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Dikkat Mi Nabız Mı: Apne Sürelerinin Tahmin Edilmesinde Yukarıdan Aşağıya ve Aşağıdan Yukarıya Süreçlerin Bütünleştirilmesine Yönelik Bir Ön Çalışma

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 11.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.995385

Öz

Serbest dalış performansı gibi bazı aktivitelerde zamanın doğru algılanması hayati önem taşımaktadır. Saniyeler ile ifade edilebilecek görece uzun zaman aralıklarının doğru tahmininin altında yatan kesin mekanizmaların anlaşılması, psikolojide çözülmesi gereken konulardan biridir. Bu amaçla, mevcut çalışmada, prospektif bir paradigma kullanılarak, 25, 50 ve 75 saniyelik apne sürelerinin yordayıcıları incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri, iki deneysel koşulda, on bir serbest dalış sporcusunun hedef apne tahminlerini havada ve suda (daldırılmış) yapmaları yolu ile elde edilmiştir. Katılımcıların kalp atış hızı değerleri, dikkat kontrol kapasiteleri ve duygu durumlarının üç farklı hedef apne tahminindeki doğruluğunun incelendiği bu çalışmada: zaman tahminini etkileyen tek faktörün kalp atış hızı olmadığı; dikkat kapasitesi ve olumlu duygudurumun lineer olmayan bir tarzda zaman tahmininin doğruluğuna etki ettiği; yordayıcı olarak kullanılan bu üç değişkenin, deney koşuluna ve hedef aralığın süresine göre farklı şekilde etkili olduğu ve son olarak, katılımcıların en doğru zaman tahmininin, bu çalışmada kullanılan en uzun zaman aralığı olan 75 saniye suda apne olduğu bulunmuştur.

Destekleyen Kurum

Atılım Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

ATÜ-BAP2006-001

Teşekkür

Atılım Üniversitesi önceki Rektörü Sayın Prof. Dr. Abdürrahim Özgenoğlu'na destekleri ve sporculara gönüllü katılımları için teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

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  • 4. Andersson, J. P., Liner, M. H., Fredsted, A., and Schagatay, E. K. (2004). Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to apneas with and without face immersion in exercising humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 96(3), 1005-1010. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01057.2002
  • 5. Andersson, J. P., Linér, M. H., Rünow, E., and Schagatay, E. K. (2002). Diving response and arterial oxygen saturation during apnea and exercise in breath-hold divers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(3), 882-886. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00863.2001
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Attention or Heart Rate: A Preliminary Study towards Integrating the Top-down and Bottom-up Processes in Estimating the Apnea Durations

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 11.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.995385

Öz

Accurate perception of time is vital in some athletic activities such as free-diving performance. The exact mechanisms underlying the correct estimation of long intervals using different time estimation paradigms are still an issue to be solved in psychology. To this end, in the current study, by using a prospective paradigm, examined top-down and bottom-up predictors of 25, 50, and 75 seconds of apnea durations. Eleven free-diving athletes performed the target apnea estimations in two experimental conditions: apnea in the air and immersed apnea. In line with our integrative perspective, we obtained heart rate values, attentional control capacities, and affectivity states of the participants, and analyzed the relationship of these with the directional errors of three target apnea estimations. A series of within-participants analyses found the following: first, the heart-rate alone is not the only factor influencing time estimation during long intervals; second, attentional capacity and positive affect contributed to the accuracy of time estimation in a non-constant fashion; third, these three variables affected the accuracy of time estimation differently according to the modality and the duration of the target interval; and fourth, the participants were most accurate in estimating the time during 75s of apnea in the immersed condition.

