Rekreasyonel Olarak Aktif Bireylerde Nigella sativa Takviyesinin Egzersiz Sonrası Enflamasyon ve Kas Hasarı Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4, 252 - 263, 25.12.2025

Roy Irawan , Mokhamad Bawono , Dita Yuliastrid , Abdul Rohim Tualeka , Putri Alayyannur

https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1672140

Öz

Egzersiz kaynaklı kas hasarı (EIMD), kas lifi bozulmasına, iltihaplanmaya ve interlökin-6 (IL-6) ve kreatin kinaz (CK) gibi biyobelirteçlerin yükselmesine yol açar. Etkili iyileşme stratejileri, iltihabı azaltmak ve kas onarımını hızlandırmak için çok önemlidir. Timokinon açısından zengin olan Nigella sativa (NS), anti-inflamatuar ve antioksidan özelliklere sahiptir, ancak egzersiz sonrası IL-6 ve CK düzenlemesindeki rolü belirsizliğini korumaktadır.
Bu çift kör, plasebo kontrollü çalışma, 40 rekreasyonel olarak aktif erkekte yüksek yoğunluklu eksantrik egzersizden sonra NS takviyesinin IL-6 ve CK seviyeleri üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmıştır. Katılımcılara NS (egzersizden önce 7 gün boyunca günde iki kez 500 mg) veya plasebo verildi. Eksantrik bir egzersiz protokolü uyguladılar (Nosaka & Miyama modeli), kan örnekleri başlangıçta (T0), egzersizden sonra (T1) ve egzersizden 24 saat sonra (T2) toplandı. IL-6 ve CK, ELISA ve otomatik bir biyokimyasal analiz cihazı kullanılarak analiz edildi ve veriler iki yönlü tekrarlanan ölçümler ANOVA kullanılarak işlendi.
Egzersizden sonra, IL-6 ve CK seviyeleri her iki grupta da önemli ölçüde artarak inflamatuar bir yanıtı doğruladı. Ancak, IL-6 ve CK seviyeleri NS grubunda hem T1 hem de T2'de önemli ölçüde daha düşüktü (p < 0,001), bu da NS takviyesinin iltihabı ve kas hasarını etkili bir şekilde azalttığını gösteriyor.
NS, BCAA'lar, kurkumin ve omega-3'e benzer şekilde doğal bir anti-inflamatuar ve kas koruyucu ajan olarak etki etme potansiyeline sahiptir. Ancak, optimum dozajı, uzun vadeli etkileri ve olası Diğer kurtarma stratejileriyle sinerjiler.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nigella Sativa , IL-6 , kreatin kinaz , kas hasarı , inflamasyon , spor iyileşmesi

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma etik standartlara uygun olarak yürütülmüş ve Airlangga Üniversitesi Halk Sağlığı Fakültesi Sağlık Araştırmaları Etik Komitesi'nden onay alınarak 10 Mayıs 2023 tarihli 104/EA/KEPK/2023 kimlik numarasıyla etik açıdan kabul edilebilir bulunmuştur

Destekleyen Kurum

Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Teşekkür

Yazarlar, bu çalışmayı yürütmede araştırma hibesi için Spor Bilimi ve Sağlık Fakültesi, Universitas Negeri Surabaya'ya (UNESA) teşekkür etmek isterler. Yazarlar ayrıca, araştırma süreci boyunca değerli teknik yardım ve laboratuvar olanakları sağlayan ekibiyle Universitas Airlangga Halk Sağlığı Fakültesi'nin desteği ve iş birliğinden de minnettardırlar.

