There has been a notable rise in the elderly population and urbanization on a global scale. Urban design plays a crucial role in meeting the demands of the older population and promoting their social engagement and independence. The World Health Organization has published an eight-domain guide to age-friendly cities. Transportation is considered one of the primary concerns highlighted by the WHO. Accessible and reliable transportation helps older adults maintain independence and participate in various social and recreational activities. This research aims to investigate, evaluate, and compare the age-friendliness of urban transportation networksby assessing the complexity and extent of the transportation system using fractal geometry in two particular areas of Istanbul, namely Beşiktaş and Kadıköy. The box-counting analysis was conducted on both the Beşiktaş and Kadıköy public transportation networks in Istanbul, which are part of the age-friendly network, to assess their age-friendliness and efficiency. The findings of this study indicate that the public transportation system in Kadıköy exhibits a greater level of complexity and self-similarity compared to the system in Besiktas. The public transportation system in Kadikoy demonstrates a higher fractal dimension, suggesting a heightened level of connectivity and efficiency compared to the system in Beşiktaş. The findings of this study can be utilized in the context of public transportation to assess its efficacy by identifying its advantages and disadvantages. Consequently, the objective of this approach is to assist policymakers and planners in obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the advantages and disadvantages associated with the existing transportation infrastructure.
Abid, R. I., & Tortum, A. (2021). The Fractal Geometry of Turkey’s Urban Transportation Networks. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 25(4), 1455–1466. doi:10.1007/s12205-021-1538-z
Abid, R. I., Tortum, A., & Atalay, A. (2021). Fractal Dimensions of Road Networks in Amman Metropolitan Districts. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 60(4), 4203–4212. doi:10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.020
Benguigui, L., Czamanski, D., Marinov, M., & Portugali, Y. (2000). When and where is a city fractal? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 27(4), 507–519. doi:10.1068/b2617
Besiktas Municipality - Age-Friendly World. (2019). Retrieved 14 January 2024, from https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/network/besiktas-municipality/
Bokolo, A. Jnr. (2023). Inclusive and Safe Mobility Needs of Senior Citizens: Implications for Age-Friendly Cities and Communities. Urban Science, 7(4), 103. doi:10.3390/urbansci7040103
Chen, W.-K., & Wang, P. (2013). Fuzzy Forecasting with Fractal Analysis for the Time Series of Environmental Pollution (pp. 199–213). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33439-9_9
Dasari, S., & Gupta, S. (2020). Application of Fractal Analysis in Evaluation of Urban Road Networks in small sized city of India: Case city of Karimnagar. In Transportation Research Procedia (Vol. 48, pp. 1987–1997). Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.227
Deng, H., Wen, W., & Zhang, W. (2023). Analysis of Road Networks Features of Urban Municipal District Based on Fractal Dimension. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 12(5). doi:10.3390/ijgi12050188
Fatima, K., & Moridpour, S. (2019). Measuring Public Transport Accessibility for Elderly. doi:10.1051/matecconf/20192
Fitzgerald, K. G., & Caro, F. G. (2014). An Overview of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities Around the World. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 26(1–2), 1–18. doi:10.1080/08959420.2014.860786
Frankhauser, P. (2015). From fractal urban pattern analysis to fractal urban planning concepts. In Computational Approaches for Urban Environments (pp. 13–48). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11469-9_2
Ghanat Bari, M., & Tekel, A. (2022). Fractal Dimension of Streetscape as a Proxy to the Design Dimension of the Built Environment in Walkability Research. Gazi University Journal of Science, 35(3), 793–806. doi:10.35378/gujs.721355
Golob, T. F., & Hensher, D. A. (2007). The trip chaining activity of Sydney residents: A cross-section assessment by age group with a focus on seniors. Journal of Transport Geography, 15(4), 298–312. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.09.005
Islam, M. R. (2016). Ageism and Age Discrimination in Old Age: An Overview. Philosophy and Progress, 91–108. doi:10.3329/pp.v55i1-2.26392
Jahanmiri, F., & Parker, D. C. (2022, April 1). An Overview of Fractal Geometry Applied to Urban Planning. Land. MDPI. doi:10.3390/land11040475
