Double Jeopardy for Females: A Bibliometric Review of Gendered Ageism

Öz

Gender-based age discrimination refers to the intersection of age and gender prejudice and discrimination. This is a double jeopardy, where two interacting power systems lead to increased vulnerability. While both men and women experience gender-based age discrimination, evidence suggests that it has much worse health and well-being consequences for older women. However, general attitudes and norms embedded in society can render older women’s experiences of gender-based age discrimination largely invisible. In addition, demographic trends have led to an increased interest in empirical research on age discrimination among older women. Despite the significant increase in the number of published articles, there has not yet been a summarized review of the scientific landscape. This article aims to fill this research gap by providing a bibliometric analysis of the field. The 532 studies included were analyzed with the VOSviewer software. The results of the analyses obtained are presented separately regarding citation and publication number distributions of authors, institutions and countries, network maps and keyword map visuals. The study’s f indings provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature. It helps to identify under-researched areas or gaps in gendered ageism research. This may inspire new research questions and directions for future studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bibliometric analysis
• Double jeopardy
• Gendered ageism
• Intersectionality
• Older women

Kaynakça

1. Abbas, A. F., Jusoh, A., Masod, A., Ali, J., Alsharif, A. H., & Hashem, A. R. (2021). A bibliometric analysis of publications on social media influencers using vosviewer. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 99(23), 5662-5676. google scholar
2. Adams, A., Buckingham, C., Arber, S., McKinlay, J., Marceau, L. and Link, C. (2006). Influence of patient’s age on clinical decision-making about coronary heart disease in the USA and the UK Aging & Society, 26(2), 303-321. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X05004265 google scholar
3. Al Husaeni, D. F., & Nandiyanto, A. B. D. (2021). Bibliometric using VOSviewer with Publish or Perish (using Google Scholar data): From step-by-step processing for users to the practical examples in the analysis of digital learning articles in pre and post Covid-19 pandemic. ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering, 2(1), 19–46. https://doi.org/10.17509/ajse.v2i1.37368 google scholar
4. Allan, L. J., & Johnson, J. A. (2009). Undergraduate attitudes toward the elderly: The role of knowledge, contact, and aging anxiety. Educational Gerontology, 35(1), 1–14. https://doi. org/10.1080/03601270802299780 google scholar
5. Altschuler, J., & Rhee, S. (2015). Relationship power, sexual decision making, and HIV risk among midlife and older women. Journal of Women & Aging, 27(4), 290–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 08952841.2014.954499 google scholar
6. Bai, X., Lai, D. W. L., & Zhang, J. (2023). Development and evaluation of an infusion active aging education model for university students Gerontology and Geriatrics Education, 44(4), 554-573. doi:10.1080/02701960.2022.2117170 google scholar
7. Barrett, A. E. and Cantwell, L. E. (2007). Drawing on stereotypes: Using undergraduates’ sketches of elders as a teaching tool. Educational Gerontology, 33(4), 327-348. doi:10.1080/03601270701198950 google scholar
8. Barrett, A. E. and Naiman-Sessions, M. (2016). ‘It’s our turn to play’: Performance of girlhood as a collective response to gendered ageism. Aging & Society, 36(4), 764-784. doi:10.1017/ S0144686X15000021 google scholar

9. Birkle, C., Pendlebury, D. A., Schnell, J. and Adams, J. (2020). The Web of Science as a data source for research on scientific and scholarly activity. Quantitative Science Studies, 1(1), 363-376. doi: 10.1162/qss_a_00018 google scholar
10. Butt, N. S., Malik, A. A., & Shahbaz, M. Q. (2021). Bibliometric analysis of statistics journals indexed in Web of Science under Emerging Source Citation Index. SAGE Open, 11(1), 2158244020988870. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020988870 google scholar
11. Carney, G. M. (2018). Toward a gender politics of aging. Journal of Women & Aging, 30(3), 242–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2017.1301163 google scholar