Effects of Nigella sativa Supplementation on Post-Exercise Inflammation and Muscle Damage in Recreationally Active Individuals

Öz

Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) leads to muscle fiber disruption, inflammation, and elevated biomarkers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and creatine kinase (CK). Effective recovery strategies are crucial to mitigate inflammation and accelerate muscle repair. Nigella sativa (NS), rich in thymoquinone, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but its role in post-exercise IL-6 and CK regulation remains unclear.
This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of NS supplementation on IL-6 and CK levels following high-intensity eccentric exercise in 40 recreationally active males. Participants received either NS (500 mg twice daily for 7 days pre-exercise or a placebo. They performed an eccentric exercise protocol (Nosaka & Miyama model), with blood samples collected at baseline (T0), post-exercise (T1), and 24 hours post-exercise (T2). IL-6 and CK were analyzed using ELISA and an automated biochemical analyzer, and data were processed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA.
Post-exercise, IL-6 and CK levels increased significantly in both groups, confirming an inflammatory response. However, IL-6 and CK levels were significantly lower in the NS group at both T1 and T2 (p < 0.001), indicating that NS supplementation effectively reduced inflammation and muscle damage.
NS has the potential to act as a natural anti-inflammatory and muscle-protective agent, similar to BCAAs, curcumin, and omega-3. However, further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage, long-term effects, and possible synergies with other recovery strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nigella Sativa , IL-6 , Creatine Kinase , Muscle Damage , Inflammation , Sports Recovery

Etik Beyan

This study followed ethical standards and received approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, and has been deemed ethically acceptable with the identity number: 104/EA/KEPK/2023, dated May 10, 2023

Destekleyen Kurum

Universitas Negeri SUrabaya

Teşekkür

The authors wish to acknowledge the Sports Science and Health Faculty, Universitas Negeri Surabaya (UNESA) for the research grant in conducting this work. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support and collaboration of the Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, whose team provided valuable technical assistance and laboratory facilities throughout the research process

