Araştırma Makalesi

The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study

Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1 25 Mart 2025
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The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study

Öz

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool, the Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport (SRAS), to identify focal points athletes consider when observing their competitors. Combining qualitative and quantitative steps, the scale's development included focus group interviews, essay writing, expert review (Lawshe technique), assumption analyses, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The initial 36-item pool was expanded to 46 items based on expert feedback, and a 5-point Likert-type (5=Always, 1=Never) trial form was administered to 508 active athletes. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed a 4-factor, 30-item structure, subsequently confirmed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on 491 observations. Factors were named based on literature review: "Tactics-Strategy" (n=6, α=.86), "Communication" (n=5, α=.73), "Technical-Physical" (n=11, α=.92), and "Image" (n=8, α=.86). The overall scale demonstrated high reliability (α=.93), and the explained variance ratio was 55.941%. Despite abundant research on athlete motivation, the lack of instruments measuring critical observation factors underscores this study's significance. The SRAS fills this gap, providing a valid and reliable tool to assess observation levels in active athletes, potentially contributing to performance enhancement strategies and talent identification.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

25 Mart 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

3 Eylül 2024

Kabul Tarihi

18 Şubat 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
Kara, N. Ş., Kara, M., & Öğraş, E. B. (2025). The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study. Research in Sport Education and Sciences, 27(1), 61-76. https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1543259
AMA
1.Kara NŞ, Kara M, Öğraş EB. The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study. Research in Sport Education and Sciences. 2025;27(1):61-76. doi:10.62425/rses.1543259
Chicago
Kara, Nuriye Şeyma, Mehmet Kara, ve Emre Bülent Öğraş. 2025. “The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study”. Research in Sport Education and Sciences 27 (1): 61-76. https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1543259.
EndNote
Kara NŞ, Kara M, Öğraş EB (01 Mart 2025) The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study. Research in Sport Education and Sciences 27 1 61–76.
IEEE
[1]N. Ş. Kara, M. Kara, ve E. B. Öğraş, “The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study”, Research in Sport Education and Sciences, c. 27, sy 1, ss. 61–76, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.62425/rses.1543259.
ISNAD
Kara, Nuriye Şeyma - Kara, Mehmet - Öğraş, Emre Bülent. “The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study”. Research in Sport Education and Sciences 27/1 (01 Mart 2025): 61-76. https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1543259.
JAMA
1.Kara NŞ, Kara M, Öğraş EB. The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study. Research in Sport Education and Sciences. 2025;27:61–76.
MLA
Kara, Nuriye Şeyma, vd. “The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study”. Research in Sport Education and Sciences, c. 27, sy 1, Mart 2025, ss. 61-76, doi:10.62425/rses.1543259.
Vancouver
1.Nuriye Şeyma Kara, Mehmet Kara, Emre Bülent Öğraş. The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study. Research in Sport Education and Sciences. 01 Mart 2025;27(1):61-76. doi:10.62425/rses.1543259

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