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Sosyal Medya Çağında Sahte Haberlerin Yükselişi Ve Sahte Haber/Paylaşımla Mücadele

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 115 - 142, 30.11.2025

Öz

Bu çalışma, sosyal medyada sahte haberin yayılma dinamiklerini ve bu soruna karşı geliştirilen mücadele stratejilerini çok boyutlu bir yaklaşımla incelemektedir. Özellikle sosyal medya algoritmaları, yankı odaları (echo chambers) ve kullanıcıların içerik tüketim ve paylaşım davranışları, sahte bilginin dolaşımını etkileyen temel unsurlar olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Algoritmalar, kullanıcılara önceki tercihlerine benzer içerikleri sunarak bilgi çeşitliliğini azaltmakta; bu da kullanıcıları yalnızca kendi görüşlerini destekleyen içeriklerle karşılaştırmakta ve kutuplaşmayı derinleştirmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, medya okuryazarlığı eğitimlerinin önemi, çevrimiçi doğrulama girişimleri ve ülkelerin sahte haberle mücadele kapsamında geliştirdiği yasal düzenlemeler de kapsamlı biçimde ele alınmaktadır. Bu yöntemlerin her biri, sahte haberin etkilerini azaltma potansiyeli taşısa da, tek başına yeterli olmamaktadır. Yapılan değerlendirmeler, sahte haberle etkili mücadele için teknoloji temelli çözümlerin yanı sıra, bireylerin eleştirel düşünme becerilerini geliştirecek eğitim programlarına ve açık, demokratik ilkeler çerçevesinde yapılandırılmış yasal düzenlemelere ihtiyaç olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak, sahte haberin yayılması çok katmanlı bir sorundur ve buna karşı geliştirilecek stratejilerin de teknoloji, eğitim ve regülasyon gibi farklı boyutları kapsayan entegre bir yaklaşımı benimsemesi gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda, toplumsal farkındalık artırılmalı, dijital platformlar daha sorumlu hale getirilmeli ve bireylerin dijital medya ortamında bilinçli içerik tüketicileri olmaları sağlanmalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Abbamonte, G. B., & Gori, P. (2023). Freedom of speech and the regulation of fake news in the European Union: The EU policy to tackle disinformation.
  • Agrawal, A. (2016, October). Clickbait detection using deep learning. Proceedings of the 2016 2nd International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT), 268–272. IEEE.
  • Akyüz, S. S., Kazaz, M., & Gülnar, B. (2021). Sosyal medyada sahte haberlerin yayılımı: Selçuk Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 14(1), 216–239.
  • Arke, E. T. (2005). Media literacy and critical thinking: Is there a connection? Duquesne University. Auxier, B., & Anderson, M. (2021). Social media use in 2021. Pew Research Center, 1(1), 1–4.
  • Balcı, Ş., & Yeles Karaman, S. (2023). Sosyal medya kullanım motivasyonlarının yalan haber paylaşımı üzerindeki etkileri. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 10(2), 749–775.
  • Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132.
  • Baptista, J. P., & Gradim, A. (2022). A working definition of fake news. Encyclopedia, 2(1), 43–54.
  • Bryanov, K., & Vziatysheva, V. (2021). Determinants of individuals’ belief in fake news: A scoping review determinants of belief in fake news. PLOS ONE, 16(6), e0253717.
  • Buchanan, T. (2020). Why do people spread false information online? The effects of message and viewer characteristics on self-reported likelihood of sharing social media disinformation. PLOS ONE, 15(10), e0239666.
  • Cheng, L., Guo, R., Shu, K., & Liu, H. (2021). Causal understanding of fake news dissemination on social media. Proceedings of the 27th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. https://doi.org/10.1145/3447548.3467321