12. Cebola, M. M. J., Santos, N. R. dos, & Dionísio, A. (2023). Worker-related ageism: A systematic review of empirical research. Aging & Society, 43(8), 1882-1914. doi:10.1017/S0144686X21001380 google scholar
13. Cherry, K. E. and Palmore, E. (2008). Relating to Older People Evaluation (ROPE): A measure of self-reported ageism Educational Gerontology, 34(10), 849-861. doi:10.1080/03601270802042099 google scholar
14. Choi, E. Y., Kim, Y., Chipalo, E., & Lee, H. Y. (2020). Does perceived ageism widen the digital divide? And does it vary by gender? The Gerontologist, 60(7), 1213–1223. https://doi.org/10.1093/ geront/gnaa066 google scholar
15. Clarke, L. H. and Griffin, M. (2008). Visible and invisible aging: Beauty works as a response to ageism. Aging & Society, 28(5), 653-674. doi:10.1017/S0144686X07007003 google scholar
16. Clarke, L. H. and Korotchenko, A. (2010). Shades of gray: To dye or not to dye one’s hair in later life. Aging & Society, 30(6), 1011-1026. doi:10.1017/S0144686X1000036x google scholar
17. Clarke, L. H. and Korotchenko, A. (2016). “I know it exists ... But I haven’t experienced it personally’: Older Canadian men’s perceptions of ageism as a distant social problem. Aging & Society, 36(8), 1757-1773. doi:10.1017/S0144686X15000689 google scholar
18. Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Leskinen, E. A., Huerta, M., & Magley, V. J. (2013). Selective incivility as modern discrimination in organizations: Evidence and impact. Journal of Management, 39(6), 1579–1605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311418835 google scholar
19. David, N., Duvdevani, I., & Doron, I. (2015). Older women with intellectual disability and the meaning of aging. Journal of Women & Aging, 27(3), 216–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/089528 41.2014.933608 google scholar
20. Denise, E. J. (2014). Multiple disadvantaged statuses and health: The role of multiple forms of discrimination. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 55(1), 3–19. https://doi. org/10.1177/0022146514521215 google scholar
21. D Detwiler, B. P., Caskie, G. I. L., & Johnson, N. L. (2023). It’s complicated: Minority stress, social support, in-group social contact, and sexual minority older adults’ well-being. The Gerontologist, 63(2), 350–360. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnac092 google scholar
22. Duncan, C., & Loretto, W. (2003). Never the right age? Gender and age‐based discrimination in employment. Gender, Work & Organization. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1468-0432.2004.00222.x google scholar
23. Duncan, C., & Loretto, W. (2004). Never the right age? Gender and age-based discrimination in employment. Gender, Work & Organization, 11(1), 95–115. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2004.00222.x google scholar
24. Fiske, S. T. (2012). Managing ambivalent prejudices: Smart-but-cold and warm-but-dumb stereotypes. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 639(1), 33–48. https://doi. org/10.1177/0002716211418444 google scholar
25. Fiske, S. T. (2017). Prejudices in cultural contexts: Shared stereotypes (gender, age) versus variable stereotypes (race, ethnicity, religion). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(5), 791–799. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708204 google scholar
26. Gewirtz-Meydan, A. and Ayalon, L. (2018). Forever young: Visual representations of gender and age in online dating sites for older adults Journal of Women & Aging, 30(6), 484-502. https://doi. org/10.1080/08952841.2017.1330586 google scholar
27. Hand, M. D., & Ihara, E. S. (2024). Ageism, racism, sexism, and work with older healthcare clients: Why an intersectional approach is needed in practice, policy, education, and research. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 98(1), 27–38. https://doi. org/10.1177/00914150231171843 google scholar
28. Ho, Y.-S. (2020). Some comments on using the Web of Science for bibliometric studies [Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Vol. 25]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(6), 6711-6713. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06515-x google scholar
29. Hurd, L. (2000). Older women’s body image and embodied experience: An exploration Journal of Women & Aging, 12(3–4), 77-97. https://doi.org/10.1300/J074v12n03_06 google scholar
30. Intrieri, R. C. and Kurth, M. L. (2018). Racial differences in attitudes toward aging, aging knowledge, and contact. Educational Gerontology, 44(1), 40-53. doi:10.1080/03601277.2017.1388962 google scholar
