191820. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191820
• Lloyd, R. S., Cronin, J. B., Faigenbaum, A. D., Haff, G. G., Howard, R., Kraemer, W. J., ... & Oliver, J. L. (2016). National strength and conditioning association position statement on long-term athletic development. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(6), 1491-1509. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001387
• Logerstedt, D.S., Scalzitti, D., Risberg, M.A., Engebretsen, L., Webster, K.E., & Feller, J. (2017). Knee stability and movement coordination impairments: knee ligament sprain revision 2017. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 47, A1–A47. https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.2017.0303
• Malina, R. M., Bouchard, C., & Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Human Kinetics.
• Mangine, R.E., Noyes, F.R., Mullen, M.P., & Barber, S.D. (1990). A physiological profile of the elite soccer athlete. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 12(4),147-152. https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.1990.12.4.147
• McCurdy, K. W., Walker, J. L., Langford, G. A., Kutz, M. R., Guerrero, J. M., & McMillan, J. (2010). The relationship between kinematic determinants of jump and sprint performance in division I women soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(12), 3200–3208. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fb3f94
• Miller, M.G., Herniman, J.J., Ricard, M.D., Cheatham, C.C., & Michael, T.J. (2006). The effects of a 6-week plyometric training program on agility. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5, 459–465.
• Millikan, N., Grooms, D. R., Hoffman, B., & Simon, J. E. (2019). The development and reliability of 4 clinical neurocognitive single-leg hop tests: ımplications for return to activity decision-making. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 28(5). https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0037
• Munro, A. G., & Herrington, L. C. (2011). Between-session reliability of four hop tests and the agility T-test. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1470-1477. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d83335
• Myer, G. D., Faigenbaum, A. D., Ford, K. R., Best, T. M., Bergeron, M. F., & Hewett, T. E. (2011). When to initiate integrative neuromuscular training to reduce sports-related injuries and enhance health in youth? Current Sports Medicine Reports, 10(3), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e31821b1442
• Noyes, F.R., Barber, S.D., & Mangine, R.E. (1991). Abnormal lower limb symmetry determined by function hop test after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(5), 513-518. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659101900518
• Pappas, E., Nightingale, E. J., Simic, M., Ford, K. R., & Hewett, T. E. (2016). A comparison of drop jump and vertical jump ground reaction forces: Implications for relative load determination. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 32(6), 612–617.
• Read, P. J., Oliver, J. L., De Ste Croix, M. B., Myer, G. D., & Lloyd, R. S. (2016). Neuromuscular risk factors for knee and ankle ligament injuries in male youth soccer players. Sports Medicine, 46, 1059-1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0479-z
• Reid, A., Birmingham, T.B., Stratford, P.W., Alcock, G.K., & Giffin, J.R. (2007). Hop testing provides a reliable and valid outcome measure during rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Physical Therapy, 87, 337–349. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060143
• Reinke, E. K., Spindler, K. P., Lorring, D., Jones, M. H., Schmitz, L., Flanigan, D. C., ... & Dunn, W. R. (2011). Hop tests correlate with IKDC and KOOS at minimum of 2 years after primary ACL reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 19, 1806-1816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1473-5
• Ross, M. D., Langford, B., & Whelan, P. J. (2002). Test-retest reliability of 4 single-leg horizontal hop tests. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(4), 617-622.
• Stradijot, F., Pittorru, G.M., & Pinna, M. (2012). The functional evaluation of lower limb symmetry in a group of young elite judo and wrestling athletes. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 20(1), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-2011-0434
• Zagumny, M. J. (2001). The SPSS book: A student guide to the statistical package for the social sciences. New York: Author House Press.