Efficacy of Kangoo Jump Exercises for Primary Dysmenorrhea in Young Women: Results from a Pre-Post Study
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1
,
37
-
47
,
30.03.2026
Aytül Eynur
,
Ulya Keskin Onat
,
Baybars Recep Eynur
Öz
Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is a common menstrual disorder among young women, often resulting in significant pain and reduced quality of life. While non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and oral contraceptives are the mainstay treatments, their potential side effects have increased interest in non-pharmacological alternatives such as exercise.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of Kangoo Jump exercises on pain levels in women aged 18–22 with primary dysmenorrhea, using the McGill Pain Questionnaire.
Methods: Fifty-one women aged 18–22 years with regular menstrual cycles participated in a single-arm, pre-post interventional study. Participants engaged in Kangoo Jump exercises sessions twice weekly for ten weeks. Menstrual pain was assessed using the McGill Pain Questionnaire before and after the intervention.
Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in pain scores across all McGill Pain Questionnaire subscales following the Kangoo Jump exercises program (all p<0.001). Effect sizes ranged from moderate to large.
Conclusion: Kangoo Jump exercises are associated with significant improvements in dysmenorrhea symptoms among young women and may serve as an effective non-pharmacological intervention.
Etik Beyan
Ethics committee approval was received for this study from the ethics committee of Kütahya Dumlupınar University (Date: Jan 09, 2025, Decision Number: 7, Protocol No: E-67750228-050.04-357932)
Destekleyen Kurum
This study was not supported any institution or project.
Kaynakça
-
Anderson, E. H., & Shivakumar, G. (2013). Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity on Anxiety. Frontiers in Psychiatry, Volume 4-2013. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027
-
Araújo, L. M. de, Silva, J. M. N. da, Bastos, W. T., & Ventura, P. L. (2012). Diminuição da dor em mulheres com dismenorreia primária, tratadas pelo método Pilates. Revista Dor, 13(2), 119–123. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-00132012000200004
-
Armour, M., Ee, C. C., Naidoo, D., Ayati, Z., Chalmers, K. J., Steel, K. A., de Manincor, M. J., & Delshad, E. (2019). Exercise for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004142.pub4
-
Armour, M., Parry, K., Manohar, N., Holmes, K., Ferfolja, T., Curry, C., MacMillan, F., & Smith, C. A. (2019). The Prevalence and Academic Impact of Dysmenorrhea in 21,573 Young Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Women’s Health, 28(8), 1161–1171. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7615
-
Bernardi, M., Lazzeri, L., Perelli, F., Reis, F. M., & Petraglia, F. (2017). Dysmenorrhea and related disorders. F1000Research, 6, 1645. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11682.1
-
Biçici, B., & Yapucu Güneş, Ü. (2012). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire in patients with leukemia. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(23–24), 3328–3334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04107.x
-
Briand, J., Tremblay, J., & Thibault, G. (2022). Can Popular High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Models Lead to Impossible Training Sessions? SPORTS, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10010010
-
Carroquino-Garcia, P., Jiménez-Rejano, J. J., Medrano-Sanchez, E., de la Casa-Almeida, M., Diaz-Mohedo, E., & Suarez-Serrano, C. (2019). Therapeutic Exercise in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Physical Therapy, 99(10), 1371–1380. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz101
-
Chen, B., Liu, S., Jin, F., Li, T., Yang, N., Xu, Y., Hu, J., Jiang, T., & Huang, Y. (2024). Efficacy of acupuncture-related therapy in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heliyon, 10(10), e30912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30912
-
Chen, Y.-S., Lu, W.-A., Clemente, F. M., Bezerra, J. P., & Kuo, C.-D. (2019). Increased Parasympathetic Activity by Foot Reflexology Massage after Repeated Sprint Test in Collegiate Football Players: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Sports, 7(11), 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7110228
-
Ciołek, A., Kostecka, M., Kostecka, J., Kawecka, P., & Popik-Samborska, M. (2023). An Assessment of Women’s Knowledge of the Menstrual Cycle and the Influence of Diet and Adherence to Dietary Patterns on the Alleviation or Exacerbation of Menstrual Distress. Nutrients, 16(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010069