Kaynakça

• Aguiar, S. S., Sousa, C. V., Deus, L. A., Rosa, T. S., Sales, M. M., Neves, R. V. P., Barbosa, L. P., Santos, P. A., Campbell, C. S., & Simões, H. G. (2020). Oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and body composition of master athletes: The interplay. Experimental Gerontology, 130, 110806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2019.110806
• Ali, M. A., Pangestu, B., Rahayu, S., Anggita, G. M., Kurniawati, D. M., Noer, E. R., & Mohamed, A. M. D. (2023). Foam rolling reduced total creatine kinase in acute muscle inflammation following long-distance running. Journal of Sport Area, 8(1), 117–122. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2023.vol8(1).12144
• Ayubi, N., Kusnanik, N. W., Herawati, L., Callixte, C., Ming, J. W., Aljunaid, M., Mario, D. T., Komaini, A., & Padmasari, D. F. (2024). Potential of curcumin to reduce serum nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) levels after high-intensity exercise. Retos, 57, 616–622. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.103902
• Azevedo, K. P., Bastos, J. A. I., de Sousa Neto, I. V., Pastre, C. M., & Durigan, J. L. Q. (2022). Different cryotherapy modalities demonstrate similar effects on muscle performance, soreness, and damage in healthy individuals and athletes: A systematic review with metanalysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(15), 4441. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154441
• Bateman, L. S., McSwain, R. T., Lott, T., Brown, T. M., Cemenja, S. L., Jenkins, J. M., Tapper, A. M., Parr, J. J., & Dolbow, D. R. (2023). Effects of ibuprofen on muscle hypertrophy and inflammation: A review of literature. Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports, 11(1), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40141-023-00381-y
• Beba, M., Mohammadi, H., Clark, C. C. T., & Djafarian, K. (2022). The effect of curcumin supplementation on delayed‐onset muscle soreness, inflammation, muscle strength, and joint flexibility: A systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytotherapy Research, 36(7), 2767–2778. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7477
• Benazzouz-Smail, L., Achat, S., Brahmi, F., Bachir-Bey, M., Arab, R., Lorenzo, J. M., Benbouriche, A., Boudiab, K., Hauchard, D., Boulekbache, L., & Madani, K. (2023). Biological properties, phenolic profile, and botanical aspect of Nigella sativa L. and Nigella damascena L. seeds: A comparative study. Molecules, 28(2), 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020571
• Bhavikatti, S. K., Zainuddin, S. L. A., Ramli, R. B., Nadaf, S. J., Dandge, P. B., Khalate, M., & Karobari, M. I. (2024). Insights into the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial potential of Nigella sativa essential oil against oral pathogens. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 11878. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62915-1
• Bonilla, D. A., Cardozo, L. A., Vélez-Gutiérrez, J. M., Arévalo-Rodríguez, A., Vargas-Molina, S., Stout, J. R., Kreider, R. B., & Petro, J. L. (2022). Exercise selection and common injuries in fitness centers: A systematic integrative review and practical recommendations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912710
• Bontemps, B., Vercruyssen, F., Gruet, M., & Louis, J. (2020). Downhill running: What are the effects and how can we adapt? A narrative review. Sports Medicine, 50(12), 2083–2110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01355-z
• Chang, W.-D., Lin, H.-Y., Chang, N.-J., & Wu, J.-H. (2021). Effects of 830 nm light-emitting diode therapy on delayed-onset muscle soreness. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6690572
• Coqueiro, A. Y., Rogero, M. M., & Tirapegui, J. (2019). Glutamine as an anti-fatigue amino acid in sports nutrition. Nutrients, 11(4), 863. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040863
• de Salazar, L., Contreras, C., Torregrosa-García, A., Luque-Rubia, A., Ávila-Gandía, V., Domingo, J., & López-Román, F. (2020). Oxidative stress in endurance cycling is reduced dose-dependently after one month of re-esterified DHA supplementation. Antioxidants, 9(11), 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111145
• El Assar, M., Álvarez-Bustos, A., Sosa, P., Angulo, J., & Rodríguez-Mañas, L. (2022). Effect of physical activity/exercise on oxidative stress and inflammation in muscle and vascular aging. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(15), 8713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158713
• Garthe, I., & Maughan, R. J. (2018). Athletes and supplements: Prevalence and perspectives. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2), 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0429
• Greer, B. K., Woodard, J. L., White, J. P., Arguello, E. M., & Haymes, E. M. (2007). Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and indicators of muscle damage after endurance exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 17(6), 595–607. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.595
• Hannan, M. A., Zahan, M. S., Sarker, P. P., Moni, A., Ha, H., & Uddin, M. J. (2021). Protective effects of black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its bioactive constituent, thymoquinone against kidney injury: An aspect on pharmacological insights. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(16), 9078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169078
