EVALUATING EARNINGS MANIPULATION RISK IN BORSA ISTANBUL HEALTHCARE COMPANIES: A MONTIER C-SCORE ANALYSIS
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 74 - 91, 30.12.2025
Erdinç Karadeniz
,
Ömer İskenderoğlu
Öz
This study aims to evaluate the risk of earnings manipulation with the Montier C-Score model by analysing the financial statements of healthcare companies whose shares are traded in the Borsa Istanbul Human Health and Social Services Sector for the years 2020-2024. The analysis, based on 20 firm-year observations, calculated Montier C-Scores for each company and assessed their manipulation potential holistically across six criteria. Results reveal that C-Scores varied annually, ranging from a high of 5 to a low of 1, with companies exhibiting moderate manipulation risk on average. On a company basis, Criterion 6 (Total Asset Growth) was found to carry the highest manipulation risk. On the other hand, Criterion 3 (Inventory Turnover) and Criterion 5 (Depreciation Rate) were found to have the lowest risk. Findings indicate that post-pandemic aggressive asset growth heightened manipulation risks, whereas inventory and amortization management remained disciplined.
Kaynakça
-
Anagnostopoulou, S. C. ve Stavropoulou, C. (2021). Earnings management in public healthcare organizations: the case of the English NHS hospitals. Public Money & Management, 43(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1866854
-
Ballantine, J., Kelly, M. ve Larres, P. (2018). Banking for the public good: public bank governance and performance during the financial crisis. Accounting Forum, 42(1), 44-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2017.12.001
-
Beneish, M. D. (1999). The detection of earnings manipulation. Financial Analysts Journal, 55(5), 24-36. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v55.n5.2296
-
Cannon, J. N., Lamboy-Ruiz, M. A. ve Watanabe, O. V. (2022). Ownership type and earnings management in US hospitals. Advances in Accounting, 58, 100612, 1-16.
-
Dechow, P. M. ve Skinner, D. J. (2000). Earnings management: reconciling the views of accounting academics, practitioners, and regulators. Accounting Horizons, 14(2), 235–250. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2000.14.2.235
-
Dechow, P. M., Ge, W., Larson, C. R. ve Sloan, R. G. (2011). Predicting material accounting misstatements. Contemporary Accounting Research, 28(1), 17-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2010.01041.x
-
Dong, G. N. (2016). Earnings management in US hospitals. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 39(1), 41-70.
-
Dub, B. (2019). Complex assessment of Ukrainian agroholdings’economic security. Bulletin of the Cherkasy Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University. Economic sciences, (1). 102-113.
-
Govender, Y. (2013). An application of montier’s c-score to the johannesburg securities exchange: a tool for short selling [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. University of Pretoria, South Africa.
-
Healy, P. M. ve Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons, 13(4), 365-383. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.365
-
Heese, J. (2017). The role of overbilling in hospitals’ earnings management decisions. European Accounting Review, 27(5), 875–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180. 2017.1383168
-
Kamuyu Aydınlatma Platformu (2025). Sektörler. https://www.kap.org.tr/tr/Sektorler adresinden 1 Nisan 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
-
Khatwani, R., Mishra, M., Kumar, V. V., Mistry, J. ve Mitra, P. K. (2024). Creating quality portfolios using score-based models: a systematic review. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03888-4
-
Konuk, T. ve Eryer, A. (2021). Ekonomik büyüme ve CO2 emisyonunun sağlık harcamaları üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. International Journal of Disciplines in Economics & Administrative Sciences Studies, 7(37), 402-410. https://doi.org/10.26728/ideas.428
-
Levitt, A. (1998). The numbers game. The CPA Journal, 68(12), 14-19.
-
Malkogianni, I. ve Cohen, S. (2022). Earnings management in public hospitals: the case of greek state-owned hospitals. Public Money & Management, 42(7), 491–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2022.2071005
-
Montier, J. (2008). Value investing: tools and techniques for intelligent investment. John Wiley & Sons.
-
Parikh, M. Y. ve Shah, K. (2022). Financial statement fraud detection models: an exploratory study. A Global Journal of Social Sciences, 5(3), 21-26.
-
Pedchenko, N., Milka, A., Artyukh-Pasyuta, O. ve Lozova, O. (2022). Assessment of the reliability of information in the company's financial statements based on models j. montier, md benisha and ml roxas. Professional Studies: Theory And Practice, 26(2), 64-71.
