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A Strategy of Continuity in the Quest for Ontological Security: Neo-con Discourse and Pragmatism in Post-Cold War American Foreign Policy

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 171 - 188, 18.09.2025

Öz

This article proposes a reconsideration of American foreign policy in the post-Cold War period within the context of ontological security theory. Ontological security theory attempts to understand state behaviour by going beyond the deterministic patterns presented by mainstream theories. For this reason, it both criticises and draws on other theories of international relations. Ontological security, which offers psycho-social propositions to explain state behaviour by bringing a different perspective to the issue of security, has brought concepts such as self, identity, biographical narratives and stable routines into the discipline of International Relations. These concepts, peculiar to ontological security theory, have been used to explain how American foreign policy was shaped after the Cold War. In this respect, this article is written with the assumption that American foreign policy in the post-Cold War period has entered into a search for ontological security. On the other hand, it is discussed how the Neo-con approach, which has more established foundations in the American foreign policy tradition, responds to this quest. Throughout the paper, how the seeking for ontological security evolved into a pragmatic policy with Neo-con discourses is revealed through analyses of foreign policy outputs and presidential speeches. Dividing the post-Cold War period into two parts makes these analyses comparable. The rationale for this comparison is the great difference between the foreign policy decisions taken before and after 11 September 2001, which is considered as one of the rare turning points in the history of American diplomacy. Hence, the article draws a framework in which the foreign policy pursued after the 11 September attacks is shaped by neo-con discourses and the ontological foundations of American identity are reinforced.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, M. I. (2014). The Road to Iraq: The Making of a Neoconservative War. Edinburgh University Press
  • Aldred, K. & Smith, M. A. (1999). Superpowers in the Post-Cold War Era. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Barry, Tom. (2006). Rise and Demise of the New American Century. International Relations Center Special Report
  • Baudrillard, J. (1995). The Gulf War Did Not Take Place. Indiana University Press
  • Bush, G. W. (2001). Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, Erişim Adresi: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html
  • Campbell, D. (1998). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. University of Minnesota Press
  • Del Rosso Jr., S. J. (1995). The Insecure State: Reflections on "The State" and "Security" in a Changing World. Daedalus, 124(2), 175-207
  • Dorrien, G. (1993). The Neoconservative Mind: Politics, Culture and the War of Ideology. Temple University Press
  • Dorrien, G. (2004). Imperial Designs: Neoconservatism and the New Pax Americana. Routledge.
  • Ejdus, F. (2018). Critical Situations, Fundamental Questions and Ontological Insecurity in World Politics. Journal of International Relations and Development, 21(4), 883-908
  • Friedman, M. (2005). The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gaddis, J. L. (1986). The Long Peace: Elements of Stability in the Postwar International System. International Security, 10(4), 99-142
  • Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self-Identity. Polity Press
  • Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time (J. Macquarrie & E. S. Robinson, Çev.), Blackwell Publishers
  • Ignatieff, M. (2005). American Exceptionalism and Human Rights. Princeton University Press
  • Kagan, R. (1998). The Benevolent Empire. Foreign Policy. 111, 24-35
  • Kagan, R. (2012). The World America Made. Alfred A. Knopf
  • Krauthammer, C. (1990/91). The Unipolar Moment. Foreign Affairs, 70(1), 23–33
  • Krickel-Choi, N. C. (2024). State Personhood and Ontological Security as a Framework of Existence: Moving Beyond Identity, Discovering Sovereignty. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 37(1), 3-21
  • Mälksoo, M. (2015). Memory Must Be Defended: Beyond the Politics of Mnemonical Security. Security Dialogue, 46(3), 221-237
  • Mearsheimer, J. (2018). The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. Yale University Press
  • Mitzen, J. (2006). Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma. European Journal of International Relations, 12(3), 341-370
  • Obama, B. (2009). Remarks By The President On A New Beginning, Erişim Adresi: https://obamawhitehouse. archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09
  • Onea, T. A. (2013). US Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era: Restraint Versus Assertiveness From George H. W. Bush To Barack Obama. Palgrave Macmillan
  • Putnam, H. & Putnam, R. A. (2017). Pragmatism as a Way of Life: The Lasting Legacy of William James and John Dewey. Belknap Press
  • Rumelili, B. (2015). Ontological (in)Security and Peace Anxieties: A Framework for Conflict Resolution. B. Rumelili (Ed.) Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security: Peace Anxieties içinde (ss. 10-26), Routledge
  • Ryan, M. (2010). Neoconservatism and the New American Century. Palgrave Macmillan
  • Steele, B. J. (2017). Organizational Processes and Ontological (in)Security: Torture, the CIA and the United States. Cooperation and Conflict, 52(1), 69-89
  • Subotic, J. (2015). Narrative, Ontological Security, and Foreign Policy Change. Foreign Policy Analysis, 12(4), 610-627
  • Taylor, A. J. P. (1985). The Origins of the Second World War. Atheneum
  • The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, (2002). Erişim Adresi: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/
  • Williams, M. C. (2005). The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations. Cambridge University Press
  • Zarakol, A. (2010). Ontological (in)Security and State Denial of Historical Crimes: Turkey and Japan. International Relations, 24(1), 3-23

Ontolojik Güvenlik Arayışında Bir Süreklilik Stratejisi Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Amerikan Dış Politikasında Neo-Con Söylem ve Pragmatizm