• Heckel, L., Eime, R., Karg, A., McDonald, H., Yeomans, C., & O’Boyle, I. (2024). A systematic review of the wellbeing benefits of being active through leisure and fitness centres. Leisure Studies, 43(4), 545–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2023.2243654
• Huang, C.-C., Lee, M.-C., Ho, C.-S., Hsu, Y.-J., Ho, C.-C., & Kan, N.-W. (2021). Protective and recovery effects of resveratrol supplementation on exercise performance and muscle damage following acute plyometric exercise. Nutrients, 13(9), 3217. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093217
• Hussein, R. E., Rashed, L. A., Aboulhoda, B. E., Abdelaziz, G. M., Abdelhady, E. G., Abd El-Aal, S. A., Shamseldeen, A., Khalifa, M. M., & Morsi, H. (2021). The role of thymoquinone in mitigating carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats: Targeting the CHOP-1/JNK/p38 MAPK, NFκB/TNF-α/IL-10, and Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 signalling pathways. Folia Biologica, 69(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3409/fb_69-1.01
• Irawan, R. J., Mahmudiono, T., & Martiana, T. (2021). Interleukin-6 as immune system and inflammation biomarker on the response of basic pencak silat exercise in Perguruan Pencak Silat Perisai Diri, Bojonegoro. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(T6), 179–183. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7303
• Irawan, R. J., Sulistyarto, S., & Rimawati, N. (2022). Supplementation of kencur (Kaempferia galanga Linn) extract on malondealdehyde (MDA) and IL-6 plasma levels post aerobic training activity. Amerta Nutrition, 6(1SP), 140–145. https://doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v6i1sp.2022.140-145
• Jangjo-Borazjani, S., Dastgheib, M., Kiyamarsi, E., Jamshidi, R., Rahmati-Ahmadabad, S., Helalizadeh, M., Iraji, R., Cornish, S. M., Mohammadi-Darestani, S., Khojasteh, Z., & Azarbayjani, M. A. (2023). Effects of resistance training and Nigella sativa on type 2 diabetes: Implications for metabolic markers, low-grade inflammation and liver enzyme production. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 129(4), 913–921. https://doi.org/10.1080/13813455.2021.1886117
• Kruk, J., Aboul-Enein, B. H., Duchnik, E., & Marchlewicz, M. (2022). Antioxidative properties of phenolic compounds and their effect on oxidative stress induced by severe physical exercise. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 72(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12576-022-00845-1
• Lin, C.-H., Lin, Y.-A., Chen, S.-L., Hsu, M.-C., & Hsu, C.-C. (2021). American ginseng attenuates eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage via the modulation of lipid peroxidation and inflammatory adaptation in males. Nutrients, 14(1), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010078
• Miyama, M., & Nosaka, K. (2004). Influence of surface on muscle damage and soreness induced by consecutive drop jumps. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(2), 206–211. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-13353.1
• Mostafa, R., Said, M., Muhammed, M., Elwakel, H., & Elgndy, A. (2020). Protective effect of thymoquinone on bisphenol A-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats, targeting the role of associated pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-kB. Benha Medical Journal, 38(2021), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.21608/bmfj.2020.123508
• Nara, H., & Watanabe, R. (2021). Anti-inflammatory effect of muscle-derived interleukin-6 and its involvement in lipid metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(18), 9889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189889
• O’Connor, E., Mündel, T., & Barnes, M. J. (2022). Nutritional compounds to improve post-exercise recovery. Nutrients, 14(23), 5069. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235069
• Pham, H., & Spaniol, F. (2024). The efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in athletes for injury management, training response, and athletic performance: A systematic review. Sports, 12(11), 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12110302
• Philpott, J., Kern, M., Hooshmand, S., Carson, I., Rayo, V., North, E., Okamoto, L., O’Neil, T., Hong, M. Y., Liu, C., Dreczkowski, G., Rodríguez‐Sánchez, N., Witard, O. C., & Galloway, S. D. (2023). Pistachios as a recovery food following downhill running exercise in recreational team‐sport individuals. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(12), 2400–2410. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2023.2239192
• Rahmat, E., Lee, J., & Kang, Y. (2021). Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.): Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, biotechnology, and pharmacological activities. *Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021*, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9960813
• Ratheesh, M., Svenia, J. P., Sangeeth, S., Sheethal, S., Sony, R., Sandya, S., & Krishnakumar, I. M. (2021). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic effect of thymoquinone-rich black cumin (Nigella sativa) oil (Blaqmax®) on adjuvant-induced arthritis. Journal of Food Research, 10(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v10n1p52
• Raut, P. K., Lee, H. S., Joo, S. H., & Chun, K.-S. (2021). Thymoquinone induces oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis through downregulation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in human melanoma cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 157, 112604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112604