  • Cinelli, M., De Francisci Morales, G., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9), e2023301118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118
  • Collins, E., Donovan, J., & Wardle, C. (2020). The role of fact-checking in mitigating fake news. Digital Journalism, 8(3), 247–266.
  • Çelik, S. (2021). Sosyal medyada yanlış bilginin yayılımı ve etkileri. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 9(3), 234–251. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/erciyesiletisim/issue/79204/1189483
  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Demir, M., & Şahin, B. (2023). Sosyal medya platformlarında yankı odaları ve sahte haberler. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(1), 98–114. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ejnm/issue/77129/1260611
  • Ehsanfar, A., & Mansouri, M. (2021). Incentivizing the dissemination of truth versus fake news in social networks. IEEE Xplore. https://doi.org/10.1109/XXXXXX
  • Erdoğan, K. (2022). Makine öğrenmesi ile sosyal medyada sahte haber tespiti. İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 45–59. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1023416
  • Feuerstein, M. (1999). Media literacy in support of critical thinking. Journal of Educational Media, 24(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358165990240104
  • Fuchs, C. (2010). Alternative media as critical media. European Journal of Social Theory, 13(2), 173–192.
  • Garimella, K., Morales, G. D. F., Gionis, A., & Mathioudakis, M. (2018). Political discourse on social media: Echo chambers, gatekeepers, and the price of bipartisanship. Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference (WWW 2018), 913–922. https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186139
  • Gil de Zúñiga, H., Weeks, B., & Ardèvol-Abreu, A. (2017). Effects of the news-finds-me perception in communication: Social media use implications for news seeking and learning about politics. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(3), 105–123.
  • Hase, V., Boczek, K., & Scharkow, M. (2023). Adapting to affordances and audiences? A cross-platform, multi-modal analysis of the platformization of news on Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter. Digital Journalism, 11(8), 1499–1520.
  • Hendrickx, J. (2023). From newspapers to TikTok: Social media journalism as the fourth wave of news production, diffusion and consumption. In Blurring Boundaries of Journalism in Digital Media: New Actors, Models and Practices (pp. 229–246). Springer International Publishing.
  • Hinds, S. (2019). The European Union approach to disinformation and misinformation: The case of the 2019 European Parliament elections (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Jacobs, L. G. (2023). Regulation of fake news and the constitutional foundations of freedom of expression in the United States. In O. Pollicino (Ed.), Freedom of speech and the regulation of fake news (pp. 541–576). Intersentia.
  • Kachkaeva, A., Kolchina, A., Shomova, S., & Yarovaya, E. (2020). Trust, but verify: Problems of formation of media literacy and critical thinking of Russian students. Media Practice and Education, 21(3), 200–211.
  • Koç, H. (2022). Sosyal medya kullanıcılarının haber paylaşım motivasyonları ve sahte haberler. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 88–103.
  • Kulular, İ., & Merve, A. (2022). Sosyal medyaya yönelik yeni düzenlemelerin hukuken değerlendirilmesi. Bilişim Hukuku Dergisi, 4(1), 1–32.
  • Martel, C., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5, 1–20.
  • Mazur, V., & Chochia, A. (2022). Definition and regulation as an effective measure to fight fake news in the European Union. European Studies, 9(1), 15–40.