Kadıköy - Age-Friendly World. (2016). Retrieved 14 January 2024, from https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/network/kadikoy/
Kim, K., Buckley, T., Burnette, D., Kim, S., & Cho, S. (2022). Measurement Indicators of Age-Friendly Communities: Findings from the AARP Age-Friendly Community Survey. Gerontologist, 62(1), E17–E27. doi:10.1093/geront/gnab055
Klicnik, I., & Dogra, S. (2019). Perspectives on active transportation in a mid-sized age-friendly city: “you stay home”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24). doi:10.3390/ijerph16244916
Lagarias, A. (2008). Evaluating Urban Sprawl Patterns through Fractal Analysis: The Case of Greek Metropolitan Areas and Issues of Sustainable Development. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254415007
Lagarias, A., & Prastacos, P. (2020). Comparing the urban form of South European cities using fractal dimensions. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 47(7), 1149–1166. doi:10.1177/2399808318820911
Lagarias, A., & Prastacos, P. (2021). Fractal dimension of European Cities: A comparison of the patterns of built-up areas in the urban core and the peri-urban ring. CyberGeo, 2021. doi:10.4000/cybergeo.37243
Lui, C. W., Everingham, J. A., Warburton, J., Cuthill, M., & Bartlett, H. (2009, September). What makes a community age-friendly: A review of international literature. Australasian Journal on Ageing. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6612.2009.00355.x
Marsden, G., Jopson, Cattan, & Woodward. (2007). Citation:) Transport and Older People: Integrating Transport Planning Tools with User Needs. Project Report. Institute for Transport Studies. Retrieved from https://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/id/eprint/844/
Batty, M., & Longley, P. (1994). Fractal cities: A geometry of form and function. Academic Press. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/fractalcitiesgeo0000batt
Michael, Y. L., Whitlock, E. P., Lin, J. S., Fu, R., O’connor, E. A., & Gold, R. (2010). Primary Care-Relevant Interventions to Prevent Falling in Older Adults: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Retrieved from www.annals.org
Muñoz, V., Domínguez, M., Alejandro Valdivia, J., Good, S., Nigro, G., & Carbone, V. (2018). Evolution of fractality in space plasmas of interest to geomagnetic activity. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 25(1), 207–216. doi:10.5194/npg-25-207-2018
Musselwhite, C. B. A., & Shergold, I. (2013). Examining the process of driving cessation in later life. European Journal of Ageing, 10(2), 89–100. doi:10.1007/s10433-012-0252-6
Ostwald, M. J. (2013). The fractal analysis of architecture: Calibrating the box-counting method using scaling coeffi cient and grid disposition variables. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 40(4), 644–663. doi:10.1068/b38124
Saif, M. A., Zefreh, M. M., & Torok, A. (2018). Public transport accessibility: A literature review. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering. Budapest University of Technology and Economics. doi:10.3311/PPtr.12072
Santos, N. M., & Santos, D. M. F. (2018). A fractal dimension minimum in electrodeposited copper dendritic patterns. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 116, 381–385. doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2018.09.042
Shen, G. (2002). Fractal dimension and fractal growth of urbanized areas. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 16(5), 419–437. doi:10.1080/13658810210137013
Sreelekha, M. G., Krishnamurthy, K., & Anjaneyulu, M. V. L. R. (2016a). Interaction between Road Network Connectivity and Spatial Pattern. Procedia Technology, 24, 131–139. doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05.019
Sreelekha, M. G., Krishnamurthy, K., & Anjaneyulu, M. V. L. R. (2016b). Interaction between Road Network Connectivity and Spatial Pattern. Procedia Technology, 24, 131–139. doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05.019
Sreelekha, M. G., Krishnamurthy, K., & L R Anjaneyulu, M. V. (2017). Fractal Assessment of Road Transport System (Vol. 65).
Terzi, F., & Kaya, H. S. (2011). Dynamic spatial analysis of urban sprawl through fractal geometry: The case of Istanbul. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 38(1), 175–190. doi:10.1068/b35096
Thomas, I., Frankhauser, P., & Biernacki, C. (2008). The morphology of built-up landscapes in Wallonia (Belgium): A classification using fractal indices. Landscape and Urban Planning, 84(2), 99–115. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.07.002
Wang, H., Luo, S., & Luo, T. (2017). Fractal characteristics of urban surface transit and road networks: Case study of Strasbourg, France. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 9(2). doi:10.1177/1687814017692289
WHO. (2007). Global Age-friendly Cities : a Guide. World Health Organization.
