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Bankruptcy in Ja’farī Jurisprudence

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 203 - 220, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.811434

Öz

The study examines bankruptcy in Islam from the perspective of the Ja'farī school of jurisprudence. To this end, it first describes the meaning of the term ‘iflās’ (bankruptcy). Then, considering the connection between ‘i’sār’ (insolvency) and iflās, the article elucidates the relationship between iflās and i’sār as well as the differences between them. However, the main issues the paper deals with are the conditions required for the issuance of the bankruptcy judgment and its effects on the debtor and the creditors. Meanwhile, it seeks to show that the provisions of Islamic and Shiite bankruptcy laws are debtor-friendly. Moreover, the article explores the Shiite resources in order to demonstrate the similarities between Islamic bankruptcy and the prevailing laws in Western countries.

Kaynakça

  • Āmilī, Bahāʾ al‐Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn al‐, Jāmi'-i Abbāsī al- Mohasha, vol. 2 (Tehran: Muassisa Manshurat al-Farahani, n.d.). Amili, Shaikh al-Hur al-, Wasā'il al-Shīʿa, vol. 18, (2 ed, Qom: Muassisa Aal al-Bayt li Ihya al-Turath, 1993).
  • Ardabīlī, Muḥaqqiq al-, Majma' al-fa'idat wa al-burhan fi sharh al-Adhhan, vol. 9 (Qom: mu'assissa al-Nashr al- Islami, 1991/1412AH).
  • Baalbaki – Munir, Baalbaki – Rohi Al-Mawrid al-Waseet, Concise Dictionary, English – Arabic & Arabic – English (13 ed., Beirut: Dar el-Ilm Lilmalayin, 2007).
  • Bahjat, Muhammad Taqi al-, Jami al-Masail, vol. 4 (Qom: Daftar-e Hazrat-e Ayatollah Bahjat, 2007).
  • Bahūtī, Manṣūr Ibn Yūnus al-, Al Rawdh Al Murabbi Sharh Zād Al Mustaqni, (Beirut: Al Maktiba al-asria, 2005).
  • Balaghi, Seyyid Abd al Hujjat Hujja al Tafasir wa Balagh al-Eksir, vol. 2, (Qom: Hikmat Publications, 1966).
  • Bayhaqi, Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn Ḥusayn Ibn Alī ibn Mūsa al-Khosrojerdi al-, Sunan al-kubra, vol. 7, (3 ed., kitab al-taflis, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmia, 2003).
  • Dardir, Abi al-Barakat Ahmed al-, Al-Sharh al-Saghir 'ala Aqrab al-Masalik ila Madhab al-Imam Malik, vol. 3 (Cairo: Dar al-Maarif, 1973).
  • Dehkhoda Dictionary vol. 2 (2 ed., Tehran: Tehran University Press, 2000).
  • Faruqi – Harith Suleiman Faruqi’s Law Dictionary, Arabic – English (2 ed., Beirut: Librairie du Liban Publishers, 2001).
  • Fayrūzābādī al- Al-Qamus al-muhit, (8 ed., Beirut: Al-Risala Establishment, 2005).
  • Irfani – Mahmud, Commercial Law, vol. 3 (3 ed., Tehran: Jahad-e Daneshgahi publications, 1991).
  • Ghamrawi, Muhammed Azzohri al-, Al Siraj al-whhaj ala matn al-minhaj, (8th ed., Beirut: Dar al-kotob al-Ilmiyah, 2016).
  • Hairi Shah Bagh Sharh-e Qānūn -e Madani, vol. 2 (Tehran: Ganj-e Danish Publications, 1998).
  • Halabi, Abu al-Salah al-, Al Kafi fi al-fiqh, (Isfahan: Maktaba al-Imam Ali al Aamma, 1983).
  • Halabi, Ibn Zuhra al-, Ghunya al-Nuzu ila Ilmi al-Usul wa al-Furu, vol. 1, (Qom: Al Imam al-Sadiq Foundation, 1997).
  • Hili, Jamāl ad-Dīn Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn 'Ali ibn-i Mûtahhar al-, īḍāḥ al Fawaid fi Sharh Mushkilat al-Qawaid , vol. 1 (Qom: Muassisa Ismailian, 1967/1387 AH).
  • Hili, Jamāl ad-Dīn Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn 'Ali ibn-i Mûtahhar al-, Tahrir al-ahkam, Research by Ibrahim Al Bahadori, vol. 2, (Qom: Al-Imam al-Sadiq Establishment, 1999 /1420 AH).
  • Hili, Jamal ad-Din Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn Ali ibn-i Mutahhar al-, Tazkira al-Foqaha, vol. 14 (Qom: Aal al-Bayt li Ihya al-Turath, 2002 /1423 AH).
  • https://www.financialencyclopedia.net/islamic-finance/d/due-debt.html (accessed September 1, 2019).
  • Husaini Amili, Muhammad Jawad al-Housaini al-, Miftah al-Karama fi Sharh Qawaid al-Allama Hilli, vol. 10, (old edition, n.d.).
