Araştırma Makalesi
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The Mediating Role of Narcissistic Attitudes in Exercise Addiction and Self-Esteem Among Referees

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4, 330 - 338, 25.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1669200

Öz

This study examines the relationship between exercise addiction and self-esteem among referees, while investigating the mediating role of narcissistic attitudes in this relationship. The effects of physical activity on individuals' psychological health have long been a subject of discussion in psychology and sports sciences. This study aims to statistically evaluate the relationships between exercise addiction, self-esteem, and narcissistic personality traits, and to understand the interactions among these variables. The research was conducted on 300 referees selected through a random sampling method. Data were collected using a personal information form developed by the researchers, the Exercise Addiction Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. The data were gathered via Google Forms from the participants, and SPSS 25.0 and SPSS Process 4.0 software were used for data analysis. The analysis results revealed a significant positive relationship between exercise addiction and self-esteem, while the relationship with narcissistic personality varied at different levels. These findings suggest that exercise could be a supportive factor for individuals' psychological well-being, but excessive exercise may pose potential risks, particularly in individuals with narcissistic tendencies, in relation to certain personality traits. The results of the study emphasize the importance of considering not only the physical but also the psychological dimensions of exercise habits. These findings provide valuable contributions to understanding the psychological impacts of exercise and developing strategies to promote healthier exercise habits in this field.