-
Dawood, M. Y. (2006). Primary Dysmenorrhea. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 108(2), 428–441. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c
-
Dehnavi, Z., Jafarnejad, F., & Kamali, Z. (2018). The Effect of aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea: A clinical trial study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_79_17
-
Demirtürk, F., Yilar Erkek, Z., Alparslan, Ö., Demirtürk, F., Demir, O., & Inanir, A. (2016). Comparison of Reflexology and Connective Tissue Manipulation in Participants with Primary Dysmenorrhea. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 22(1), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2015.0050
-
Donayeva, A., Amanzholkyzy, A., Abdelazim, I., Nurgaliyeva, R., Gubasheva, G., Saparbayev, S., Ayaganov, D., Kaldybayeva, A., & Samaha, I. (2023). The impact of primary dysmenorrhea on adolescents’ activities and school attendance. Journal of Medicine and Life, 16(10), 1462–1467. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2023-0247
-
Dorn, L. D., Negriff, S., Huang, B., Pabst, S., Hillman, J., Braverman, P., & Susman, E. J. (2009). Menstrual Symptoms in Adolescent Girls: Association with Smoking, Depressive Symptoms, and Anxiety. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(3), 237–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.07.018
-
Elbandrawy, A. M., & Elhakk, S. M. (2021). Comparison between the effects of aerobic and isometric exercises on primary dysmenorrhea. Acta Gymnica, 51. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2021.014
-
Ferries-Rowe, E., Corey, E., & Archer, J. S. (2020). Primary Dysmenorrhea. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 136(5), 1047–1058. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004096
-
Fuentes-Aparicio, L., Cuenca-Martínez, F., Muñoz-Gómez, E., Mollà-Casanova, S., Aguilar-Rodríguez, M., & Sempere-Rubio, N. (2023). Effects of therapeutic exercise in primary dysmenorrhea: an umbrella and mapping review. Pain Medicine, 24(12), 1386–1395. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnad104
-
Griban, G., Nosko, M., Nosko, Y., Zhlobo, T., Sirenko, R., Semeniv, B., Dikhtiarenko, Z., Zamrozevuch-Shadrina, S., Khatko, A., Rybchych, I., & Mozolev, O. (2021). Female Students’ Motor Skills Development by Means of Kangoo Jumps. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(6), 1324–1343. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090629
-
Guimarães, I., & Póvoa, A. M. (2020). Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics, 42(08), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712131
-
Helbig, M., Vesper, A.-S., Beyer, I., & Fehm, T. (2021). Does Nutrition Affect Endometriosis? Geburtshilfe Und Frauenheilkunde, 81(02), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1207-0557
-
Jaleel, G., Shaphe, M. A., Khan, A. R., Malhotra, D., Khan, H., Parveen, S., Qasheesh, M., Beg, R. A., Chahal, A., Ahmad, F., & Ahmad, M. F. (2022). Effect of Exercises on Central and Endocrine System for Pain Modulation in Primary Dysmenorrhea. Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 12(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.15280/jlm.2022.12.1.15
-
Jenabi, E., Khazaei, S., & Veisani, Y. (2019). The relationship between smoking and dysmenorrhea: A meta-analysis. Women & Health, 59(5), 524–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2018.1508541
-
Ju, H., Jones, M., & Mishra, G. (2014). The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dysmenorrhea. Epidemiologic Reviews, 36(1), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxt009
-
Lee, C.-C., Lee, M. G., Huang, I.-H., Tan, J., McCaw, Z. R., Su, K.-Y., Hsu, T.-C., Huang, R. Y. J., Kuo, P.-H., Chen, S.-C., Lee, M. G., Tan, J., Huang, I.-H., Hsu, W.-T., Chang, Y.-H., Lee, Y.-T., Hsiung, J.-C., Liu, K.-Y., Shen, I.-H., … Huang, C.-Y. (2022). Genome-wide association study of primary dysmenorrhea in the Taiwan Biobank validates associations near the NGF and IL1 gene loci. Journal of Human Genetics, 67(8), 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1038/s10038-022-01023-2
-
Lin, J.-G., Kotha, P., & Chen, Y.-H. (2022). Understanding of acupuncture application and mechanisms. American Journal of Translation Research, 14(3), 1469–1481.
-
Liu, G. F., & Li, H. Y. (2024). High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): Impacts on Cardiovascular Fitness and Muscle Development. Revista De Psicologia Del Deporte, 33(2), 210–219.