  • Mohseni, S., & Ragan, E. (2018). Combating fake news with interpretable news feed algorithms. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1811.12349.
  • Mont’Alverne, C., Badrinathan, S., Ross Arguedas, A., Toff, B., Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2022). The trust gap: How and why news on digital platforms is viewed more skeptically versus news in general. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
  • Naeem, B., Khan, A., Beg, M. O., & Mujtaba, H. (2020). A deep learning framework for clickbait detection on social area network using natural language cues. Journal of Computational Social Science, 3(1), 231–243.
  • Ojha, R. P., Srivastava, P. K., Awasthi, S., Srivastava, V., Pandey, P. S., Dwivedi, R. S., Singh, R., & Galletta, A. (2023). Controlling of fake information dissemination in online social networks: An epidemiological approach. IEEE Access.
  • Özbay, F. A., & Alataş, B. (2020). Çevrimiçi sosyal medyada sahte haber tespiti. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 11(1), 91–103.
  • Özdemir, A. (2021). Dijital çağda sahte haberin yükselişi ve mücadele yöntemleri. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, 34(2), 120–138.
  • Rhodes, S. C. (2022). Filter bubbles, echo chambers, and fake news: How social media conditions individuals to be less critical of political misinformation. Political Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2021.1910887
  • Saguş, A. (2023). Struggling for reality: A sociological analysis of Turkey's internet regulations (Master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University).
  • Silverblatt, A. (2018). Media literacy and critical thinking. International Journal of Media and Information Literacy, 3(2), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.13187/ijmil.2018.2.66
  • Sukhodolov, A. P., & Bychkova, A. M. (2017). Fake news as a modern media phenomenon: Definition, types, role of fake news, and ways of counteracting it. Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism, 6(2), 143–169.
  • Tandoc Jr, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “fake news”: A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137–153.
  • Temir, E. (2020). Deepfake: Dezenformasyon çağında yeni dönem ve güvenilir haberciliğin sonu. Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 13(2), 1009–1024. https://doi.org/10.18094/JOSC.685338
  • Terian, S. M. (2021). What is fake news: A new definition. Transilvania, 11–12, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.11-12.17
  • Terren, L., & Borge, R. (2021). Echo chambers on social media: A systematic review of the literature. Review of Communication Research, 9, 99–118. https://doi.org/10.12840/ISSN.2255-4165.028
  • Vázquez-Herrero, J., Negreira-Rey, M.-C., & Sixto-García, J. (2022). Mind the gap! Journalism on social media and news consumption among young audiences. International Journal of Communication, 16, 3822–3842.
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151.
  • Yaşar, İ. H., & Uğurhan, Y. Z. C. (2021). Haber edinme amaçlı sosyal medya kullanım sıklığının haber paylaşma davranışı üzerindeki rolü: Bir saha çalışması. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(2), 1182–1198.
  • Yıldız, E., & Özmen, Ş. Y. (2023). Sosyal medya platformlarıyla birlikte habercilik pratiklerinin dönüşümü. Düşünce ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.55796/dusuncevetoplum.1191122
  • Zhang, X., & Li, W. (2020). From social media with news: Journalists’ social media use for sourcing and verification. Journalism Practice, 14(10), 1193–1210.

