Research Article

Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Elderly and High-Risk Patients: Clinical Outcomes and the Role of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictive Marker

Volume: 16 Number: 3 September 22, 2026
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Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Elderly and High-Risk Patients: Clinical Outcomes and the Role of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictive Marker

Abstract

Aim: Transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) is increasingly used for patients at high risk for invasive surgery. This study evaluated TFESI’s efficacy on functional recovery and examined how advanced age, comorbidities, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) affect clinical outcomes.

Material and Methods: This retrospective study included 100 patients with lumbar disc herniation, spinal stenosis, or foraminal narrowing who underwent unilateral TFESI. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) scores were recorded before treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months post-procedure. Patients were grouped by age (<65 and ≥65 years). Comorbidities, NLR, and pathology level (single/multilevel) were analyzed. Statistical tests used were Friedman, Wilcoxon with Bonferroni correction, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis.

Results: Significant functional improvement and pain reduction occurred early post-TFESI (p<0.001). Younger patients (<65 years) showed faster and greater improvement, while older patients (≥65 years) improved more slowly but significantly. Comorbidities did not significantly affect outcomes. Multilevel pathology and older age were linked to slower recovery. Patients with NLR ≥2.3 had significantly better ODI scores at 6 months (p=0.046).

Conclusion: TFESI is a safe and effective treatment even for elderly patients, providing meaningful functional gains despite slower recovery. Multilevel degeneration and comorbidities may hinder recovery speed, whereas NLR could serve as a biological marker predicting treatment response. Beyond pain relief, TFESI aids surgical decision-making and personalized management in complex lumbar diseases.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

The research was prepared with the approval of the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, dated 24/09/2025 and protocol number 2025/247.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Clinical Sciences (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 22, 2026

Submission Date

October 6, 2025

Acceptance Date

July 24, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 16 Number: 3

APA
Aktoklu, M., Bıyık, M. O., Topsakal, A. S., Kurak, Y., & Güvercin, A. R. (2026). Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Elderly and High-Risk Patients: Clinical Outcomes and the Role of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictive Marker. Value in Health Sciences, 16(3), 441-446. https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1797919
AMA
1.Aktoklu M, Bıyık MO, Topsakal AS, Kurak Y, Güvercin AR. Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Elderly and High-Risk Patients: Clinical Outcomes and the Role of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictive Marker. VHS. 2026;16(3):441-446. doi:10.33631/sabd.1797919
Chicago
Aktoklu, Mehmet, Mehmet Orbay Bıyık, Ali Samet Topsakal, Yağmur Kurak, and Ali Rıza Güvercin. 2026. “Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Elderly and High-Risk Patients: Clinical Outcomes and the Role of Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio As a Predictive Marker”. Value in Health Sciences 16 (3): 441-46. https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1797919.
EndNote
Aktoklu M, Bıyık MO, Topsakal AS, Kurak Y, Güvercin AR (September 1, 2026) Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Elderly and High-Risk Patients: Clinical Outcomes and the Role of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictive Marker. Value in Health Sciences 16 3 441–446.
IEEE
[1]M. Aktoklu, M. O. Bıyık, A. S. Topsakal, Y. Kurak, and A. R. Güvercin, “Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Elderly and High-Risk Patients: Clinical Outcomes and the Role of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictive Marker”, VHS, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 441–446, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.33631/sabd.1797919.
ISNAD
Aktoklu, Mehmet - Bıyık, Mehmet Orbay - Topsakal, Ali Samet - Kurak, Yağmur - Güvercin, Ali Rıza. “Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Elderly and High-Risk Patients: Clinical Outcomes and the Role of Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio As a Predictive Marker”. Value in Health Sciences 16/3 (September 1, 2026): 441-446. https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1797919.
JAMA
1.Aktoklu M, Bıyık MO, Topsakal AS, Kurak Y, Güvercin AR. Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Elderly and High-Risk Patients: Clinical Outcomes and the Role of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictive Marker. VHS. 2026;16:441–446.
MLA
Aktoklu, Mehmet, et al. “Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Elderly and High-Risk Patients: Clinical Outcomes and the Role of Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio As a Predictive Marker”. Value in Health Sciences, vol. 16, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 441-6, doi:10.33631/sabd.1797919.
Vancouver
1.Mehmet Aktoklu, Mehmet Orbay Bıyık, Ali Samet Topsakal, Yağmur Kurak, Ali Rıza Güvercin. Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Elderly and High-Risk Patients: Clinical Outcomes and the Role of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictive Marker. VHS. 2026 Sep. 1;16(3):441-6. doi:10.33631/sabd.1797919