-
López-Liria, R., Torres-Álamo, L., Vega-Ramírez, F. A., García-Luengo, A. V., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Trigueros-Ramos, R., & Rocamora-Pérez, P. (2021). Efficacy of Physiotherapy Treatment in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157832
-
Ma, D., Silva, R. M., Xu, Q., Wang, K., & Zhao, Z. J. (2024). Jumping Interval Training: An Effective Training Method for Enhancing Anaerobic, Aerobic, and Jumping Performances in Aerobic Gymnastics. Journal Of Sports Science and Medicine, 23(2), 410–417. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2024.410
-
Matsushita, S., Wong, B., Kanumalla, R., & Goldstein, L. (2020). Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment and Psychosocial Management of Dysmenorrhea. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 120(7), 479–482. https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2020.076
-
McGovern, C. E., & Cheung, C. (2018). Yoga and Quality of Life in Women with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 63(4), 470–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12729
-
Mokrova, T., Bryukhanova, N., Osipov, A., Zhavner, T., Lobineva, E., Nikolaeva, A., Vapaeva, A., & Fedorova, P. (2018). Possible effective use of kangoo jump complexes during the physical education of young students. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.s146
-
Mokrova, T. I., Osipov, A. Yu., Kudryavtsev, M. D., Nagovitsyn, R. S., & Markov, K. K. (2018). Practice of Kangoo Jumps Fitness to improve female students’ cardiorespiratory fitness. Physical Education of Students, 23(4). https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2019.0405
-
Morrow, C., & Naumburg, E. H. (2009). Dysmenorrhea. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 36(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2008.10.004
-
Osayande, A. S., & Mehulic, S. (2014). Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea, 89(5), 341–346. www.aafp.org/afpAmericanFamilyPhysician341
-
Parazzini, F., Di Martino, M., & Pellegrino, P. (2017). Magnesium in the gynecological practice: a literature review. Magnesium Research, 30(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2017.0419
-
Patterson, M. S., Francis, A. N., Gagnon, L. R., & Prochnow, T. (2025). I’ll be there for you: The effects of exercise engagement on social support provision within undergraduate students’ personal networks. Journal of American College Health, 73(2), 611–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2023.2227730
-
Patterson, M. S., Gagnon, L. R., Vukelich, A., Brown, S. E., Nelon, J. L., & Prochnow, T. (2021). Social networks, group exercise, and anxiety among college students. Journal of American College Health, 69(4), 361–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1679150
-
Rogers, S. K., Ahamadeen, N., Chen, C. X., Mosher, C. E., Stewart, J. C., & Rand, K. L. (2023). Dysmenorrhea and psychological distress: a meta-analysis. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 26(6), 719–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-023-01365-6
-
Shim, J. Y., & Laufer, M. R. (2020). Adolescent Endometriosis: An Update. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 33(2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2019.11.011
-
Tang, B., Liu, D., Chen, L., & Liu, Y. (2020). NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 attenuates primary dysmenorrhea in mice via the NF-κB/COX-2/PG pathway. Journal of Inflammation, 17(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-020-00251-7
-
Wang, L., Yan, Y., Qiu, H., Xu, D., Zhu, J., Liu, J., & Li, H. (2022). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Primary Dysmenorrhea in Students: A Meta-Analysis. Value in Health, 25(10), 1678–1684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.03.023
-
Wang, Y.-L., & Zhu, H.-L. (2025). The prevalence and associated risk factors of primary dysmenorrhea among women in Beijing: a cross-sectional study. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 5003. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89038-5
-
Wu, S.-J., Kan, W.-C., & Shiao, C.-C. (2022). Warm-water footbath improves dysmenorrhoea and heart rate variability in college students: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 42(5), 1204–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2021.1945007
-
Yahaya, Y., Hanim Ismail, A., & Hana Shamsuddin, N. (2022). Primary dysmenorrhoea among reproductive-age women at Kuala Selangor health clinic: Prevalence and factors associated. Med J Malaysia, 77(5), 569–575.