31. Iversen, T. N., Larsen, L. and Solem, P. E. (2009). A conceptual analysis of ageism. Nordic Psychology, 61(3), 4-22. doi:10.1027/1901-2276.61.3.4 google scholar
32. Jacobs, R. J., & Kane, M. N. (2011). Psychosocial predictors of self-esteem in a multiethnic sample of women over 50 at risk of HIV. Journal of Women & Aging, 23(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1 080/08952841.2011.540484 google scholar
33. Kalavar, J. (2001). Examining ageism: Do male and female college students differ? Educational Gerontology, 27(6), 507-513. doi:10.1080/036012701316894199 google scholar
34. Kane, M. N. (2006). Ageism and gender among social work and criminal justice students Educational Gerontology, 32(10), 859-880. doi:10.1080/03601270600846543 google scholar
35. Kaya, A., & Hatunoğlu, Z. (2023). Publications on accounting standards in the Web of Science database: A bibliometric analysis. Muhasebe Bilim Dünyası Dergisi, 25(1), 1–26. https://doi. org/10.31460/mbdd.1033598 google scholar
36. Kirby, A. (2023). Exploratory bibliometrics: Using VOSviewer as a preliminary research tool. Publications, 11(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications11010010 google scholar Koettl, H., Allen, L. D., Mannheim, I., & Ayalon, L. (2023). Associations between everyday ICT usage and (self-)ageism: A systematic literature review. The Gerontologist, 63(7), 1172–1187. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnac075 google scholar
37. Krings, V. C., Steeden, B., Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2021). Social attitudes and behavior in the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence and prospects from research on group processes and intergroup relations Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 195-200. doi: 10.1177/1368430220986673 google scholar
38. Lee, Y.-S. (2009). Measures of student attitudes on aging. Educational Gerontology, 35(2), 121–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270802523577 google scholar
39. Li, Q., Noah, A., & Knight, B. (2023). Empathy and ageism among college students in non-medical institutions: The mediating role of empathy Educational Gerontology, 49(2), 109-120. doi:10.1 080/03601277.2022.2073425 google scholar
40. López Belmonte, J., Segura-Robles, A., Moreno-Guerrero, A.-J., & Parra-González, M. E. (2020). Machine learning and big data in the impact literature: A bibliometric review with scientific mapping in the Web of Science. Symmetry, 12(4), 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12040495 google scholar
41. Lopez, J., Noriega, C., & Giner, M. (2020). Development and validation of ageist myths in a psychotherapy questionnaire: Professional ageism among psychology graduate students Educational Gerontology, 46(10), 642-652. doi:10.1080/03601277.2020.1801705 google scholar
42. Macrae, H. (2018). `My opinion is that doctors prefer younger people’: Older women, physicians and ageism’. Aging & Society, 38(2), 240-266. doi:10.1017/S0144686X16001021 google scholar
43. McAllister, J. T., Lennertz, L., & Atencio Mojica, Z. (2022). Mapping a discipline: A guide to using VOSviewer for bibliometric and visual analysis. Science and Technology Libraries, 41(3), 319348. doi:10.1080/0194262X.2021.1991547 google scholar
44. McInnes, A. (2022). Navigating the choppy waters to Nirvana: A critical reflective account of caring for aging parents in the fourth age. Aging & Society, 42(10), 2227-2243. doi:10.1017/ S0144686X20001956 google scholar
45. Megatama, P., Nuryakin, N., Widowati, R., & Handayani, S. D. (2022). Bibliometric analysis: Consumers’ interest in e-commerce using VOSviewer. Journal of Economics and Business, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.05.03.449 google scholar
46. Meliou, E., & Mallett, O. (2022). Negotiating gendered aging: Intersectional reflexivity and experiences of incongruity among self-employed older women. Work, Employment and Society, 36(1), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017021994489 google scholar
47. Nan, D., Sun, S., Gopi, S., Lee, K. M., & Kim, J. H. (2023). A bibliometric analysis of Metaverse research using VOSviewer. In 2023 17th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM) (pp. 1–4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ IMCOM56909.2023.10035584 google scholar
48. Nelson, T. (2005). Ageism: Prejudice against our feared future self. Journal of Social Issues, 61(2), 207-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00402.x google scholar
