Sporda Sosyal Medyanın Psikolojik Boyutları: Gelişimsel Dinamikler ve Gelecek Perspektifleri

Öz

Bu çalışma, sosyal medya kullanımının sporcular üzerindeki psikolojik, sosyal ve performans temelli etkilerini spor psikolojisi odaklı bir bakış açısıyla ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Literatür taraması yöntemiyle yürütülen çalışmada, sosyal karşılaştırma, siber zorbalık, dijital şiddet, mahremiyet ihlali ve benlik sunumu gibi temel temalar üzerinden sosyal medyanın sporcular üzerindeki çok boyutlu etkileri sistematik biçimde analiz edilmiştir. Özellikle genç sporcuların dijital ortamlarda karşılaştıkları psikolojik baskılar, dikkat dağınıklığı, motivasyon kaybı ve kimlik karmaşası gibi olgular gelişimsel bir çerçevede incelenmiştir. Aynı zamanda sosyal medyanın sporculara sunduğu kişisel marka oluşturma, taraftarla doğrudan etkileşim kurma ve motivasyon artırıcı içeriklere erişim gibi avantajlar da değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, spor psikolojisi alanında sosyal medya temelli risklerin ve fırsatların dengeli biçimde ele alınmasına katkı sağlamayı, uygulayıcı profesyoneller için rehber niteliğinde öneriler sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu yönüyle, sosyal medya-sportif gelişim ilişkisinin daha sağlıklı yönetilmesine yönelik bütüncül bir çerçeve sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dijital kimlik
• Performans
• Siber zorbalık
• Sosyal medya
• Sporcu

Psychological Dimensions of Social Media in Sport: Developmental Dynamics and Future Perspectives

Öz

This study aims to examine the psychological, social, and performance-based effects of social media use on athletes from a sports psychology perspective. Conducted using a literature review method, the study systematically analyzed the multidimensional effects of social media on athletes through key themes such as social comparison, cyberbullying, digital violence, privacy violations, and self-presentation. The study specifically examined the psychological pressures, attention deficits, loss of motivation, and identity confusion experienced by young athletes in digital environments within a developmental framework. At the same time, the advantages offered by social media to athletes, such as personal branding, direct interaction with fans, and access to motivational content, were also evaluated. The study aims to contribute to the balanced consideration of social media-based risks and opportunities in the field of sports psychology and to provide guidance for practitioners. In this regard, it offers a comprehensive framework for the healthier management of the relationship between social media and athletic development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Digital identity
• Performance
• Cyberbullying
• Social media
• Athlete

Kaynakça

1. Abarna, S., Sheeba, J. I., Jayasrilakshmi, S., ve Devaneyan, S. P. (2022). Identification of cyber harassment and intention of target users on social media platforms. Engineering applications of artificial intelligence, 115, 105283.
2. Allison, R., Pegoraro, A., Frederick, E., ve Thompson, A. J. (2020). When women athletes transgress: An exploratory study of image repair and social media response. Sport in Society, 23(6), 1023–1041.
3. Azadegan, P., Bahrami, S., ve Veysi, K. (2021). Investigating the Effect of Social Media on Athletes' Mental Conflict of Athletes. Sport Psychology Studies, 10(36), 145-164.
4. Barry, C. T., Moran-Miller, K., Levy, H. F., ve Gray, T. (2024). Social media engagement, perceptions of social media costs and benefits, and well-being in college student-athletes. Journal of American College Health, 72(8), 2938-2947.
5. Bingöl, Ö. Ş., ve Çolak, M. (2023). Ergenlerde Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı ve Psikopatoloji ile İlişkisi. Turkish Journal of Child ve Adolescent Mental Health/Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sagligi Dergisi, 30(1).
6. Boer, M., Stevens, G., Finkenauer, C., ve van den Eijnden, R. (2020). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder‐symptoms, social media use intensity, and social media use problems in adolescents: Investigating directionality. Child development, 91(4), e853-e865.
7. Bredikhina, N., Gupta, K., ve Kunkel, T. (2023). Superboosting the athlete social media brand: events as an opportunity for follower growth. European Sport Management Quarterly, 23(6), 1819-1842.
8. Cary, K. M., Maas, M. K., Greer, K. M., ve Meshi, D. (2024). Observed Instagram use and satisfaction with life: Associations with received communications and exploration of others’ content after posting a selfie. Plos one, 19(3), e0297392.