The Rise of Fake News in the Age of Social Media and Strategies to Combat Disinformation and Misinformation

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 115 - 142, 30.11.2025

Öz

This study investigates the proliferation of fake news in the age of social media, focusing on its structural, psychological, and technological drivers, as well as the multi-dimensional strategies proposed to counter it. Drawing on an extensive review of interdisciplinary literature from 2015 to 2023, the paper analyzes how social media algorithms, echo chambers, and user behavior contribute to the viral spread of misinformation and disinformation. Particular attention is given to emotional engagement, cognitive bias, and algorithmic filtering, all of which reinforce ideologically homogeneous environments and reduce critical exposure to diverse viewpoints. The review also evaluates countermeasures such as media literacy education, fact-checking systems, artificial intelligence tools, and legal regulations including recent legislative developments in Turkey. The findings highlight that no single approach is sufficient to address the complexity of fake news. Instead, the study advocates for an integrated framework combining technology, regulation, education, and platform accountability. By synthesizing current research and identifying ongoing challenges, this paper contributes to the theoretical foundation for future empirical studies. Ultimately, combating misinformation in digital environments requires not only technical solutions but also a societal commitment to fostering critical thinking and information literacy across all age groups and user communities.

Kaynakça

  • Abbamonte, G. B., & Gori, P. (2023). Freedom of speech and the regulation of fake news in the European Union: The EU policy to tackle disinformation.
  • Agrawal, A. (2016, October). Clickbait detection using deep learning. Proceedings of the 2016 2nd International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT), 268–272. IEEE.
  • Akyüz, S. S., Kazaz, M., & Gülnar, B. (2021). Sosyal medyada sahte haberlerin yayılımı: Selçuk Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 14(1), 216–239.
  • Arke, E. T. (2005). Media literacy and critical thinking: Is there a connection? Duquesne University. Auxier, B., & Anderson, M. (2021). Social media use in 2021. Pew Research Center, 1(1), 1–4.
  • Balcı, Ş., & Yeles Karaman, S. (2023). Sosyal medya kullanım motivasyonlarının yalan haber paylaşımı üzerindeki etkileri. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 10(2), 749–775.
  • Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132.
  • Baptista, J. P., & Gradim, A. (2022). A working definition of fake news. Encyclopedia, 2(1), 43–54.
  • Bryanov, K., & Vziatysheva, V. (2021). Determinants of individuals’ belief in fake news: A scoping review determinants of belief in fake news. PLOS ONE, 16(6), e0253717.
  • Buchanan, T. (2020). Why do people spread false information online? The effects of message and viewer characteristics on self-reported likelihood of sharing social media disinformation. PLOS ONE, 15(10), e0239666.
  • Cheng, L., Guo, R., Shu, K., & Liu, H. (2021). Causal understanding of fake news dissemination on social media. Proceedings of the 27th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. https://doi.org/10.1145/3447548.3467321
  • Cinelli, M., De Francisci Morales, G., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9), e2023301118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118
  • Collins, E., Donovan, J., & Wardle, C. (2020). The role of fact-checking in mitigating fake news. Digital Journalism, 8(3), 247–266.
  • Çelik, S. (2021). Sosyal medyada yanlış bilginin yayılımı ve etkileri. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 9(3), 234–251. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/erciyesiletisim/issue/79204/1189483
  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Demir, M., & Şahin, B. (2023). Sosyal medya platformlarında yankı odaları ve sahte haberler. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(1), 98–114. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ejnm/issue/77129/1260611
  • Ehsanfar, A., & Mansouri, M. (2021). Incentivizing the dissemination of truth versus fake news in social networks. IEEE Xplore. https://doi.org/10.1109/XXXXXX
  • Erdoğan, K. (2022). Makine öğrenmesi ile sosyal medyada sahte haber tespiti. İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 45–59. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1023416
  • Feuerstein, M. (1999). Media literacy in support of critical thinking. Journal of Educational Media, 24(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/1358165990240104
  • Fuchs, C. (2010). Alternative media as critical media. European Journal of Social Theory, 13(2), 173–192.
  • Garimella, K., Morales, G. D. F., Gionis, A., & Mathioudakis, M. (2018). Political discourse on social media: Echo chambers, gatekeepers, and the price of bipartisanship. Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference (WWW 2018), 913–922. https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186139
  • Gil de Zúñiga, H., Weeks, B., & Ardèvol-Abreu, A. (2017). Effects of the news-finds-me perception in communication: Social media use implications for news seeking and learning about politics. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(3), 105–123.
  • Hase, V., Boczek, K., & Scharkow, M. (2023). Adapting to affordances and audiences? A cross-platform, multi-modal analysis of the platformization of news on Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter. Digital Journalism, 11(8), 1499–1520.