49. North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). An inconvenient youth? Ageism and its potential intergenerational roots. Psychological Bulletin, 138(5), 982–997. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027843 google scholar
50. Ong, J. (2022). The gender confidence gap: A life course and intersectional approach. google scholar
51. Panagopoulou, M., Panaretos, D., & Sahinidis, A. G. (2024). Self-ageism among women in Greece: The role of burnout in career decision-making self-efficacy. Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review, 8(2), 8-18. https://doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv8i2p1 google scholar
52. Pickard, S. (2023). Exploring ageism as a structure of consciousness across the female life course through the work of Simone de Beauvoir. The Gerontologist, 63(5), 812–819. https://doi. org/10.1093/geront/gnac123 google scholar
53. Roy, S., & Ayalon, L. (2020). Age and gender stereotypes reflected in Google’s “autocomplete” function: The portrayal and possible spread of societal stereotypes. The Gerontologist, 60(6), e344–e352. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz172 google scholar
54. Sánchez-Izquierdo, M., García-Sánchez, R., & Fernández-Ballesteros, R. (2022). Anti-ageism social actions: Lights and shadows. Land, 11(2), Article 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020195 google scholar
55. Sánchez-Román, M., Autric-Tamayo, G., Fernandez-Mayoralas, G., Rojo-Perez, F., Agulló-Tomás, M. S., Sánchez-González, D., & Rodriguez-Rodriguez, V. (2022). Social image of old age, gendered ageism and inclusive places: Older people in the media. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), Article 17031. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph192417031 google scholar
56. Shadrina, A. (2022). Enacting the babushka: Older Russian women `doing’ age, gender and class by accepting the role of a stoic carer. Ageing and Society. doi:10.1017/S0144686X2200037X google scholar
57. Simpson, P., Horne, M., Brown, L. J. E., Wilson, C. B., Dickinson, T., & Torkington, K. (2017). Old(er) care home residents and sexual/intimate citizenship. Aging & Society, 37(2), 243-265. doi:10.1017/S0144686X15001105 google scholar
58. Soidre, T. (2005). Retirement-age preferences of women and men aged 55-64 years in Sweden. Aging & Society, 25(6), 943-963. doi:10.1017/S0144686X05004216 google scholar
59. Thrasher, G. R., Rudolph, C. W., & Hammond, M. M. (2023). Intersectional role-(in)congruity effects of age and gender on leadership evaluations. Group & Organization Management, 49(1), 3–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/10596011231212243 google scholar
60. United Nations. (2020). Decade of healthy aging: Plan of action. World Health Organization. https:// www.who.int/publications/m/item/decade-of-healthy-aging-plan-of-action google scholar
61. Walker, R. V., & Zelin, A. I. (2021). “You’re too young/old for this”: The intersection of ageism and sexism in the workplace In Older Women Who Work: Resilience, Choice, and Change (pp. 161– 187). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000212-010 google scholar
62. Wallach, I. and Brotman, S. (2018). The intimate lives of older adults living with HIV: a qualitative study of the challenges associated with the intersection of HIV and aging. Aging & Society, 38(12), 2490-2518. doi:10.1017/S0144686X1700068X google scholar
63. Wang, J., & Kim, H.-S. (2023). Visualizing the landscape of home IoT research: A bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer. Sensors, 23(6), 3086. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063086 google scholar
64. Ward, R., & Holland, C. (2011). `If I look old, I will be treated old’: Hair and later-life image dilemmas. Aging & Society, 31(2), 288-307. doi:10.1017/S0144686X10000863 google scholar
65. Westwood, S. (2023). “It’s not being seen that is most tiresome”: Older women, invisibility and social (in)justice. Journal Of Women & Aging, 35(6), 557-572. doi:10.1080/08952841.2023.21 97658 google scholar
66. World Health Organization. (2007). Global age-friendly cities: A guide. https://iris.who.int/ handle/10665/43755 google scholar
67. Wrenn, C., & Lizardi, A. (2021). Older, greener, and wiser: Charting the experiences of older women in the American vegan movement. Journal of Women & Aging, 33(6), 653-675. https://doi.org/1 0.1080/08952841.2020.1749501 google scholar