9. Cheng, C., Lau, Y. C., Chan, L., ve Luk, J. W. (2021). Prevalence of social media addiction across 32 nations: Meta-analysis with subgroup analysis of classification schemes and cultural values. Addictive behaviors, 117, 106845.
10. Cotterill, S. T. (2022). Sport psychology practitioner's perceptions and use of social media. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(3), 156-164.
11. Cotterill, S. T., ve Symes, R. (2014). Integrating social media and new technologies into your practice as a sport psychology consultant. Sport ve Exercise Psychology Review, 10(1), 55-64.
12. David, J. L., Powless, M. D., Hyman, J. E., Purnell, D. M., Steinfeldt, J. A., ve Fisher, S. (2018). College student athletes and social media: The psychological impacts of Twitter use. International Journal of Sport Communication, 11(2), 163-186.
13. Diel, K., Broeker, L., Raab, M., ve Hofmann, W. (2021). Motivational and emotional effects of social comparison in sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 57, 102048.
14. Doyle, J. P., Su, Y., ve Kunkel, T. (2022). Athlete branding via social media: Examining the factors influencing consumer engagement on Instagram. European Sport Management Quarterly, 22(4), 506-526.
15. Eldridge, M. W. (2016). Social Media: The impact of Imagery and Engagement in Athletic Social Media. Communication Theses. 61.
16. Encel, K., Mesagno, C., ve Brown, H. (2017). Facebook use and its relationship with sport anxiety. Journal of sports sciences, 35(8), 756-761.
17. Englander, E., Donnerstein, E., Kowalski, R., Lin, C. A., ve Parti, K. (2017). Defining cyberbullying. Pediatrics, 140(Supplement_2), S148-S151.
18. Ferguson, T., Frederick, E., Brown, L., Kluch, Y., Hancock, M., ve Siegfried, N. (2024). “I Was in a Position to Enact Change:” College Athletes’ Use of Social Media for Racial and Social Justice. Communication ve Sport, 21674795241289839.
19. Fiedler, R., Heidari, J., Birnkraut, T., ve Kellmann, M. (2023). Digital media and mental health in adolescent athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 67, 102421.
20. Filo, K., Lock, D., ve Karg, A. (2015). Sport and social media research: A review. Sport management review, 18(2), 166-181.
21. Frost, R. L., ve Rickwood, D. J. (2017). A systematic review of the mental health outcomes associated with Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 576-600.
22. Garcia, S. M., Tor, A., ve Schiff, T. M. (2013). The psychology of competition: A social comparison perspective. Perspectives on psychological science, 8(6), 634-650.
23. Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health information & libraries journal, 26(2), 91-108.
24. Gruettner, A., Vitisvorakarn, M., Wambsganss, T., Rietsche, R., ve Back, A. (2020). The new window to athletes’ soul–what social media tells us about athletes’ performances, Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2479-2488.
25. Gusdernawati, A. (2021). The role of family and social media in athlete social interactions. Journal Sport Area, 6(2), 130-139.
26. Hayes, M. (2022). Social Media and Athlete Mental Health and Well-Being. In Sport, Social Media, and Digital Technology: Sociological Approaches (pp. 223-240). Emerald Publishing Limited.
27. Hurley, O. A. (2018). Sport cyberpsychology. Routledge.
28. Kane, M. J., LaVoi, N. M., ve Fink, J. S. (2013). Exploring elite female athletes’ interpretations of sport media images: A window into the construction of social identity and “selling sex” in women’s sports. Communication ve Sport, 1(3), 269-298.
29. Kara, M., Genç, M., ve Çetin, M. Ç. (2024). Athlete identification level scale (Ails): Validity and reliability study. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 8(1), 34-45.
30. Kavanagh, E. J., Litchfield, C., ve Osborne, J. (2023). Social media and athlete welfare. International Journal of Sport Communication, 16(3), 274-281.
31. Kavanagh, E., Litchfield, C. and Osborne, J. (2022), "Social Media, Digital Technology and Athlete Abuse", Sanderson, J. (Ed.) Sport, Social Media, and Digital Technology (Research in the Sociology of Sport, Vol. 15), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 185-204.
32. Klutse, E. K., Nuamah-Amoabeng, S., Lyu, H., ve Luo, J. (2023). Dismantling Hate: Understanding Hate Speech Trends Against NBA Athletes. In International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction and Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation (pp. 74-84). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
33. Lannin, D., ve Scott, N. (2014). Best practices for an online world. Monitor on psychology, 45(2), 56. Lerchenfeldt, S., Attardi, S. M., Pratt, R. L., Sawarynski, K. E., ve Taylor, T. A. (2021). Twelve tips for interfacing with the new generation of medical students: iGen. Medical teacher, 43(11), 1249-1254.
34. Lim, J. H., Donovan, L. A., Kaufman, P., ve Ishida, C. (2020). Professional athletes’ social media use and player performance: Evidence from the national football league. International Journal of Sport Communication, 14(1), 33-59.