-
Yildiz, E., & Acaroğlu, R. (2022). The Effect of Massage and Progressive Relaxation Exercises on Pain Intensity and Menstrual Symptoms in Students with Primary Dysmenorrhea. Holistic Nursing Practice, 36(5), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000541
Genç Kadınlarda Primer Dismenore için Kangoo Jump Egzersizlerinin Etkinliği: Ön Test-Son Test Sonuçları
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1
,
37
-
47
,
30.03.2026
Aytül Eynur
,
Ulya Keskin Onat
,
Baybars Recep Eynur
Öz
Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is a common menstrual disorder among young women, often resulting in significant pain and reduced quality of life. While non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and oral contraceptives are the mainstay treatments, their potential side effects have increased interest in non-pharmacological alternatives such as exercise.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of Kangoo Jump exercises on pain levels in women aged 18–22 with primary dysmenorrhea, using the McGill Pain Questionnaire.
Methods: Fifty-one women aged 18–22 years with regular menstrual cycles participated in a single-arm, pre-post interventional study. Participants engaged in Kangoo Jump exercises sessions twice weekly for ten weeks. Menstrual pain was assessed using the McGill Pain Questionnaire before and after the intervention.
Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in pain scores across all McGill Pain Questionnaire subscales following the Kangoo Jump exercises program (all p<0.001). Effect sizes ranged from moderate to large.
Conclusion: Kangoo Jump exercises are associated with significant improvements in dysmenorrhea symptoms among young women and may serve as an effective non-pharmacological intervention.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışma için etik komite onayı Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi'nden (Tarih: 09 Ocak 2025, Karar No: 7, Protokol No: E-67750228-050.04-357932) alınmıştır.
Destekleyen Kurum
Bu çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da proje tarafından desteklenmemiştir.
Kaynakça
-
Anderson, E. H., & Shivakumar, G. (2013). Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity on Anxiety. Frontiers in Psychiatry, Volume 4-2013. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027
-
Araújo, L. M. de, Silva, J. M. N. da, Bastos, W. T., & Ventura, P. L. (2012). Diminuição da dor em mulheres com dismenorreia primária, tratadas pelo método Pilates. Revista Dor, 13(2), 119–123. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-00132012000200004
-
Armour, M., Ee, C. C., Naidoo, D., Ayati, Z., Chalmers, K. J., Steel, K. A., de Manincor, M. J., & Delshad, E. (2019). Exercise for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004142.pub4
-
Armour, M., Parry, K., Manohar, N., Holmes, K., Ferfolja, T., Curry, C., MacMillan, F., & Smith, C. A. (2019). The Prevalence and Academic Impact of Dysmenorrhea in 21,573 Young Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Women’s Health, 28(8), 1161–1171. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7615
-
Bernardi, M., Lazzeri, L., Perelli, F., Reis, F. M., & Petraglia, F. (2017). Dysmenorrhea and related disorders. F1000Research, 6, 1645. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11682.1
-
Biçici, B., & Yapucu Güneş, Ü. (2012). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of short‐form McGill Pain Questionnaire in patients with leukemia. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(23–24), 3328–3334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04107.x
-
Briand, J., Tremblay, J., & Thibault, G. (2022). Can Popular High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Models Lead to Impossible Training Sessions? SPORTS, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10010010
-
Carroquino-Garcia, P., Jiménez-Rejano, J. J., Medrano-Sanchez, E., de la Casa-Almeida, M., Diaz-Mohedo, E., & Suarez-Serrano, C. (2019). Therapeutic Exercise in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Physical Therapy, 99(10), 1371–1380. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz101
-
Chen, B., Liu, S., Jin, F., Li, T., Yang, N., Xu, Y., Hu, J., Jiang, T., & Huang, Y. (2024). Efficacy of acupuncture-related therapy in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heliyon, 10(10), e30912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30912
-
Chen, Y.-S., Lu, W.-A., Clemente, F. M., Bezerra, J. P., & Kuo, C.-D. (2019). Increased Parasympathetic Activity by Foot Reflexology Massage after Repeated Sprint Test in Collegiate Football Players: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Sports, 7(11), 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7110228
-