  • Hendrickx, J. (2023). From newspapers to TikTok: Social media journalism as the fourth wave of news production, diffusion and consumption. In Blurring Boundaries of Journalism in Digital Media: New Actors, Models and Practices (pp. 229–246). Springer International Publishing.
  • Hinds, S. (2019). The European Union approach to disinformation and misinformation: The case of the 2019 European Parliament elections (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Jacobs, L. G. (2023). Regulation of fake news and the constitutional foundations of freedom of expression in the United States. In O. Pollicino (Ed.), Freedom of speech and the regulation of fake news (pp. 541–576). Intersentia.
  • Kachkaeva, A., Kolchina, A., Shomova, S., & Yarovaya, E. (2020). Trust, but verify: Problems of formation of media literacy and critical thinking of Russian students. Media Practice and Education, 21(3), 200–211.
  • Koç, H. (2022). Sosyal medya kullanıcılarının haber paylaşım motivasyonları ve sahte haberler. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 88–103.
  • Kulular, İ., & Merve, A. (2022). Sosyal medyaya yönelik yeni düzenlemelerin hukuken değerlendirilmesi. Bilişim Hukuku Dergisi, 4(1), 1–32.
  • Martel, C., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5, 1–20.
  • Mazur, V., & Chochia, A. (2022). Definition and regulation as an effective measure to fight fake news in the European Union. European Studies, 9(1), 15–40.
  • Mohseni, S., & Ragan, E. (2018). Combating fake news with interpretable news feed algorithms. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1811.12349.
  • Mont’Alverne, C., Badrinathan, S., Ross Arguedas, A., Toff, B., Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2022). The trust gap: How and why news on digital platforms is viewed more skeptically versus news in general. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
  • Naeem, B., Khan, A., Beg, M. O., & Mujtaba, H. (2020). A deep learning framework for clickbait detection on social area network using natural language cues. Journal of Computational Social Science, 3(1), 231–243.
  • Ojha, R. P., Srivastava, P. K., Awasthi, S., Srivastava, V., Pandey, P. S., Dwivedi, R. S., Singh, R., & Galletta, A. (2023). Controlling of fake information dissemination in online social networks: An epidemiological approach. IEEE Access.
  • Özbay, F. A., & Alataş, B. (2020). Çevrimiçi sosyal medyada sahte haber tespiti. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 11(1), 91–103.
  • Özdemir, A. (2021). Dijital çağda sahte haberin yükselişi ve mücadele yöntemleri. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, 34(2), 120–138.
  • Rhodes, S. C. (2022). Filter bubbles, echo chambers, and fake news: How social media conditions individuals to be less critical of political misinformation. Political Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2021.1910887
  • Saguş, A. (2023). Struggling for reality: A sociological analysis of Turkey's internet regulations (Master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University).
  • Silverblatt, A. (2018). Media literacy and critical thinking. International Journal of Media and Information Literacy, 3(2), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.13187/ijmil.2018.2.66
  • Sukhodolov, A. P., & Bychkova, A. M. (2017). Fake news as a modern media phenomenon: Definition, types, role of fake news, and ways of counteracting it. Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism, 6(2), 143–169.
  • Tandoc Jr, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “fake news”: A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137–153.
  • Temir, E. (2020). Deepfake: Dezenformasyon çağında yeni dönem ve güvenilir haberciliğin sonu. Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 13(2), 1009–1024. https://doi.org/10.18094/JOSC.685338
  • Terian, S. M. (2021). What is fake news: A new definition. Transilvania, 11–12, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.11-12.17
  • Terren, L., & Borge, R. (2021). Echo chambers on social media: A systematic review of the literature. Review of Communication Research, 9, 99–118. https://doi.org/10.12840/ISSN.2255-4165.028
  • Vázquez-Herrero, J., Negreira-Rey, M.-C., & Sixto-García, J. (2022). Mind the gap! Journalism on social media and news consumption among young audiences. International Journal of Communication, 16, 3822–3842.
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151.
  • Yaşar, İ. H., & Uğurhan, Y. Z. C. (2021). Haber edinme amaçlı sosyal medya kullanım sıklığının haber paylaşma davranışı üzerindeki rolü: Bir saha çalışması. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(2), 1182–1198.
  • Yıldız, E., & Özmen, Ş. Y. (2023). Sosyal medya platformlarıyla birlikte habercilik pratiklerinin dönüşümü. Düşünce ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.55796/dusuncevetoplum.1191122
  • Zhang, X., & Li, W. (2020). From social media with news: Journalists’ social media use for sourcing and verification. Journalism Practice, 14(10), 1193–1210.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ersel Kiraz 0000-0002-7627-998X

Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Kasım 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kiraz, E. (2025). The Rise of Fake News in the Age of Social Media and Strategies to Combat Disinformation and Misinformation. Simetrik İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 115-142.