35. Litchfield, C., Kavanagh, E. J., Osborne, J., ve Jones, I. (2016). Virtual Maltreatment: Sexualisation and Social Media Abuse in Sport. Psychology of Women Section Review, 18(2).
36. MacPherson, E., ve Kerr, G. (2021). Sport fans’ responses on social media to professional athletes’ norm violations. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(1), 102-119.
37. Mahoney, J. W., Gucciardi, D. F., Ntoumanis, N., ve Mallet, C. J. (2014). Mental toughness in sport: Motivational antecedents and associations with performance and psychological health. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(3), 281-292.
38. Margarit, E. M., Tonita, F., ve Angelescu, N. (2018). Employing Social Media in Working with Athletes: A Case Study Discussing Ethical Implications for Applied Sport Psychology Consultants. ELearning ve Software for Education, 3.
39. Mishna, F., Kerr, G., McInroy, L. B., ve MacPherson, E. (2019). Student athletes’ experiences of bullying in intercollegiate sport. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 13(1), 53-73.
40. Na, S., Kunkel, T., ve Doyle, J. (2020). Exploring athlete brand image development on social media: The role of signalling through source credibility. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(1), 88-108.
41. Olushola, J. O. (2015). Sport, racism, and social media. International Journal of Sport Communication, 8(2), 257-261.
42. Pichel, R., Feijóo, S., Isorna, M., Varela, J., ve Rial, A. (2022). Analysis of the relationship between school bullying, cyberbullying, and substance use. Children and youth services review, 134, 106369.
43. Poch, M. (2015). The Role of Social Media in Sports when Developing Long-Term Relationships with Fans: The Case of the St. Louis Rams and the LA Galaxy. Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville ProQuest Dissertations and Theses,  2015. 1589179.
44. Ra, C. K., Cho, J., Stone, M. D., De La Cerda, J., Goldenson, N. I., Moroney, E., ... ve Leventhal, A. M. (2018). Association of digital media use with subsequent symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adolescents. Jama, 320(3), 255-263.
45. Sanderson, J., ve Kassing, J. W. (2014). New media and the evolution of fan–athlete interaction. In Routledge handbook of sport and new media (pp. 247-258). Routledge.
46. Sanderson, J., ve Weathers, M. R. (2020). Snapchat and child sexual abuse in sport: Protecting child athletes in the social media age. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 81-94.
47. Smith, L. R., Clavio, G., ve Lang, A. (2021). Does visual framing drive eye gaze behavior? The effects of visual framing of athletes in an increasingly visual social media world. Media Psychology, 24(4), 562-579.
48. Smith, L. R., ve Sanderson, J. (2015). I'm going to Instagram it! An analysis of athlete self-presentation on Instagram. Journal of Broadcasting ve Electronic Media, 59(2), 342-358.
49. Stavros, C., Meng, M. D., Westberg, K., ve Farrelly, F. (2014). Understanding fan motivation for interacting on social media. Sport management review, 17(4), 455-469.
50. Stevens, F., Nurse, J. R., ve Arief, B. (2021). Cyber stalking, cyber harassment, and adult mental health: A systematic review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(6), 367-376.
51. Su, Y., Baker, B. J., Doyle, J. P., ve Kunkel, T. (2020). The rise of an athlete brand: Factors influencing the social media following of athletes. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 29(1), 33-46.
52. Suls, J., ve Wheeler, L. (2012). Social comparison theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 1, 460-482.
53. Suls, J., ve Wills, T. A. (2024). Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research. Taylor ve Francis.
54. Sun, Y., ve Zhang, Y. (2021). A review of theories and models applied in studies of social media addiction and implications for future research. Addictive behaviors, 114, 106699.
55. Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of business research, 104, 333-339.
56. Şirin, Y. E., Olca, G., ve Bahçivan, İ. (2021). Medya ve antrenör-sporcu stres kaynakları ile sporcuların zihinsel dayanıklılıklarının incelenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 307-321.
57. Wang, J., Nansel, T. R., ve Iannotti, R. J. (2011). Cyber and traditional bullying: Differential association with depression. Journal of adolescent health, 48(4), 415-417.
58. Werling, A. M., Kuzhippallil, S., Emery, S., Walitza, S., ve Drechsler, R. (2022). Problematic use of digital media in children and adolescents with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to controls. A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(2), 305-325.
59. Yang, K., Kwon, S., ve Jang, D. (2024). Adolescent athletes’ self-presentations on social media and their self-esteem as moderated by their perceptions of responsiveness by others. Perceptual and motor skills, 131(1), 17-38.