Yaşlı Dostu Toplu Ulaşım Sistemi'nin Fraktal Analizleri: İstanbul Kadıköy ve Beşiktaş'ın Karşılaştırması
Küresel ölçekte yaşlı nüfusta ve kentselleşmede dikkate değer bir artış görülmektedir. Kent tasarımı, yaşlı nüfusun taleplerini karşılamak ve sosyal katılımlarını ve bağımsızlıklarını teşvik etmek açısından önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO), yaş dostu şehirler için sekiz alanlı bir rehber yayınlamıştır. Ulaşım, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından vurgulanan başlıca ilgili alan olarak kabul edilmektedir. Erişilebilir ve güvenilir ulaşım, yaşlı yetişkinlerin bağımsızlıklarını sürdürmelerine ve çeşitli sosyal ve rekreasyonel etkinliklere katılmalarına yardımcı olur. Bu araştırma, İstanbul’un Beşiktaş ve Kadıköy bölgeleri olmak üzere iki belirli alanında, şehir ulaşım ağlarının ne kadar yaş dostu olduğunu incelemeyi, değerlendirmeyi ve karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Fraktal geometri kullanarak ulaşım sisteminin karmaşıklık ve kapsamını değerlendirerek, Beşiktaş ve Kadıköy toplu taşıma ağları üzerinde kutu sayma analizi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, Kadıköy’deki toplu taşıma sisteminin Beşiktaş’taki sisteme kıyasla daha yüksek bir karmaşıklık ve özbenzerlik düzeyi sergilediğini göstermektedir. Kadıköy’deki toplu taşıma sistemi, Beşiktaş’taki sisteme kıyasla daha yüksek bir fraktal boyut sergileyerek, bağlantı ve verimlilik düzeyinde artış olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, mevcut ulaşım altyapısı ile ilişkilendirilerek, toplu taşıma bağlamında etkinliğini değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir. Dolayısıyla, bu yaklaşımın amacı, politika yapıcılara ve planlamacılara, mevcut ulaşım altyapısıyla ilişkili avantajlar ve dezavantajlar konusunda kapsamlı bir anlayış sağlamaktır.
Abid, R. I., & Tortum, A. (2021). The Fractal Geometry of Turkey’s Urban Transportation Networks. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 25(4), 1455–1466. doi:10.1007/s12205-021-1538-z
Abid, R. I., Tortum, A., & Atalay, A. (2021). Fractal Dimensions of Road Networks in Amman Metropolitan Districts. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 60(4), 4203–4212. doi:10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.020
Benguigui, L., Czamanski, D., Marinov, M., & Portugali, Y. (2000). When and where is a city fractal? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 27(4), 507–519. doi:10.1068/b2617
Besiktas Municipality - Age-Friendly World. (2019). Retrieved 14 January 2024, from https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/network/besiktas-municipality/
Bokolo, A. Jnr. (2023). Inclusive and Safe Mobility Needs of Senior Citizens: Implications for Age-Friendly Cities and Communities. Urban Science, 7(4), 103. doi:10.3390/urbansci7040103
Chen, W.-K., & Wang, P. (2013). Fuzzy Forecasting with Fractal Analysis for the Time Series of Environmental Pollution (pp. 199–213). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33439-9_9
Dasari, S., & Gupta, S. (2020). Application of Fractal Analysis in Evaluation of Urban Road Networks in small sized city of India: Case city of Karimnagar. In Transportation Research Procedia (Vol. 48, pp. 1987–1997). Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.227
Deng, H., Wen, W., & Zhang, W. (2023). Analysis of Road Networks Features of Urban Municipal District Based on Fractal Dimension. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 12(5). doi:10.3390/ijgi12050188
Fatima, K., & Moridpour, S. (2019). Measuring Public Transport Accessibility for Elderly. doi:10.1051/matecconf/20192
Fitzgerald, K. G., & Caro, F. G. (2014). An Overview of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities Around the World. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 26(1–2), 1–18. doi:10.1080/08959420.2014.860786
Frankhauser, P. (2015). From fractal urban pattern analysis to fractal urban planning concepts. In Computational Approaches for Urban Environments (pp. 13–48). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11469-9_2
Ghanat Bari, M., & Tekel, A. (2022). Fractal Dimension of Streetscape as a Proxy to the Design Dimension of the Built Environment in Walkability Research. Gazi University Journal of Science, 35(3), 793–806. doi:10.35378/gujs.721355
Golob, T. F., & Hensher, D. A. (2007). The trip chaining activity of Sydney residents: A cross-section assessment by age group with a focus on seniors. Journal of Transport Geography, 15(4), 298–312. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.09.005
Islam, M. R. (2016). Ageism and Age Discrimination in Old Age: An Overview. Philosophy and Progress, 91–108. doi:10.3329/pp.v55i1-2.26392
Jahanmiri, F., & Parker, D. C. (2022, April 1). An Overview of Fractal Geometry Applied to Urban Planning. Land. MDPI. doi:10.3390/land11040475
Kadıköy - Age-Friendly World. (2016). Retrieved 14 January 2024, from https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/network/kadikoy/
