Environmental Security Policies of the Russian Federation

Yıl 2022, , 79 - 100, 31.12.2022

Toğrul İsmayıl , Ali Necefoğlu

https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1211146

Öz

Since the earliest times of history, humanity has been known to be fighting an existential war against nature. Although man’s struggle against his natural environment has not caused severe damage to nature for centuries, human-induced natural environmental degradation has begun to be seen with modernization, the effect of which was experienced to a great extent in the 20th century. With both population growth and technological developments, humanity has achieved significant gains in its struggle for survival against nature, but these gains have turned against humanity itself with the irreversible deterioration of nature. This degradation, which started with environmental pollution in the past and resulted in climate changes today, has been taken care of by modern states, which have significant power in the governance of people. These modern states, which previously had a security perspective through their relations, have started to take steps as environmental problems harm their legitimacy and citizens. States had to come together to solve this common problem no matter how different they were in government type and ideology. Since the day it left the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation has not refrained from taking national steps toward the global environmental security regime. Although like many states, the fight against environmental problems has made mistakes and shortcomings, it has cooperated internationally for various reasons. The most important reason is that the Russian Federation is at the top of the list of states polluting nature. But apart from this, environmental security has been the area of interest of the Kremlin administration due to its geopolitical and geostrategic interests in the international system. Therefore, it has set targets on environmental security in documents such as foreign policy and security concepts adopted since the early 1990s. This study aims to examine the national and international environmental policies of the Russian Federation on global climate change. For this reason, firstly, a brief introduction to the subject of environmental security will be made, and the documents containing the political and security perspective of the Russian Federation will be discussed in the next section. In the last part, it will try to summarize what kind of international contribution and cooperation the Russian Federation has made in solving environmental problems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Russia, UNFCCC, Paris Climate Agreement, environment, security

Политика экологической безопасности Российской Федерации

Öz

Экзистенциальное противостояние человека и природы идет с древнейших времен. Несмотря на то, что на протяжении столетий оно не наносило комплексного ущерба окружающей среде, деградация экосферы из-за увеличения антропогенной нагрузки, возросшая в эпоху технологической модернизации, стала уже весьма отчетливо ощущаться и осознаваться в ХХ веке. Ввиду роста населения и развития технологий человечество добилось огромных успехов в покорении природы, но эти достижения обернулись комплексной деградацией окружающей среды. Противостояние деградации, которое началась с загрязнения природы в прошлом и приводит к изменению климата сегодня, является одной из основных проблем современных государств, обладающих значительной властью в управлении людьми. Ранее использовавшие международные отношения лишь для создания себе гарантий безопасности, современные государства вынуждены предпринимать шаги на изменение и улучшение экологической обстановки, поскольку проблемы окружающей среды затрагивают интересы простых граждан, а нерешенность их способно ударить по законности и легитимности властей. Поэтому государства должны были объединиться для решения этой общей проблемы, какими бы разными они ни были по стилю и форме правления, а также идеологии. Со дня выхода из состава Советского Союза Российская Федерация не уклонялась от национальных и международных шагов по созданию режима глобальной экологической безопасности. Хотя, как и во многих государствах, борьба с экологическими проблемами имеет свои просчеты и недостатки, ее международное сотрудничество было мотивировано характерными исключительно для нее факторами. Самая главная причина заключается в том, что Российская Федерация находится на первом месте в списке государств, загрязняющих природу. Но и помимо этого, экологическая безопасность была особой сферой интересов кремлевской администрации из-за ее связи с геополитическими и геостратегическими интересами в международной системе. Поэтому цели по экологической безопасности были декларированы в таких документах, как внешняя политика и концепции безопасности, принятые с начала 1990-х годов. Настоящее исследование направлено на изучение национальной и международной экологической политики Российской Федерации в отношении глобального изменения климата. По этой причине, в работе сделано краткое введение в предмет экологической безопасности, а также проанализированы документы, содержащие политическую перспективу и безопасность Российской Федерации. Исследование пытается определить, какой международный вклад в решение экологических проблем внесла Российская Федерация в решение экологических проблем.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Россия, РКИКООН, Парижское соглашение по климату, экология, безопасность

Rusya Federasyonu’nun Çevresel Güvenlik Politikaları

Öz

Tarihin ilk zamanlarından beri, insanlığın doğa karşısında bir varoluş savaşı verdiği bilinegelmektedir. İnsanın kendi doğal çevresine karşı verdiği mücadele yüzyıllar boyunca doğaya ciddi zararlar vermemiş olsa da 20. yüzyılda etkisi büyük oranda yaşanılan modernleşmeyle birlikte insan kaynaklı doğal çevre bozulmaları görülmeye başlanmıştır. Gerek nüfus artışı gerekse teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte, insanlık doğaya karşı verdiği hayatta kalma mücadelesinde önemli kazanımlar elde etmiş, fakat bu kazanımlar doğanın geri dönülemez şekilde bozulmasıyla insanlığın kendi aleyhine dönmüştür. Geçmişte çevresel kirlenmeyle sınırlı olan, yeni binyılda iklim değişiklikleriyle sonuçlanan bu bozulma, günümüzde insanlığın yönetilmesinde önemli güce sahip olan modern devletlerin dikkatini çekmeye başlamıştır. Önceleri kendi aralarındaki ilişkiler üzerinden güvenlik perspektifine sahip olan bu modern devletler, çevresel sorunlarının kendi meşruiyetlerine ve vatandaşlarına zarar vermesiyle birlikte bu konuda adımlar atmaya başlamışlardır. Yönetim biçimi ve ideoloji bakımından ne kadar farklı olsalar da, devletler bu ortak sorunu çözmede bir araya gelmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Rusya Federasyonu da Sovyetler Birliği’nde ayrıldığı günden itibaren küresel çevresel güvenlik rejimine yönelik ulusal ve uluslararası adımlar atmaktan geri durmamıştır. Her ne kadar birçok devlet gibi, çevre sorunlarıyla mücadele eksikler ve yanlışlar yapmış olsa da çeşitli sebeplerden dolayı uluslararası işbirliğinde bulunmuştur. Bunun en önemli sebebi, Rusya Federasyonu’nun doğayı kirleten devletler sıralamasında üstlerde bulunması kabul edilmektedir. Fakat bu sebepten başka çevresel güvenlik, Kremlin yönetiminin uluslararası sistemdeki jeopolitik ve jeostratejik çıkarları sebebiyle onun ilgi alanında olmuştur. Bu yüzden, 1990’ların başından itibaren kabul ettiği dış politika, güvenlik konseptleri gibi belgelerinde çevresel güvenlik konusunda hedefler belirlemiştir. Bu çalışmada, küresel iklim değişikliği konusunda, Rusya Federasyonu’nun ulusal çevre politikalarının ve bunun dış politikasına yansımasının incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu sebeple, öncelikle çevresel güvenlik konusuna kısa bir giriş yapılırken, sonraki bölümde Rusya Federasyonu’nun politik ve güvenlik perspektifini içeren belgeler ele alınacaktır. Son bölümde ise, Rusya Federasyonu’nun çevre sorunlarının çözümünde küresel çevresel güvenlik rejimine ne gibi katkılar sağladığı özetlenmeye çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rusya, BMİDÇS, Paris İklim Anlaşması, çevre, güvenlik

Kaynakça

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