Ciołek, A., Kostecka, M., Kostecka, J., Kawecka, P., & Popik-Samborska, M. (2023). An Assessment of Women’s Knowledge of the Menstrual Cycle and the Influence of Diet and Adherence to Dietary Patterns on the Alleviation or Exacerbation of Menstrual Distress. Nutrients, 16(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010069
-
Dawood, M. Y. (2006). Primary Dysmenorrhea. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 108(2), 428–441. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c
-
Dehnavi, Z., Jafarnejad, F., & Kamali, Z. (2018). The Effect of aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea: A clinical trial study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_79_17
-
Demirtürk, F., Yilar Erkek, Z., Alparslan, Ö., Demirtürk, F., Demir, O., & Inanir, A. (2016). Comparison of Reflexology and Connective Tissue Manipulation in Participants with Primary Dysmenorrhea. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 22(1), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2015.0050
-
Donayeva, A., Amanzholkyzy, A., Abdelazim, I., Nurgaliyeva, R., Gubasheva, G., Saparbayev, S., Ayaganov, D., Kaldybayeva, A., & Samaha, I. (2023). The impact of primary dysmenorrhea on adolescents’ activities and school attendance. Journal of Medicine and Life, 16(10), 1462–1467. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2023-0247
-
Dorn, L. D., Negriff, S., Huang, B., Pabst, S., Hillman, J., Braverman, P., & Susman, E. J. (2009). Menstrual Symptoms in Adolescent Girls: Association with Smoking, Depressive Symptoms, and Anxiety. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(3), 237–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.07.018
-
Elbandrawy, A. M., & Elhakk, S. M. (2021). Comparison between the effects of aerobic and isometric exercises on primary dysmenorrhea. Acta Gymnica, 51. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2021.014
-
Ferries-Rowe, E., Corey, E., & Archer, J. S. (2020). Primary Dysmenorrhea. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 136(5), 1047–1058. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004096
-
Fuentes-Aparicio, L., Cuenca-Martínez, F., Muñoz-Gómez, E., Mollà-Casanova, S., Aguilar-Rodríguez, M., & Sempere-Rubio, N. (2023). Effects of therapeutic exercise in primary dysmenorrhea: an umbrella and mapping review. Pain Medicine, 24(12), 1386–1395. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnad104
-
Griban, G., Nosko, M., Nosko, Y., Zhlobo, T., Sirenko, R., Semeniv, B., Dikhtiarenko, Z., Zamrozevuch-Shadrina, S., Khatko, A., Rybchych, I., & Mozolev, O. (2021). Female Students’ Motor Skills Development by Means of Kangoo Jumps. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(6), 1324–1343. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090629
-
Guimarães, I., & Póvoa, A. M. (2020). Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics, 42(08), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712131
-
Helbig, M., Vesper, A.-S., Beyer, I., & Fehm, T. (2021). Does Nutrition Affect Endometriosis? Geburtshilfe Und Frauenheilkunde, 81(02), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1207-0557
-
Jaleel, G., Shaphe, M. A., Khan, A. R., Malhotra, D., Khan, H., Parveen, S., Qasheesh, M., Beg, R. A., Chahal, A., Ahmad, F., & Ahmad, M. F. (2022). Effect of Exercises on Central and Endocrine System for Pain Modulation in Primary Dysmenorrhea. Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 12(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.15280/jlm.2022.12.1.15
-
Jenabi, E., Khazaei, S., & Veisani, Y. (2019). The relationship between smoking and dysmenorrhea: A meta-analysis. Women & Health, 59(5), 524–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2018.1508541
-
Ju, H., Jones, M., & Mishra, G. (2014). The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dysmenorrhea. Epidemiologic Reviews, 36(1), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxt009
-
Lee, C.-C., Lee, M. G., Huang, I.-H., Tan, J., McCaw, Z. R., Su, K.-Y., Hsu, T.-C., Huang, R. Y. J., Kuo, P.-H., Chen, S.-C., Lee, M. G., Tan, J., Huang, I.-H., Hsu, W.-T., Chang, Y.-H., Lee, Y.-T., Hsiung, J.-C., Liu, K.-Y., Shen, I.-H., … Huang, C.-Y. (2022). Genome-wide association study of primary dysmenorrhea in the Taiwan Biobank validates associations near the NGF and IL1 gene loci. Journal of Human Genetics, 67(8), 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1038/s10038-022-01023-2
-
Lin, J.-G., Kotha, P., & Chen, Y.-H. (2022). Understanding of acupuncture application and mechanisms. American Journal of Translation Research, 14(3), 1469–1481.
-
Liu, G. F., & Li, H. Y. (2024). High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): Impacts on Cardiovascular Fitness and Muscle Development. Revista De Psicologia Del Deporte, 33(2), 210–219.