• Sadeghi, E., Imenshahidi, M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2023). Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its active constituent, thymoquinone: A review. Molecular Biology Reports, 50(6), 5439–5454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08363-y
• Sánchez Díaz, M., Martín-Castellanos, A., Fernández-Elías, V. E., López Torres, O., & Lorenzo Calvo, J. (2022). Effects of polyphenol consumption on recovery in team sport athletes of both sexes: A systematic review. Nutrients, 14(19), 4085. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194085
• Sarkar, S., Debnath, M., Das, M., Bandyopadhyay, A., Dey, S. K., & Datta, G. (2021). Effect of high intensity interval training on antioxidant status, inflammatory response and muscle damage indices in endurance team male players. Apunts Sports Medicine, 56(210), 100352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100352
• Saxton, R. A., Tsutsumi, N., Su, L. L., Abhiraman, G. C., Mohan, K., Henneberg, L. T., Aduri, N. G., Gati, C., & Garcia, K. C. (2021). Structure-based decoupling of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of interleukin-10. Science, 371(6535). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc8433
• Şentürk, G., & Göbel, P. (2022). Sporcularda egzersiz sonrası gecikmiş kas ağrısı (DOMS) ve beslenme müdahaleleri [Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and nutritional interventions in athletes]. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.985513
• Sifuentes-Franco, S., Sánchez-Macías, D. C., Carrillo-Ibarra, S., Rivera-Valdés, J. J., Zuñiga, L. Y., & Sánchez-López, V. A. (2022). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on infectious diseases. Healthcare, 10(3), 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030487
• Smith, J. A. B., Murach, K. A., Dyar, K. A., & Zierath, J. R. (2023). Exercise metabolism and adaptation in skeletal muscle. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 24(9), 607–632. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-023-00606-x
• Sohail, R., Mathew, M., Patel, K. K., Reddy, S. A., Haider, Z., Naria, M., Habib, A., Abdin, Z. U., Razzaq Chaudhry, W., & Akbar, A. (2023). Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and gastroprotective NSAIDs on the gastrointestinal tract: A narrative review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37080
• Spoelder, M., Koopmans, L., Hartman, Y. A. W., Bongers, C. C. W. G., Schoofs, M. C. A., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., & Hopman, M. T. E. (2023). Supplementation with whey protein, but not pea protein, reduces muscle damage following long-distance walking in older adults. Nutrients, 15(2), 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020342
• Sulistyarto, S., Irawan, R. J., Kumaat, N. A., & Rimawati, N. (2022). Correlation of delayed onset muscle soreness and inflammation post-exercise induced muscle damage. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(A), 1688–1694. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.10991
• Tahira, S. (2022). The association between sports participation and physical fitness. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5812/intjssh-127001
• Tomalka, A. (2023). Eccentric muscle contractions: From single muscle fibre to whole muscle mechanics. *Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 475*(4), 421–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-023-02794-z
• Wadley, A. J., Keane, G., Cullen, T., James, L., Vautrinot, J., Davies, M., Hussey, B., Hunter, D. J., Mastana, S., Holliday, A., Petersen, S. V., Bishop, N. C., Lindley, M. R., & Coles, S. J. (2019). Characterization of extracellular redox enzyme concentrations in response to exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 127(3), 858–866. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00340.2019
• Westerbeek, H., & Eime, R. (2021). The Physical Activity and Sport Participation Framework—A policy model toward being physically active across the lifespan. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.608593
• Wiecha, S., Posadzki, P., Prill, R., & Płaszewski, M. (2024). Physical therapies for delayed onset muscle soreness: A protocol for an umbrella and mapping systematic review with meta-meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(7), 2006. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13072006
• Wilke, J., & Behringer, M. (2021). Is “delayed onset muscle soreness” a false friend? The potential implication of the fascial connective tissue in post-exercise discomfort. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(17), 9482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179482
• Wolska, B., Domagała, Ł., Kisilewicz, A., Hassanlouei, H., Makar, P., Kawczyński, A., & Klich, S. (2023). Multiple cryosauna sessions for post-exercise recovery of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS): A randomized control trial. Frontiers in Physiology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1253140
• Yang, C., Yang, J., Tan, L., Tang, P., Pen, T., Gao, T., Liu, S., & Guo, J. (2022). A novel formula comprising wolfberry, figs, white lentils, raspberries, and maca (WFWRM) induced antifatigue effects in a forced exercise mouse model. *Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022*, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3784580