Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Elderly and High-Risk Patients: Clinical Outcomes and the Role of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictive Marker
Abstract
Aim: Transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) is increasingly used for patients at high risk for invasive surgery. This study evaluated TFESI’s efficacy on functional recovery and examined how advanced age, comorbidities, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) affect clinical outcomes.
Material and Methods: This retrospective study included 100 patients with lumbar disc herniation, spinal stenosis, or foraminal narrowing who underwent unilateral TFESI. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) scores were recorded before treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months post-procedure. Patients were grouped by age (<65 and ≥65 years). Comorbidities, NLR, and pathology level (single/multilevel) were analyzed. Statistical tests used were Friedman, Wilcoxon with Bonferroni correction, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis.
Results: Significant functional improvement and pain reduction occurred early post-TFESI (p<0.001). Younger patients (<65 years) showed faster and greater improvement, while older patients (≥65 years) improved more slowly but significantly. Comorbidities did not significantly affect outcomes. Multilevel pathology and older age were linked to slower recovery. Patients with NLR ≥2.3 had significantly better ODI scores at 6 months (p=0.046).
Conclusion: TFESI is a safe and effective treatment even for elderly patients, providing meaningful functional gains despite slower recovery. Multilevel degeneration and comorbidities may hinder recovery speed, whereas NLR could serve as a biological marker predicting treatment response. Beyond pain relief, TFESI aids surgical decision-making and personalized management in complex lumbar diseases.
Keywords
Ethical Statement
References
- Baran O, Evran Ş. Comparison of the effectiveness of transforaminal epidural steroid injection alone with that of combined transforaminal and caudal epidural steroid injection in multi-level lumbar disc disease. J Turk Spinal Surg. 2020;31(3):154-9. doi:10.4274/jtss.galenos.2020.195.
- Choi GS, Boudier-Revéret M, Chang MC. The short-term outcome of transforaminal epidural steroid injection in patients with radicular pain due to foraminal stenosis from lumbar isthmic spondylolisthesis. J Pain Res. 2024;17:519-24. doi:10.2147/jpr.s441358.
- Pazhouhande F, Bazmi S, Taheri R, Tabrizi R. Comparing quality of life: discectomy surgery versus epidural corticosteroid injection for lumbar disc herniation. World Neurosurg. 2024;185:e1309-20. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.03.077.
- Rahimzadeh P, Imani F, Rad RF, Reza Faiz SH. Comparing the efficacy of transforaminal and caudal epidural injections of calcitonin in treating degenerative spinal canal stenosis: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Anesth Pain Med. 2024;14(1):e142822. doi:10.5812/aapm-142822.
- Zhu Y, Zhang X, Gu G, Fan Y, Zhou Z, Feng C, et al. Clinical outcomes of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy assisted with selective nerve root block for treating radicular pain with diagnostic uncertainty in the elderly. J Pain Res. 2024;17:753-9. doi:10.2147/jpr.s402033.
- Aktoklu M, Bıyık M, Güvercin A, Yazar U. Spontan gelişen veya cerrahi sonrası spinal enfeksiyonların yönetimi: literatür taraması ve olgu serisi. Türk Nöroşir Derg. 2024;34(2):53-66. doi:10.5137/1019-5157.tnd.3308.
- Raymaekers V, Roosen G, Put E, Vanvolsem S, Achahbar SE, Meeuws S, et al. Transforaminal epidural steroid injection for radiculopathy and the evolution to surgical treatment: a pragmatic prospective observational multicenter study. Pain Manag. 2024;14(4):173-82. doi:10.2217/pmt-2023-0121.
- Kim HJ, Nam HJ, Kim SH. Influence of frailty status on the efficacy of epidural steroid injections in elderly patients with degenerative lumbar spinal disease. Pain Res Manag. 2024;2024:5038496. doi:10.1155/2024/5038496.
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Clinical Sciences (Other)
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Mehmet Aktoklu
*
0000-0002-8721-5113
Türkiye
Yağmur Kurak
0000-0003-0798-5167
Türkiye
Ali Rıza Güvercin
0000-0002-8689-0571
Türkiye
Publication Date
September 22, 2026
Submission Date
October 6, 2025
Acceptance Date
July 24, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 16 Number: 3