Proje Numarası

ATÜ-BAP2006-001

Kaynakça

  • 1. Allan, L. G. (1998). The influence of the scalar timing model on human timing research. Behavioural Processes, 44(2), 101-117. doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(98)00043-6
  • 2. Allan, L. G., Siegel, S., and Hannah, S. (2007). The sad truth about depressive realism. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(3), 482-495. doi:10.1080/17470210601002686
  • 3. Andersson, J. P. A., and Evaggelidis, L. (2009). Arterial oxygen saturation and diving response during dynamic apneas in breath‐hold divers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 19(1), 87-91. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00777.
  • 4. Andersson, J. P., Liner, M. H., Fredsted, A., and Schagatay, E. K. (2004). Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to apneas with and without face immersion in exercising humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 96(3), 1005-1010. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01057.2002
  • 5. Andersson, J. P., Linér, M. H., Rünow, E., and Schagatay, E. K. (2002). Diving response and arterial oxygen saturation during apnea and exercise in breath-hold divers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(3), 882-886. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00863.2001
  • 6. Baranova, T. I., Kovalenko, R. I., Molchanov, A. A., Sviridenko, M. V., Ianvareva, I. N., and Zhekalov, A. N. (2003). [Mechanisms of human adaptation to hypoxia]. Rossiiskii fiziologicheskii zhurnal imeni IM Sechenova/Rossiiskaia Akademiia Nauk, 89(11), 1370-1379. Retrieved from http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/14758662 Abstract only
  • 7. Bar-Haim, Y., Kerem, A., Lamy, D., and Zakay, D. (2010). When time slows down: The influence of threat on time perception in anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2), 255-263. doi:10.1080/02699930903387603
  • 8. Bi, C., Yuan, X., and Huang, X. (2013). The impact of object working memory on timing. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(4), 390-399. doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.777071
  • 9. Blanchette, I., and Richards, A. (2010). The influence of affect on higher level cognition: A review of research on interpretation, judgement, decision making and reasoning. Cognition and Emotion, 24(4), 561-595. doi:10.1080/02699930903132496
  • 10. Block, R. A. (1990). Models of psychological time. In: Block, R. A. (Ed.) Cognitive models of psychological time. Hillsdale. New Jersey: Erlbaum. 1·36.
  • 11. Block, R. A., and Zakay, D. (1997). Prospective and retrospective duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4(2), 184-197. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03209393
  • 12. Block, R. A., Hancock, P. A., and Zakay, D. (2010). How cognitive load affects duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Acta Psychologica, 134(3), 330-343. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.03.006
  • 13. Brown, S. W. (1997). Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks. Perception and Psychophysics, 59(7), 1118−1140. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03205526#page-1
  • 14. Buetti, S., and Lleras, A. (2012). Perceiving control over aversive and fearful events can alter how we experience those events: An investigation of time perception in spider-fearful individuals. Frontiers in Psychology, 3(337), 1-17. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00337
  • 15. Caspers, C., Cleveland, S., and Schipke, J. D. (2011). Diving reflex: Can the time course of heart rate reduction be quantified? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 21(1), 18-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01246
  • 16. Comalli Jr, P. E., Wapner, S., and Werner, H. (1962). Interference effects of Stroop color-word test in childhood, adulthood, and aging. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 100(1), 47-53. Retrieved from https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/suelima/public/505labreport1/comallietal1962.pdf
  • 17. Di Rienzo, F., Hoyek, N., Collet, C., and Guillot, A. (2014). Physiological changes in response to apnea impact the timing of motor representations: A preliminary study. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 10(1), 1-15. Retrieved from http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-10-15.pdf
  • 18. Dimmock, K. (2007). Scuba diving, snorkeling, and free diving. Water-Based Tourism,Sport, Leisure, and Recreation Experiences, 128-147. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net.
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  • 36. Isen, A. M., and Patrick, R. (1983). The effect of positive feelings on risk taking: When the chips are down. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 31(2), 194-202. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(83)90120-4
  • 37. Jamin, T., Joulia, F., Fontanari, P., Bonnon, M., Ulmer, C., and Crémieux, J. (2004a). Effet d’une situation d’apnée statique sur les capacités individuelles d’estimation du temps Effect of a static apnea exposure on time estimation ability. Science and Sports, 19, 142-144. doi:10.1016/S0765-1597(03)00169-2
  • 38. Jamin, T., Joulia, F., Fontanari, P., Giacomoni, M., Bonnon, M., Vidal, F., and Crémieux, J. (2004b). Apnea-induced changes in time estimation and its relation to bradycardia. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 75(10), 876-880.
  • 39. Joulia, F., Steinberg, J. G., Faucher, M., Jamin, T., Ulmer, C., Kipson, N., and Jammes, Y. (2003). Breath-hold training of humans reduces oxidative stress and blood acidosis after static and dynamic apnea. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 137(1), 19-27. doi:10.1016/S1569-9048(03)00110-1
