Background
The aviation industry, which has undergone rapid development since the Second World War, continues to expand its share within the global transportation sector. This growth has intensified competition among airports, compelling them to operate more efficiently to maintain sustainability and competitiveness. Airports are not only crucial infrastructure for air transport but also strategic facilities that significantly contribute to regional economic growth and tourism development. In Türkiye, substantial investments have been made in airport infrastructure, particularly in regional areas such as the Black Sea Region, where air transportation plays a vital role in economic connectivity. Considering the high cost of these investments, it has become essential to measure their operational efficiency and evaluate how effectively available resources are being utilized.
Research Purpose
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency and productivity levels of nine airports operating in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) framework, particularly employing the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity (TFP) Index. The research aims to determine how efficiently these airports utilize their capacities, identify changes in their productivity between 2022 and 2024, and uncover the underlying causes of inefficiency. By analyzing both operational and scale efficiencies, the study seeks to provide insights into managerial and technological factors influencing performance differences among regional airports.
Methodology
The research utilizes secondary data obtained from the State Airports Authority of Türkiye (DHMİ) annual activity reports. The sample consists of nine airports located in the Black Sea Region: Amasya Merzifon, Rize-Artvin, Kastamonu, Ordu-Giresun, Samsun Çarşamba, Sinop, Tokat, Trabzon, and Zonguldak Çaycuma Airports. The analysis covers the years 2022–2024, as these are the years with complete and consistent data across all airports. The DEA-based Malmquist Productivity Index was employed using the DEAP 2.1 software to measure changes in technical efficiency (EFFCH) and technological change (TECHCH). The model includes two input variables; terminal size (m²) and design capacity (passengers per year) and two output variables; annual flight traffic and passenger volume. The approach allows a temporal comparison of each airport’s performance and helps identify whether productivity changes are due to managerial efficiency or technological advancements.
Findings
The results indicate that the average total productivity growth (TFPCH) of the Black Sea Region airports between 2022 and 2024 was %13,3. The analysis shows that three airports (Amasya Merzifon, Tokat, and Trabzon) operated at full efficiency, while three airports (Sinop, Samsun, and Ordu-Giresun) required improvement. The primary source of inefficiency was found to be pure technical inefficiency, implying that performance gaps are mainly due to managerial practices rather than technological limitations. The study also revealed that technological progress stagnated in 2024, posing a long-term risk to regional competitiveness.
Capacity utilization was identified as the most critical determinant of productivity. Airports such as Amasya Merzifon (%108) and Trabzon (%101) operated near or above capacity, whereas Sinop (%5), Tokat (%7,5), and Kastamonu (%4) exhibited significant underutilization. The findings suggest that capacity management and effective marketing strategies can substantially enhance operational performance. Furthermore, the study highlights the potential benefits of knowledge transfer and benchmarking from high-performing airports such as Rize-Artvin and Amasya Merzifon to less efficient ones.
Conclusion
The study concludes that airports in the Black Sea Region demonstrated an overall positive productivity trend during the 2022–2024 period, though technological stagnation and low-capacity utilization remain major challenges. To improve efficiency, the study recommends implementing capacity management training, promoting cooperation with new airlines, and strengthening tourism and trade-based marketing initiatives. Additionally, the State Airports Authority (DHMİ) should prioritize regional investments in digital infrastructure modernization, automation systems, energy-efficient technologies, and data-driven management systems. The research also proposes that successful practices from well-performing airports be disseminated through managerial training, benchmarking programs, and operational best-practice sharing. For airports operating below optimal scale, adopting regional hub strategies, traffic incentive programs, and resource-sharing models could foster economies of scale. Although the study provides valuable regional insights, it acknowledges certain limitations, including data constraints related to personnel numbers and aircraft load factors. Future research should incorporate these additional variables to obtain more comprehensive results. Overall, the findings contribute to the understanding of airport performance management in emerging regional contexts and offer policy guidance for enhancing the operational and economic efficiency of Turkish airports.
İkinci Dünya Savaşından günümüze sürekli ve hızlı bir biçimde gelişen ve değişen havacılık endüstrisi, ulaşım sektörü içerisindeki payını her geçen gün artırmaktadır. Bu artış sektöre yönelik yatırımların da her geçen gün artmasına sebep olmaktadır. Havalimanları da yapılan yatırımlar arasında en büyük paya sahip unsurlar arasında yer almaktadır. Yapılan yatırımların büyüklüğü düşünüldüğünde bu yatırımların etkinliğinin ölçülmesi, kaynakların etkin ve verimli kullanımının tespit edilebilmesi açısından son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada Karadeniz Bölgesinde faaliyet gösteren 9 havalimanının Veri Zarflama Analizi (DEA-Data Envelopment Analysis) ile etkinliklerinin ve verimliliklerinin ölçülmesi hedeflenmiştir. Yapılan analizlerle elde edilen bulgulara göre Kastamonu, Sinop, Tokat ve Zonguldak Havalimanları düşük verimlilikte, Ordu-Giresun ve Rize-Artvin Havalimanları orta verimlilikte, Samsun Çarşamba Havalimanı iyi, Trabzon Havalimanı Optimal ve Amasya Merzifon Havalimanında ise kapasite aşımı gözlemlenmiştir. Analizlerde kullanılan veri, Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmeleri (DHMİ)’nin yıl sonu faaliyet raporlarından temin edilmiştir.
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hava Taşımacılığı ve Nakliye Hizmetleri |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 28 Ekim 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 23 Aralık 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1 |