AFGANİSTAN: ABD MÜDAHALESİ VE TALİBAN'IN DÖNÜŞÜ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 76 - 102, 31.01.2022

Abdulkadir Şen

Öz

Afganistan tarih boyunca büyük güçlerin hakimiyet kurmak istediği bir ülke olmuştur. Son 200 yıllık dönemde ise bu Asya ülkesi başta İngiltere ile Rusya arasında yaşanan ve “Büyük Oyun” (Great Game) ismi verilen mücadelede, ardından da ABD ile Sovyetler Birliği arasındaki Soğuk Savaş döneminde önemli bir rekabet alanı olmuştur. Kendine özgü sosyal yapısı, dinî kimliğin baskın etkisi, güçlü kabilecilik bağları ve çetin coğrafyası nedeniyle ülkede egemenlik kurmaya çalışan büyük güçler genellikle başarısızlığa mahkum olmuşlardır. Afganistan’ın Kandahar vilayetinde 1994 yılında kurulduğundan günümüze ülkenin en etkili siyasi-dinî hareketi olan Afganistan İslâm Emirliği (Taliban) son 25 yıldır varolığını hedef alan tüm uluslararası tutum ve girişimlere rağmen ülkede etkinliğini her dönem artırmış, 20 yıl süren ve dünyanın en güçlü ordularının müdahil olduğu yıpratıcı bir savaşın ardından da yeniden iktidara gelmeyi başarmıştır. Taliban’ı ortaya çıkaran nedenler, birinci Afganistan İslâm Emirliği idaresi döneminde uluslararası toplumun politikası ve savaş döneminde yaşanan gelişmeler, Afganistan’ın demografik durumu ve Taliban’ın ülke içindeki hasımlarının tutumu toplu olarak incelendiğinde gelinen süreçte işgalin başarısızlığının ardında yatan nedenler daha net anlaşılacaktır. Bu çalışmada Taliban’ın kuruluşu, ABD’nin ülkeye müdahale edişi ve 20 yıllık savaşın dönüm noktalarının ardından ülkede yeniden Taliban’ın iktidara geliş süreçleri incelenecek, savaşın başarısızlığa uğramasına neden olan ABD politikalarına yer verilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ABD, Afganistan, Taliban, Sovyetler Birliği, İslam Emirliği

AFGHANISTAN: US INTERVENTION AND TALIBAN’S RETURN

Öz

Afghanistan has always been a country where great powers wanted to dominate. In the last 200 years, this Asian country has been an important area of competition, especially in the struggle between Great Britain and Russia, called the “Great Game”, and then during the Cold War between the USA and the Soviet Union. Due to its unique social structure, the dominant influence of religious identity, strong tribal ties, and tough geography, the great powers that tried to dominate the country were generally doomed to failure. Since its establishment in Afghanistan’s Kandehar province in 1994, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban), the country’s most influential political-religious movement, has increased its effectiveness in the country in spite of all international attitudes and initiatives targeting its pure existence for the last 25 years. Taliban succeeded to regain power after a devastating war that lasted for 20 years and in which the world’s most powerful armies were involved. When the motivations and causes that created the Taliban, the international community’s policy during the administration of the first Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, developments during the war, Afghanistan’s demographic situation, and the attitudes of the Taliban’s enemies in the country are examined collectively, the reasons behind the failure of the invasion will be understood more clearly. In this study, the establishment of the Taliban, the USA’s intervention of the country and the process of the Taliban’s reemergence after 20-year long war will be examined, and the US policies that led to the failure of the war will be explained.

Anahtar Kelimeler

USA, Afghanistan, Taliban, Soviet Union, Islamic Emirate

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