Research Article

Cutaneous Microvascularity in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Quantitative Microvascular Ultrasound Study

Volume: 16 Number: 3 September 22, 2026
TR EN

Cutaneous Microvascularity in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Quantitative Microvascular Ultrasound Study

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to quantitatively compare cheek and hypothenar cutaneous microvascularity between the smoker and non-smoker groups using microV microvascular ultrasound imaging and QPack-based analysis, and to evaluate short-term post-smoking changes in the smoker group.

Material and Methods: This prospective observational comparative study included 90 healthy adults aged 30–55 years, comprising 48 participants in the smoker group with at least 10 pack-years of smoking exposure and 42 participants in the non-smoker group. Cheek and non-dominant hypothenar skin were examined using an Esaote MyLab X90 ultrasound system with an LMX 4-20 high-frequency linear transducer and microV mode. Quantitative microvascularity was measured using QPack as the percentage of color-coded microvascular signal within a fixed region of interest. Participants in the smoker group were examined after at least 2 hours of smoking abstinence and again after smoking one cigarette.

Results: Baseline cheek microvascularity did not differ significantly between the non-smoker and smoker groups [0.90% (0.30–1.98) vs. 1.10% (0.30–2.40), p=0.360]. Baseline hypothenar microvascularity was also similar [1.00% (0.45–2.43) vs. 1.00% (0.40–2.85), p=0.932]. In the smoker group, neither cheek nor hypothenar microvascularity changed significantly after smoking one cigarette (p=0.273 and p=0.870, respectively). Cheek microvascularity was higher in male participants, and hypothenar microvascularity correlated positively with local skin thickness.

Conclusion: In this healthy cohort, resting ROI-based microvascularity at the cheek and hypothenar regions did not differ significantly between the smoker and non-smoker groups, and acute smoking did not produce a significant short-term change in the smoker group. Sex and local skin thickness may influence these measurements.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

No specific financial support was received for the conduct of this study, data collection, data analysis, or manuscript preparation. The ultrasound system used in this study was acquired with support from the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Düzce University under project number 2024.04.03.1473

Project Number

2024.04.03.1473

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the local Non-Interventional Health Research Ethics Committee on June 5, 2023 (approval number: 2023/74).

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Health Services and Systems (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 22, 2026

Submission Date

June 28, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 24, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 16 Number: 3

APA
Özel, M. A., Naldemir, İ. F., Alkaş, Z., Gökçe, A., & Kaya, A. (2026). Cutaneous Microvascularity in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Quantitative Microvascular Ultrasound Study. Value in Health Sciences, 16(3), 537-546. https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1980854
AMA
1.Özel MA, Naldemir İF, Alkaş Z, Gökçe A, Kaya A. Cutaneous Microvascularity in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Quantitative Microvascular Ultrasound Study. VHS. 2026;16(3):537-546. doi:10.33631/sabd.1980854
Chicago
Özel, Mehmet Ali, İbrahim Feyyaz Naldemir, Zeynep Alkaş, Abdullah Gökçe, and Abdulkadir Kaya. 2026. “Cutaneous Microvascularity in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Quantitative Microvascular Ultrasound Study”. Value in Health Sciences 16 (3): 537-46. https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1980854.
EndNote
Özel MA, Naldemir İF, Alkaş Z, Gökçe A, Kaya A (September 1, 2026) Cutaneous Microvascularity in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Quantitative Microvascular Ultrasound Study. Value in Health Sciences 16 3 537–546.
IEEE
[1]M. A. Özel, İ. F. Naldemir, Z. Alkaş, A. Gökçe, and A. Kaya, “Cutaneous Microvascularity in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Quantitative Microvascular Ultrasound Study”, VHS, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 537–546, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.33631/sabd.1980854.
ISNAD
Özel, Mehmet Ali - Naldemir, İbrahim Feyyaz - Alkaş, Zeynep - Gökçe, Abdullah - Kaya, Abdulkadir. “Cutaneous Microvascularity in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Quantitative Microvascular Ultrasound Study”. Value in Health Sciences 16/3 (September 1, 2026): 537-546. https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1980854.
JAMA
1.Özel MA, Naldemir İF, Alkaş Z, Gökçe A, Kaya A. Cutaneous Microvascularity in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Quantitative Microvascular Ultrasound Study. VHS. 2026;16:537–546.
MLA
Özel, Mehmet Ali, et al. “Cutaneous Microvascularity in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Quantitative Microvascular Ultrasound Study”. Value in Health Sciences, vol. 16, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 537-46, doi:10.33631/sabd.1980854.
Vancouver
1.Mehmet Ali Özel, İbrahim Feyyaz Naldemir, Zeynep Alkaş, Abdullah Gökçe, Abdulkadir Kaya. Cutaneous Microvascularity in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Quantitative Microvascular Ultrasound Study. VHS. 2026 Sep. 1;16(3):537-46. doi:10.33631/sabd.1980854