Kaynakça

  • Aslan, S. (2021). Investigation of the relationship between narcissistic and perfectionist personality traits, exercise addiction and body image. Health Sciences University, Istanbul.
  • Aygün, A. (2021). The relationship between exercise identity, exercise self-presentation, and physical self-perception in regular exercise participants (Master's thesis, Marmara University (Turkey)).
  • Basson, C.J. (2001). Personality and behaviour associated with excessive dependence on exercise: Some reflections from research. South African Journal of Psychology, 31(2), 53-59.
  • Baumeister, R.F., Campbell, J.D., Krueger, J.I., & Vohs, K.D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?. Psychological science in the public interest, 4(1), 1-44.
  • Biçer, N. (2025). Emerging Trends in Addiction and Health. Innovation and Scientific Approaches in Health. ISBN: 978-625-5551-60-3. Duvar Publications.
  • Böke, İ. (2018). Investigation of self-esteem, anxiety level and stress coping skills of high school students who do sports (Master's thesis, Istanbul Gelişim University Social Sciences Institute).
  • Bruno, A., Quattrone, D., Scimeca, G., Cicciarelli, C., Romeo, V. M., Pandolfo, G., ... & Muscatello, M. R. A. (2014). Unraveling exercise addiction: The role of narcissism and self‐esteem. Journal of addiction, 2014(1), 987841.
  • Carroll, L. (1989). A comparative study of narcissism, gender, and sex-role orientation among bodybuilders, athletes, and psychology students. Psychological Reports, 64(3), 999-1006.
  • Cook, R.H., Griffiths, M.D., & Pontes, H.M. (2020). Personality factors in exercise addiction: a pilot study exploring the role of narcissism, extraversion, and agreeableness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18, 89-102.
  • Dereceli, E., Yılmaz, Ö., Kurt, H., Korkmaz, R., Karabulut, A. (2024). “Investigation of Quality of Life Levels of University Students According to Exercise Behavior Change Stages (Aydın Province Example)”. Fair Play Journal. 1(1): 19-29.
  • Doğan, U., & Çolak, T.S. (2020). Validity and reliability study of Turkish Narcissistic Personality Inventory-13 (NKI-13). OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(26), 4166-4184.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
  • Giancola, M., Vinciguerra, M.G., & D’Amico, S. (2025). Narcissism and the risk of exercise addiction in youth: the impact of problematic social media use and fitspiration exposure. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1-22.
  • Glasser, W. (1976). Positive addiction (Vol. 11, p. 159). New York: Harper & Row.
  • Goodwin, H., Haycraft, E., Meyer, C. (2014). Emotion regulation styles as longitudinal predictors of compulsive exercise: A twelve-month prospective study. Journal of Adolesence, 37(8), 1399-1404.
  • Grapsas, S., Brummelman, E., Back, M.D., & Denissen, J.J. (2020). The “why” and “how” of narcissism: A process model of narcissistic status pursuit. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(1), 150-172.
  • Hausenblas, H.A., & Downs, D.S. (2002). Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychology of sport and exercise, 3(2), 89-123.
  • Hazar, K., Koç, A.F., & Alpay, M.R. (2024). The Effect of Narcissistic Personality Traits of Athletes on Exercise Addiction. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 12, 0-0.
  • Hesse, M. (2006). What does addiction mean to me. Mens sana monographs, 4(1), 104.
  • Josephs, R.A., Larrick, R.P., Steele, C.M., & Nisbett, R. E. (1992). Protecting the self from the negative consequences of risky decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 26–37.
  • Karavelioğlu, B., Karavelioğlu, M.B., & Ersoy, A. (2024). Investigation of the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Narcissistic Personality Traits of Faculty of Sports Sciences Students. International Bozok Journal of Sports Sciences, 5(2), 93-112.
  • Katra, H. (2021). Exercise addiction and self-esteem in exercising individuals. Journal of Addiction, 22(4), 370-378.
  • Kaya, T. (2022). Examining the relationship between narcissistic personality traits and body perception in adult individuals (Master's thesis, Istanbul Gelişim University Graduate Education Institute).
  • Korkmaz, M., & Uslu, T. (2020). Examining the relationships between self-esteem, social appearance anxiety and socialization levels of individuals doing fitness. Journal of Sports Education, 4(3), 1-18.
  • Król, T., Wojtyna, E., Hyla, M., Michalik, P., & Michalski, T. (2022). The dark side of sport training. Self-esteem, narcissism and exercise addiction in women's CrossFit training. European Review of Applied Psychology, 72(5), 100814.
  • Kulu, M., Özsoy, F., & Baykara, S. (2018). The effect of regular exercise on self-esteem in addiction. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 19(3).
  • MacKinnon, D.P., Fairchild, A.J., & Fritz, M.S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58(1), 593-614.
  • Miller, K.J., & Mesagno, C. (2014). Personality traits and exercise dependence: Exploring the role of narcissism and perfectionism. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(4), 368-381.
  • Morf, C.C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological inquiry, 12(4), 177-196.
  • Ordu, F. (2022). Exercise Addiction: An Update. Journal of Addiction, 23(4), 536-546.
  • Raskin, R.N., & Hall, C.S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological reports, 45(2), 590-590.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Measures package, 61(52), 18.
  • Salhaoğlu, C. (2022). Investigation of the relationship between exercise addiction and body image and self-esteem (Doctoral dissertation, Master's Thesis, Üsküdar University Health Sciences Institute. Istanbul).
  • Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A.P. (2008). Self-enhancement: Food for thought. Perspectives on psychological science, 3(2), 102-116.
  • Sevinç K., Gerek Z., Arslan E. (2021). Investigation of empathic tendencies and referee self-efficacy of volleyball referees. International Journal of Exercise Psychology. 3(1), 26-36.
  • Spano, L. (2001). The relationship between exercise and anxiety, obsessive-compulsiveness, and narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(1), 87-93.
  • Tekkurşun-Demir, G. & Türkeli, A. (2019). Investigation of exercise addiction and mental endurance levels of sports science faculty students. Journal of Sports Sciences Research. 4 (1), 10-24.
  • Tekkurşun-Demir, G., Hazar, Z. ve Cicioğlu, H.İ. (2018). "Exercise Addiction Scale (ECS): Validity and Reliability Study." Kastamonu Education Journal, 26(3): 865-874.
  • Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. (2004). The exercise addiction inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addiction Research & Theory, 12(5), 489-499.
  • Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. (2019). " The Exercise Addiction Inventory: A new brief screening tool": Erratum.
  • Turan, K. (2022). Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Its Psychodynamic Subtypes. Turkish Journal of Integrative Psychotherapy, 5(9), 114-129.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlüğü. (2021). Turkish Language Association Dictionary: Retrieved from https://sozluk.gov.tr/
  • Uçar, S.A. (2019). Examining the relationship between exercise addiction and narcissism in adults (Master's thesis, Bursa Uludag University (Turkey)).
  • Uçar, S.A., & Korkmaz, N. (2021). Examination Of Relationship Between Exercise Dependence And Narcissism In Adults. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 9(2), 192-200.
  • Yılmaz, M. (2022). The Relationship Between Exercise Addiction and Satisfaction with Muscle Appearance: The Example of Healthy Living and Sports Centers.
  • Zeigler-Hill, V., Besser, A., Gabay, M., & Young, G. (2021). Narcissism and exercise addiction: the mediating roles of exercise-related motives. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(8), 4243.