-
López-Liria, R., Torres-Álamo, L., Vega-Ramírez, F. A., García-Luengo, A. V., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Trigueros-Ramos, R., & Rocamora-Pérez, P. (2021). Efficacy of Physiotherapy Treatment in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157832
-
Ma, D., Silva, R. M., Xu, Q., Wang, K., & Zhao, Z. J. (2024). Jumping Interval Training: An Effective Training Method for Enhancing Anaerobic, Aerobic, and Jumping Performances in Aerobic Gymnastics. Journal Of Sports Science and Medicine, 23(2), 410–417. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2024.410
-
Matsushita, S., Wong, B., Kanumalla, R., & Goldstein, L. (2020). Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment and Psychosocial Management of Dysmenorrhea. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 120(7), 479–482. https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2020.076
-
McGovern, C. E., & Cheung, C. (2018). Yoga and Quality of Life in Women with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 63(4), 470–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12729
-
Mokrova, T., Bryukhanova, N., Osipov, A., Zhavner, T., Lobineva, E., Nikolaeva, A., Vapaeva, A., & Fedorova, P. (2018). Possible effective use of kangoo jump complexes during the physical education of young students. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.s146
-
Mokrova, T. I., Osipov, A. Yu., Kudryavtsev, M. D., Nagovitsyn, R. S., & Markov, K. K. (2018). Practice of Kangoo Jumps Fitness to improve female students’ cardiorespiratory fitness. Physical Education of Students, 23(4). https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2019.0405
-
Morrow, C., & Naumburg, E. H. (2009). Dysmenorrhea. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 36(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2008.10.004
-
Osayande, A. S., & Mehulic, S. (2014). Diagnosis and Initial Management of Dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea, 89(5), 341–346. www.aafp.org/afpAmericanFamilyPhysician341
-
Parazzini, F., Di Martino, M., & Pellegrino, P. (2017). Magnesium in the gynecological practice: a literature review. Magnesium Research, 30(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2017.0419
-
Patterson, M. S., Francis, A. N., Gagnon, L. R., & Prochnow, T. (2025). I’ll be there for you: The effects of exercise engagement on social support provision within undergraduate students’ personal networks. Journal of American College Health, 73(2), 611–619. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2023.2227730
-
Patterson, M. S., Gagnon, L. R., Vukelich, A., Brown, S. E., Nelon, J. L., & Prochnow, T. (2021). Social networks, group exercise, and anxiety among college students. Journal of American College Health, 69(4), 361–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1679150
-
Rogers, S. K., Ahamadeen, N., Chen, C. X., Mosher, C. E., Stewart, J. C., & Rand, K. L. (2023). Dysmenorrhea and psychological distress: a meta-analysis. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 26(6), 719–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-023-01365-6
-
Shim, J. Y., & Laufer, M. R. (2020). Adolescent Endometriosis: An Update. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 33(2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2019.11.011
-
Tang, B., Liu, D., Chen, L., & Liu, Y. (2020). NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 attenuates primary dysmenorrhea in mice via the NF-κB/COX-2/PG pathway. Journal of Inflammation, 17(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-020-00251-7
-
Wang, L., Yan, Y., Qiu, H., Xu, D., Zhu, J., Liu, J., & Li, H. (2022). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Primary Dysmenorrhea in Students: A Meta-Analysis. Value in Health, 25(10), 1678–1684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.03.023
-
Wang, Y.-L., & Zhu, H.-L. (2025). The prevalence and associated risk factors of primary dysmenorrhea among women in Beijing: a cross-sectional study. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 5003. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89038-5
-
Wu, S.-J., Kan, W.-C., & Shiao, C.-C. (2022). Warm-water footbath improves dysmenorrhoea and heart rate variability in college students: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 42(5), 1204–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2021.1945007
-
Yahaya, Y., Hanim Ismail, A., & Hana Shamsuddin, N. (2022). Primary dysmenorrhoea among reproductive-age women at Kuala Selangor health clinic: Prevalence and factors associated. Med J Malaysia, 77(5), 569–575.
-
Yildiz, E., & Acaroğlu, R. (2022). The Effect of Massage and Progressive Relaxation Exercises on Pain Intensity and Menstrual Symptoms in Students with Primary Dysmenorrhea. Holistic Nursing Practice, 36(5), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000541