-
Ronen, J. ve Yaari, V. (2008). Definition of earnings management. Earnings management (s.25-38) içinde. Springer Series in Accounting Scholarship, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-25771-6_2
-
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu-TÜİK (2024). Sağlık harcamaları istatistikleri, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Saglik-Harcamalari-Istatistikleri-2023-53561 adresinden 27 Nisan 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
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World Health Organization. (2025). Global health expenditure database. https://apps.who.int/nha/database adresinden 21 Nisan 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
BORSA İSTANBUL SAĞLIK ŞİRKETLERİNDE KAZANÇ MANİPÜLASYON RİSKİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: MONTIER C-SKORU İLE BİR ANALİZ
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 74 - 91, 30.12.2025
Erdinç Karadeniz
,
Ömer İskenderoğlu
Öz
Bu çalışma, Borsa İstanbul İnsan Sağlığı ve Sosyal Hizmetler Sektöründe pay senetleri işlem gören sağlık şirketlerinin 2020-2024 yıllarına ait finansal tablolarını analiz ederek, kazanç manipülasyonu riskini Montier-C Skoru modeliyle değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Analiz kapsamında 20 şirket-yıl gözlemi gerçekleştirilmiş, her bir şirket için Montier C-Skorları hesaplanmış ve modeldeki altı kriter ile bütünsel olarak şirketin kazanç manipülasyonu potansiyeli incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, sağlık şirketlerinin C-Skorlarının yıl bazında farklılık gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bununla birlikte şirketlerin analiz döneminde en yüksek 5, en düşük ise 1 değerini aldıkları ve ortalamada ise orta düzeyde kazanç manipülasyon riski içinde oldukları belirlenmiştir. Yine şirket bazında, Kriter 6’nın (Toplam Varlık Büyümesi) en yüksek manipülasyon riskini taşıyan kriter olduğu saptanmıştır. Buna karşın Kriter 3 (Stok Devir Süresi) ve Kriter 5’in (Amortisman Oranı) ise en düşük riski gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Bulgular, sağlık şirketlerinde pandemi sonrası agresif varlık büyümesinin manipülasyon riskini artırdığını, ancak stok ve amortisman yönetiminin disiplinli olduğunu göstermiştir.
Etik Beyan
Makalenin etik kurul izin belgesi gerektirmeyen bir çalışma olduğunu beyan ederiz.
Destekleyen Kurum
Çalışmada herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluştan destek alınmamıştır.
Kaynakça
-
Anagnostopoulou, S. C. ve Stavropoulou, C. (2021). Earnings management in public healthcare organizations: the case of the English NHS hospitals. Public Money & Management, 43(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1866854
-
Ballantine, J., Kelly, M. ve Larres, P. (2018). Banking for the public good: public bank governance and performance during the financial crisis. Accounting Forum, 42(1), 44-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2017.12.001
-
Beneish, M. D. (1999). The detection of earnings manipulation. Financial Analysts Journal, 55(5), 24-36. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v55.n5.2296
-
Cannon, J. N., Lamboy-Ruiz, M. A. ve Watanabe, O. V. (2022). Ownership type and earnings management in US hospitals. Advances in Accounting, 58, 100612, 1-16.
-
Dechow, P. M. ve Skinner, D. J. (2000). Earnings management: reconciling the views of accounting academics, practitioners, and regulators. Accounting Horizons, 14(2), 235–250. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2000.14.2.235
-
Dechow, P. M., Ge, W., Larson, C. R. ve Sloan, R. G. (2011). Predicting material accounting misstatements. Contemporary Accounting Research, 28(1), 17-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2010.01041.x
-
Dong, G. N. (2016). Earnings management in US hospitals. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 39(1), 41-70.
-
Dub, B. (2019). Complex assessment of Ukrainian agroholdings’economic security. Bulletin of the Cherkasy Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University. Economic sciences, (1). 102-113.
-
Govender, Y. (2013). An application of montier’s c-score to the johannesburg securities exchange: a tool for short selling [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. University of Pretoria, South Africa.
-
Healy, P. M. ve Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons, 13(4), 365-383. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.365
-
Heese, J. (2017). The role of overbilling in hospitals’ earnings management decisions. European Accounting Review, 27(5), 875–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180. 2017.1383168
-
Kamuyu Aydınlatma Platformu (2025). Sektörler. https://www.kap.org.tr/tr/Sektorler adresinden 1 Nisan 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
-
Khatwani, R., Mishra, M., Kumar, V. V., Mistry, J. ve Mitra, P. K. (2024). Creating quality portfolios using score-based models: a systematic review. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03888-4
-
Konuk, T. ve Eryer, A. (2021). Ekonomik büyüme ve CO2 emisyonunun sağlık harcamaları üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. International Journal of Disciplines in Economics & Administrative Sciences Studies, 7(37), 402-410. https://doi.org/10.26728/ideas.428
-
Levitt, A. (1998). The numbers game. The CPA Journal, 68(12), 14-19.
-
Malkogianni, I. ve Cohen, S. (2022). Earnings management in public hospitals: the case of greek state-owned hospitals. Public Money & Management, 42(7), 491–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2022.2071005
-
Montier, J. (2008). Value investing: tools and techniques for intelligent investment. John Wiley & Sons.
-
Parikh, M. Y. ve Shah, K. (2022). Financial statement fraud detection models: an exploratory study. A Global Journal of Social Sciences, 5(3), 21-26.
-
Pedchenko, N., Milka, A., Artyukh-Pasyuta, O. ve Lozova, O. (2022). Assessment of the reliability of information in the company's financial statements based on models j. montier, md benisha and ml roxas. Professional Studies: Theory And Practice, 26(2), 64-71.
-
Ronen, J. ve Yaari, V. (2008). Definition of earnings management. Earnings management (s.25-38) içinde. Springer Series in Accounting Scholarship, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-25771-6_2
-
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu-TÜİK (2024). Sağlık harcamaları istatistikleri, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Saglik-Harcamalari-Istatistikleri-2023-53561 adresinden 27 Nisan 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
-
World Health Organization. (2025). Global health expenditure database. https://apps.who.int/nha/database adresinden 21 Nisan 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.