Cutaneous Microvascularity in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Quantitative Microvascular Ultrasound Study
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to quantitatively compare cheek and hypothenar cutaneous microvascularity between the smoker and non-smoker groups using microV microvascular ultrasound imaging and QPack-based analysis, and to evaluate short-term post-smoking changes in the smoker group.
Material and Methods: This prospective observational comparative study included 90 healthy adults aged 30–55 years, comprising 48 participants in the smoker group with at least 10 pack-years of smoking exposure and 42 participants in the non-smoker group. Cheek and non-dominant hypothenar skin were examined using an Esaote MyLab X90 ultrasound system with an LMX 4-20 high-frequency linear transducer and microV mode. Quantitative microvascularity was measured using QPack as the percentage of color-coded microvascular signal within a fixed region of interest. Participants in the smoker group were examined after at least 2 hours of smoking abstinence and again after smoking one cigarette.
Results: Baseline cheek microvascularity did not differ significantly between the non-smoker and smoker groups [0.90% (0.30–1.98) vs. 1.10% (0.30–2.40), p=0.360]. Baseline hypothenar microvascularity was also similar [1.00% (0.45–2.43) vs. 1.00% (0.40–2.85), p=0.932]. In the smoker group, neither cheek nor hypothenar microvascularity changed significantly after smoking one cigarette (p=0.273 and p=0.870, respectively). Cheek microvascularity was higher in male participants, and hypothenar microvascularity correlated positively with local skin thickness.
Conclusion: In this healthy cohort, resting ROI-based microvascularity at the cheek and hypothenar regions did not differ significantly between the smoker and non-smoker groups, and acute smoking did not produce a significant short-term change in the smoker group. Sex and local skin thickness may influence these measurements.
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Mehmet Ali Özel
*
0000-0001-8817-5769
Türkiye
Zeynep Alkaş
0009-0008-2312-4125
Türkiye
Abdullah Gökçe
0009-0008-6216-4840
Türkiye
Abdulkadir Kaya
0000-0003-1725-1220
Türkiye
Publication Date
September 22, 2026
Submission Date
June 28, 2026
Acceptance Date
August 24, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 16 Number: 3