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 171 - 188, 18.09.2025

Öz

Bu makale Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde izlenen Amerikan dış politikasını ontolojik güvenlik teorisi kapsamında yeniden düşünmeyi önermektedir. Ontolojik güvenlik teorisi devlet davranışlarını ana akım teorilerin sunduğu determinist kalıpların dışına çıkarak anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Bu nedenle diğer uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerine hem eleştirel yaklaşmakta hem de bu teorilerden beslenmektedir. Güvenlik meselesine de farklı bir bakış açısı getirerek devlet davranışlarını açıklamak için psiko-sosyal önermeler sunan ontolojik güvenlik, benlik, kimlik, biyografik anlatılar ve istikrarlı rutinler gibi kavramları Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini içerisine taşımıştır. Ontolojik güvenlik teorisine özgü bu kavramlar Soğuk Savaş’tan sonra Amerikan dış politikasının nasıl şekillendirildiğini açıklamak için kullanılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda bu makale Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde Amerikan dış politikasının ontolojik güvenlik arayışı içerisine girdiği varsayımıyla kaleme alınmıştır. Diğer taraftan Amerikan dış politika geleneğinde daha yerleşik temellere sahip olan Neo-con anlayışın bu arayışa nasıl yanıt verdiği tartışılmıştır. Çalışmanın bütününde ontolojik güvenlik arayışının Neo-con söylemlerle pragmatik bir politikaya nasıl evrildiği dış politika çıktıları ve başkanlık konuşmaları üzerinden yapılan analizlerle ortaya konmuştur. Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemi de kendi içinde ikiye ayırmak bu analizleri karşılaştırılabilir kılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırmanın gerekçesi Amerikan diplomasi tarihinde ender kırılma anlarından biri olarak kabul edilen 11 Eylül 2001 tarihinden önce ve sonra alınan dış politika kararları arasındaki büyük farktır. Dolaysıyla makalede 11 Eylül saldırılarından sonra izlenen dış politikanın neo-con söylemler tarafından şekillendirildiği ve Amerikan kimliğinin ontolojik dayanaklarının tahkim edildiğine yönelik bir çerçeve çizilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, M. I. (2014). The Road to Iraq: The Making of a Neoconservative War. Edinburgh University Press
  • Aldred, K. & Smith, M. A. (1999). Superpowers in the Post-Cold War Era. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Barry, Tom. (2006). Rise and Demise of the New American Century. International Relations Center Special Report
  • Baudrillard, J. (1995). The Gulf War Did Not Take Place. Indiana University Press
  • Bush, G. W. (2001). Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, Erişim Adresi: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html
  • Campbell, D. (1998). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. University of Minnesota Press
  • Del Rosso Jr., S. J. (1995). The Insecure State: Reflections on "The State" and "Security" in a Changing World. Daedalus, 124(2), 175-207
  • Dorrien, G. (1993). The Neoconservative Mind: Politics, Culture and the War of Ideology. Temple University Press
  • Dorrien, G. (2004). Imperial Designs: Neoconservatism and the New Pax Americana. Routledge.
  • Ejdus, F. (2018). Critical Situations, Fundamental Questions and Ontological Insecurity in World Politics. Journal of International Relations and Development, 21(4), 883-908
  • Friedman, M. (2005). The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gaddis, J. L. (1986). The Long Peace: Elements of Stability in the Postwar International System. International Security, 10(4), 99-142
  • Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self-Identity. Polity Press
  • Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time (J. Macquarrie & E. S. Robinson, Çev.), Blackwell Publishers
  • Ignatieff, M. (2005). American Exceptionalism and Human Rights. Princeton University Press
  • Kagan, R. (1998). The Benevolent Empire. Foreign Policy. 111, 24-35
  • Kagan, R. (2012). The World America Made. Alfred A. Knopf
  • Krauthammer, C. (1990/91). The Unipolar Moment. Foreign Affairs, 70(1), 23–33
  • Krickel-Choi, N. C. (2024). State Personhood and Ontological Security as a Framework of Existence: Moving Beyond Identity, Discovering Sovereignty. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 37(1), 3-21
  • Mälksoo, M. (2015). Memory Must Be Defended: Beyond the Politics of Mnemonical Security. Security Dialogue, 46(3), 221-237
  • Mearsheimer, J. (2018). The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. Yale University Press
  • Mitzen, J. (2006). Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma. European Journal of International Relations, 12(3), 341-370
  • Obama, B. (2009). Remarks By The President On A New Beginning, Erişim Adresi: https://obamawhitehouse. archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09
  • Onea, T. A. (2013). US Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era: Restraint Versus Assertiveness From George H. W. Bush To Barack Obama. Palgrave Macmillan
  • Putnam, H. & Putnam, R. A. (2017). Pragmatism as a Way of Life: The Lasting Legacy of William James and John Dewey. Belknap Press
  • Rumelili, B. (2015). Ontological (in)Security and Peace Anxieties: A Framework for Conflict Resolution. B. Rumelili (Ed.) Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security: Peace Anxieties içinde (ss. 10-26), Routledge
  • Ryan, M. (2010). Neoconservatism and the New American Century. Palgrave Macmillan
  • Steele, B. J. (2017). Organizational Processes and Ontological (in)Security: Torture, the CIA and the United States. Cooperation and Conflict, 52(1), 69-89
  • Subotic, J. (2015). Narrative, Ontological Security, and Foreign Policy Change. Foreign Policy Analysis, 12(4), 610-627
  • Taylor, A. J. P. (1985). The Origins of the Second World War. Atheneum
  • The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, (2002). Erişim Adresi: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/
  • Williams, M. C. (2005). The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations. Cambridge University Press
  • Zarakol, A. (2010). Ontological (in)Security and State Denial of Historical Crimes: Turkey and Japan. International Relations, 24(1), 3-23
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası Güvenlik, Güvenlik Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Özkan Ünal 0000-0001-7627-9317

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünal, Ö. (2025). Ontolojik Güvenlik Arayışında Bir Süreklilik Stratejisi Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Amerikan Dış Politikasında Neo-Con Söylem ve Pragmatizm. Savunma ve Güvenlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 171-188.