Hakemlerin Egzersiz Bağımlılığı ve Benlik Saygılarında Narsistik Tutumlarının Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4, 330 - 338, 25.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1669200

Öz

Bu çalışma, hakemlerin egzersiz bağımlılığı ve benlik saygısı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelerken, narsistik tutumların bu ilişkideki aracı rolünü araştırmaktadır. Fiziksel aktivitenin bireylerin psikolojik sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri, psikoloji ve spor bilimleri alanlarında uzun süredir tartışılan bir konu olmuştur. Bu çalışma, egzersiz bağımlılığı, benlik saygısı ve narsistik kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkileri istatistiksel olarak değerlendirerek, bu değişkenlerin birbirleriyle olan etkileşimlerini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, rastgele örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen 300 hakem üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiş olup, veri toplama sürecinde araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen bir kişisel bilgi formu, Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği, Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği ve Narsistik Kişilik Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Veriler, katılımcılardan Google form aracılığıyla toplanmış ve elde edilen verilerin analizi için SPSS 25.0 ve SPSS Process 4.0 yazılımları kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, egzersiz bağımlılığı ile benlik saygısı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuş, ancak narsistik kişilik ile bu ilişkinin düzeyi değişkenlik göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, egzersizin bireylerin psikolojik iyilik hallerini destekleyici bir faktör olabileceğini, fakat aşırı egzersizin, özellikle narsistik eğilimleri olan bireylerde, belirli kişilik özellikleriyle ilişkili potansiyel riskler taşıyabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmanın sonuçları, egzersiz yapma alışkanlıklarının sadece fiziksel değil, aynı zamanda psikolojik boyutlarını da göz önünde bulundurmanın önemini vurgulamaktadır. Bu bulgular, egzersizin psikolojik sağlık üzerindeki etkilerini anlamak ve bu alanda daha sağlıklı egzersiz alışkanlıklarını teşvik etmek amacıyla uygulanabilecek stratejiler geliştirmek için önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Aslan, S. (2021). Investigation of the relationship between narcissistic and perfectionist personality traits, exercise addiction and body image. Health Sciences University, Istanbul.
  • Aygün, A. (2021). The relationship between exercise identity, exercise self-presentation, and physical self-perception in regular exercise participants (Master's thesis, Marmara University (Turkey)).
  • Basson, C.J. (2001). Personality and behaviour associated with excessive dependence on exercise: Some reflections from research. South African Journal of Psychology, 31(2), 53-59.
  • Baumeister, R.F., Campbell, J.D., Krueger, J.I., & Vohs, K.D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?. Psychological science in the public interest, 4(1), 1-44.
  • Biçer, N. (2025). Emerging Trends in Addiction and Health. Innovation and Scientific Approaches in Health. ISBN: 978-625-5551-60-3. Duvar Publications.
  • Böke, İ. (2018). Investigation of self-esteem, anxiety level and stress coping skills of high school students who do sports (Master's thesis, Istanbul Gelişim University Social Sciences Institute).
  • Bruno, A., Quattrone, D., Scimeca, G., Cicciarelli, C., Romeo, V. M., Pandolfo, G., ... & Muscatello, M. R. A. (2014). Unraveling exercise addiction: The role of narcissism and self‐esteem. Journal of addiction, 2014(1), 987841.
  • Carroll, L. (1989). A comparative study of narcissism, gender, and sex-role orientation among bodybuilders, athletes, and psychology students. Psychological Reports, 64(3), 999-1006.
  • Cook, R.H., Griffiths, M.D., & Pontes, H.M. (2020). Personality factors in exercise addiction: a pilot study exploring the role of narcissism, extraversion, and agreeableness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18, 89-102.
  • Dereceli, E., Yılmaz, Ö., Kurt, H., Korkmaz, R., Karabulut, A. (2024). “Investigation of Quality of Life Levels of University Students According to Exercise Behavior Change Stages (Aydın Province Example)”. Fair Play Journal. 1(1): 19-29.
  • Doğan, U., & Çolak, T.S. (2020). Validity and reliability study of Turkish Narcissistic Personality Inventory-13 (NKI-13). OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(26), 4166-4184.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
  • Giancola, M., Vinciguerra, M.G., & D’Amico, S. (2025). Narcissism and the risk of exercise addiction in youth: the impact of problematic social media use and fitspiration exposure. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1-22.
  • Glasser, W. (1976). Positive addiction (Vol. 11, p. 159). New York: Harper & Row.
  • Goodwin, H., Haycraft, E., Meyer, C. (2014). Emotion regulation styles as longitudinal predictors of compulsive exercise: A twelve-month prospective study. Journal of Adolesence, 37(8), 1399-1404.
  • Grapsas, S., Brummelman, E., Back, M.D., & Denissen, J.J. (2020). The “why” and “how” of narcissism: A process model of narcissistic status pursuit. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(1), 150-172.
  • Hausenblas, H.A., & Downs, D.S. (2002). Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychology of sport and exercise, 3(2), 89-123.