  • 40. Jung, K., and Stolle, W. (1981). Behavior of heart rate and incidence of arrhythmia in swimming and diving. Biotelemetry and Patient Monitoring, 8(4), 228-239. Retrieved from http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/7337825
  • 41. Khan, A., Sharma, N. K., and Dixit, S. (2006). Effect of cognitive load and paradigm on time perception. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 32(1), 37-42. Retrieved from http://cpl.revues.org/4998
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  • 43. Lansbergen, M. M., Kenemans, J. L., and van Engeland, H. (2007). Stroop interference and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 21(2), 251-262. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.21.2.251
  • 44. Lemaitre, F., Bernier, F., Petit, I., Renard, N., Gardette, B., and Joulia, F. (2005). Heart rate responses during a breath-holding competition in well-trained divers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(6), 409-413. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-821159
  • 45. Lindholm, P., Nordh, J., and Gennser, M. (2006). The heart rate of breath-hold divers during static apnea: Effects of competitive stress. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal, 33(2): 119-124. Retrieved from http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5027
  • 46. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163-203.doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163
  • 47. MacLeod, C. M. (1992) The Stroop task: The "gold standard" of attentional measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121(1), 12-14. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.121.1.12
  • 48. Matthews, W. J. (2013). How does sequence structure affect the judgment of time? Exploring a weighted sum of segments model. Cognitive Psychology, 66(3), 259-282. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2013.01.001
  • 49. Matthews, W. J., and Meck, W. H. (2014). Time perception: The bad news and the good. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 5(4), 429-446. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1298
  • 50. Neisser, U. (1976). Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology. WH Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt and Co.
  • 51. Ogden, R. S., Salominaite, E., Jones, L. A., Fisk, J. E., and Montgomery, C. (2011). The role of executive functions in human prospective interval timing. Acta Psychologica, 137(3), 352-358. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.04.004
  • 52. Ogden, R.S., Simmons, F.R., and Wearden, J.H. (2021). Verbal estimation of the magnitude of time, number, and length. Psychological Research 85, 3048–3060. doi: 10.1007/s00426-020-01456-4
  • 53. Rammsayer, T. H. (1999). Neuropharmacological evidence for different timing mechanisms in humans. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section B, 52(3), 273-286. doi: 10.1080/713932708
  • 54. Rammsayer, T. H., Hennig, J., Haag, A., and Lange, N. (2001). Effects of noradrenergic activity on temporal information processing in humans. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section B, 54(3), 247-258. doi:10.1080/02724990143000036
  • 55. Skolnick, A. (2013, November 17). A Deep-Water diver from Brooklyn dies after trying for a record. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/18/sports/deep-water-diver-from-brooklyn-dies-after-trying-for-a-record.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0
  • 56. Stroop, J. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662. Retrieved from http://psychcentral.com/classics/Stroop/
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  • 58. Sucala, M., Stefan, S., Szentagotai-Tatar, A., and David, D. (2010). Time flies when you expect to have fun: An experimental investigation of the relationship between expectancies and the perception of time progression. Cognition, Brain, Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 231-241. Retrieved from http://www.cbbjournal.ro/images/stories/articles/2010/3/14-3-03.pdf
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  • 73. Zakay, D. (1993). Time estimation methods do they influence prospective duration estimates? Perception London, 22, 91-91. doi:10.1068/p220091
  • 74. Zakay, D., and Block, R. A. (1995). An attentional-gate model of prospective time estimation. Time and the dynamic control of behavior, 167-178. Retrieved from http://www.montana.edu/wwwpy/Block/papers/Zakay%26Block-1995.pdf
  • 75. Zakay, D., and Block, R. A. (1997). Temporal cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science,6(1) 12-16. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20182432?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
  • 76. Zakay, D., Block, R. A. Tsal, Y. G., and Daniel (Ed); Koriat, Asher (Ed), (1999). Attention and performance XVII: Cognitive regulation of performance: Interaction of theory and application. Attention and performance, (pp. 557-580). Cambridge, MA, US: The MIT Press, Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1999-02468-019
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Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Neşe Alkan 0000-0002-5615-3183

Tolga Akış 0000-0002-6754-4497

Proje Numarası ATÜ-BAP2006-001
Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Alkan, N., & Akış, T. (2023). Attention or Heart Rate: A Preliminary Study towards Integrating the Top-down and Bottom-up Processes in Estimating the Apnea Durations. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 34(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.995385

9551


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