Kim, K., Buckley, T., Burnette, D., Kim, S., & Cho, S. (2022). Measurement Indicators of Age-Friendly Communities: Findings from the AARP Age-Friendly Community Survey. Gerontologist, 62(1), E17–E27. doi:10.1093/geront/gnab055
Klicnik, I., & Dogra, S. (2019). Perspectives on active transportation in a mid-sized age-friendly city: “you stay home”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24). doi:10.3390/ijerph16244916
Lagarias, A. (2008). Evaluating Urban Sprawl Patterns through Fractal Analysis: The Case of Greek Metropolitan Areas and Issues of Sustainable Development. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254415007
Lagarias, A., & Prastacos, P. (2020). Comparing the urban form of South European cities using fractal dimensions. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 47(7), 1149–1166. doi:10.1177/2399808318820911
Lagarias, A., & Prastacos, P. (2021). Fractal dimension of European Cities: A comparison of the patterns of built-up areas in the urban core and the peri-urban ring. CyberGeo, 2021. doi:10.4000/cybergeo.37243
Lui, C. W., Everingham, J. A., Warburton, J., Cuthill, M., & Bartlett, H. (2009, September). What makes a community age-friendly: A review of international literature. Australasian Journal on Ageing. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6612.2009.00355.x
Marsden, G., Jopson, Cattan, & Woodward. (2007). Citation:) Transport and Older People: Integrating Transport Planning Tools with User Needs. Project Report. Institute for Transport Studies. Retrieved from https://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/id/eprint/844/
Batty, M., & Longley, P. (1994). Fractal cities: A geometry of form and function. Academic Press. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/fractalcitiesgeo0000batt
Michael, Y. L., Whitlock, E. P., Lin, J. S., Fu, R., O’connor, E. A., & Gold, R. (2010). Primary Care-Relevant Interventions to Prevent Falling in Older Adults: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Retrieved from www.annals.org
Muñoz, V., Domínguez, M., Alejandro Valdivia, J., Good, S., Nigro, G., & Carbone, V. (2018). Evolution of fractality in space plasmas of interest to geomagnetic activity. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 25(1), 207–216. doi:10.5194/npg-25-207-2018
Musselwhite, C. B. A., & Shergold, I. (2013). Examining the process of driving cessation in later life. European Journal of Ageing, 10(2), 89–100. doi:10.1007/s10433-012-0252-6
Ostwald, M. J. (2013). The fractal analysis of architecture: Calibrating the box-counting method using scaling coeffi cient and grid disposition variables. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 40(4), 644–663. doi:10.1068/b38124
Saif, M. A., Zefreh, M. M., & Torok, A. (2018). Public transport accessibility: A literature review. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering. Budapest University of Technology and Economics. doi:10.3311/PPtr.12072
Santos, N. M., & Santos, D. M. F. (2018). A fractal dimension minimum in electrodeposited copper dendritic patterns. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 116, 381–385. doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2018.09.042
Shen, G. (2002). Fractal dimension and fractal growth of urbanized areas. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 16(5), 419–437. doi:10.1080/13658810210137013
Sreelekha, M. G., Krishnamurthy, K., & Anjaneyulu, M. V. L. R. (2016a). Interaction between Road Network Connectivity and Spatial Pattern. Procedia Technology, 24, 131–139. doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05.019
Sreelekha, M. G., Krishnamurthy, K., & Anjaneyulu, M. V. L. R. (2016b). Interaction between Road Network Connectivity and Spatial Pattern. Procedia Technology, 24, 131–139. doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05.019
Sreelekha, M. G., Krishnamurthy, K., & L R Anjaneyulu, M. V. (2017). Fractal Assessment of Road Transport System (Vol. 65).
Terzi, F., & Kaya, H. S. (2011). Dynamic spatial analysis of urban sprawl through fractal geometry: The case of Istanbul. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 38(1), 175–190. doi:10.1068/b35096
Thomas, I., Frankhauser, P., & Biernacki, C. (2008). The morphology of built-up landscapes in Wallonia (Belgium): A classification using fractal indices. Landscape and Urban Planning, 84(2), 99–115. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.07.002
Wang, H., Luo, S., & Luo, T. (2017). Fractal characteristics of urban surface transit and road networks: Case study of Strasbourg, France. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 9(2). doi:10.1177/1687814017692289
WHO. (2007). Global Age-friendly Cities : a Guide. World Health Organization.
Fathkabir, M., & İnalhan, G. (2024). Fractal Analyzes of Age-Friendly Transportation System: A Comparison of the Istanbul Kadikoy and Besiktas. Senex: Yaşlılık Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 17-30.