  • Hazar, K., Koç, A.F., & Alpay, M.R. (2024). The Effect of Narcissistic Personality Traits of Athletes on Exercise Addiction. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 12, 0-0.
  • Hesse, M. (2006). What does addiction mean to me. Mens sana monographs, 4(1), 104.
  • Josephs, R.A., Larrick, R.P., Steele, C.M., & Nisbett, R. E. (1992). Protecting the self from the negative consequences of risky decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 26–37.
  • Karavelioğlu, B., Karavelioğlu, M.B., & Ersoy, A. (2024). Investigation of the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Narcissistic Personality Traits of Faculty of Sports Sciences Students. International Bozok Journal of Sports Sciences, 5(2), 93-112.
  • Katra, H. (2021). Exercise addiction and self-esteem in exercising individuals. Journal of Addiction, 22(4), 370-378.
  • Kaya, T. (2022). Examining the relationship between narcissistic personality traits and body perception in adult individuals (Master's thesis, Istanbul Gelişim University Graduate Education Institute).
  • Korkmaz, M., & Uslu, T. (2020). Examining the relationships between self-esteem, social appearance anxiety and socialization levels of individuals doing fitness. Journal of Sports Education, 4(3), 1-18.
  • Król, T., Wojtyna, E., Hyla, M., Michalik, P., & Michalski, T. (2022). The dark side of sport training. Self-esteem, narcissism and exercise addiction in women's CrossFit training. European Review of Applied Psychology, 72(5), 100814.
  • Kulu, M., Özsoy, F., & Baykara, S. (2018). The effect of regular exercise on self-esteem in addiction. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 19(3).
  • MacKinnon, D.P., Fairchild, A.J., & Fritz, M.S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58(1), 593-614.
  • Miller, K.J., & Mesagno, C. (2014). Personality traits and exercise dependence: Exploring the role of narcissism and perfectionism. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(4), 368-381.
  • Morf, C.C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological inquiry, 12(4), 177-196.
  • Ordu, F. (2022). Exercise Addiction: An Update. Journal of Addiction, 23(4), 536-546.
  • Raskin, R.N., & Hall, C.S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological reports, 45(2), 590-590.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Measures package, 61(52), 18.
  • Salhaoğlu, C. (2022). Investigation of the relationship between exercise addiction and body image and self-esteem (Doctoral dissertation, Master's Thesis, Üsküdar University Health Sciences Institute. Istanbul).
  • Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A.P. (2008). Self-enhancement: Food for thought. Perspectives on psychological science, 3(2), 102-116.
  • Sevinç K., Gerek Z., Arslan E. (2021). Investigation of empathic tendencies and referee self-efficacy of volleyball referees. International Journal of Exercise Psychology. 3(1), 26-36.
  • Spano, L. (2001). The relationship between exercise and anxiety, obsessive-compulsiveness, and narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(1), 87-93.
  • Tekkurşun-Demir, G. & Türkeli, A. (2019). Investigation of exercise addiction and mental endurance levels of sports science faculty students. Journal of Sports Sciences Research. 4 (1), 10-24.
  • Tekkurşun-Demir, G., Hazar, Z. ve Cicioğlu, H.İ. (2018). "Exercise Addiction Scale (ECS): Validity and Reliability Study." Kastamonu Education Journal, 26(3): 865-874.
  • Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. (2004). The exercise addiction inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addiction Research & Theory, 12(5), 489-499.
  • Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. (2019). " The Exercise Addiction Inventory: A new brief screening tool": Erratum.
  • Turan, K. (2022). Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Its Psychodynamic Subtypes. Turkish Journal of Integrative Psychotherapy, 5(9), 114-129.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlüğü. (2021). Turkish Language Association Dictionary: Retrieved from https://sozluk.gov.tr/
  • Uçar, S.A. (2019). Examining the relationship between exercise addiction and narcissism in adults (Master's thesis, Bursa Uludag University (Turkey)).
  • Uçar, S.A., & Korkmaz, N. (2021). Examination Of Relationship Between Exercise Dependence And Narcissism In Adults. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 9(2), 192-200.
  • Yılmaz, M. (2022). The Relationship Between Exercise Addiction and Satisfaction with Muscle Appearance: The Example of Healthy Living and Sports Centers.
  • Zeigler-Hill, V., Besser, A., Gabay, M., & Young, G. (2021). Narcissism and exercise addiction: the mediating roles of exercise-related motives. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(8), 4243.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Beden Eğitimi ve Oyun, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Pedagojisi, Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Çağatay Dereceli 0000-0003-2771-2000

Sermin Ağralı Ermiş 0000-0002-9653-233X

Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Dereceli, Ç., & Ağralı Ermiş, S. (2025). The Mediating Role of Narcissistic Attitudes in Exercise Addiction and Self-Esteem Among Referees. Research in Sport Education and Sciences, 27(4), 330-338. https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1669200

Content of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License

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