  • Ibn 'Abidin, Radd al-Muhtar 'ala al-Durr al-Mukhtar, vol. 11, (Beirut: Dar ai-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 2011).
  • Ibn Qudāmah, al-Maqdīsī Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, Al Mug̲h̲nī, vol. 4, (Egypt: Maktab al Ghahira, 1969).
  • Ibn Shas, Jalal al-Din Abdallah b. Najm, 'Iqd al-Jawahir al-Thamina fi Madhhab 'Alim al- Madina, vol. 2, (Beirut: Dar ah-kotob al- Ilmiyah, 1971).
  • Jafari-Langroudi, Muḥammad Jaʻfar, Encyclopedia of Islamic Sciences (Judicial), vol. 1 (Tehran: Ganj-e Danish Publication, 1985).
  • Jaziri, Abd al-Rahman al-, Al-Fiqh 'Ala Al-Madhahib Al-Arba'ah, vol.3, (Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah, 2003).
  • Kaydari, Qutb al-Din al-, Isbah al-Shi’a bi Misbah al-Shariah, Kitab al-Taflis wa al Hajr (Qom: Muassisa al-Imam al-Sadiq, 1995/1374 Sh). Karaki, Nur-al-Din Abu’l-Ḥasan Ali b. Ḥosayn b. Abd-al- Āli al-, Jami al-Maqasid fi Sharh al-Qawaid, vol. 5, (n.d.).
  • Karam – Abd al-Wahid, Glossary of Terms of Sharia and law – Arab French English (Beirut: Muassisa al-Risala, 1997).
  • Kashani, al-Faiz al-, Mafatih al-shara'i, vol. 3 (Qom: Majma al-dhakhayer al-Islamia Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi Library, 1981/1401 AH).
  • Kharashi, Abī ʻAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-, Al Sharh al-Kharashi ala Al-Jundi's Mukhtasar, vol. 5, (2nd, Egypt: Al Matbu’ah al-Kubra al-Amiriyah, 1899 /1317 AH). Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhollah al-Musavi al-, Tahrir al-Wasilah, vol. 2 (2 ed., Qom: Dar al-Ilm publications, n.d.).
  • Khoei, Abu al-Qasim al-Mousavi al-, Mabani tikmila al-minhaj, Kitab al-Qaza, (2 ed., Qom: Al Ilmiyah publication, 2018).
  • Qal'aji, Muhammad Rawwas & Qunaybi, Hamid Sadiq, Mu’jam Lughat al-Fuqaha (Arabic – English) (2 ed., Beirut: Dar al-Nafa’es, 1988).
  • Qomi, Ali ibn Muhammad al-, Jami’ Al khilaf wa al-wifaq bayn al-Imamiyah wa bayn Aimmah al-hijaz wa al- Iraq (Qom: Zamine sazan-e Zuhoor Imam Asr publications – Pasdar-e Islam, 2001).
  • Qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Rushed al-, Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa Nihāyat al-Muqtaṣid, vol. 2, (6 ed., Beirut: Dar Al Marifa Publication, 1982).
  • Mar'ashi Najafi, Shahab al-Din, Al Qisas ala ḍawʼ al Quran wa al-Sunna, vol. 2, (Qom: Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi Library, 1998).
  • Maroudi, Abi al-Hasan bin Habib al-, Al Hawi al-Kabeerfi madhab al-imam al-Safi’i, vol. 6, (Beirut: Dar al-kotob al- Ilmiyah, 1994). Mazandarani, Mohammad Salih al-, Sharḥ al-Kāfī, vol. 11 (with the commentaries of Abu al-Hassan al-Sha’rani, Tehran: Maktiba al-Islamia, n.d.).
  • Mughniyyah, Muhammad Jawad, Fiqh al-Imam Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, vol. 4 (2 ed., Qum: Ansarian Printing and Publishing Establishment, 2000/1421 AH).
  • Mughniyyah, Muhammad Jawad, Fiqh al-Imam Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, vol. 6, (Qum: Ansarian Printing and Publishing Establishment, 2001/1422).
  • Mu'jam al-Wajiz al-, (Cairo: Majma' al-Lughah al-Arabiya - Wizara al-Tarbiyah wa al ta'lim, 1994).
  • Muttlib, Amid al-Din Abd al-, Kanz al-fawaid fi hal mushkilat al-qawaid, vol. 1 (Qom: Daftar-e Entesharat-e Eslami wabaste be Jammi-e Mudarresin Howzeye ilmia Qom, 1996/1416 AH).
  • Najafi, Muhammad Hasan al-, Jawahir al-kalam fī sharḥ sharaʾiʿ al-islam, al-Matajir, vol. 25 (Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1981).
  • Nawawī, Abi Zakariya Muhiydin al-, Minhaj al-Talibin, (Jeddah: Dar al-Menhaj, 2005).
  • Rabbih, Abu 'Umar Ibn Abd al-, Al Iqd al-farid, vol. 2 (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿilmīya, 1983).
  • Rabbih, Abu Umar Ibn Abd al-, The Unique Necklace -Al-Iqd al-farid, vol. II, trans. Issa J. Boullata (Reading: Garnet Publishing, 2009).
  • Razi, Abu l-Futuh al-, Rawz al-Jinan wa ruh al-jinan fi tafsir al-Quran, vol. 1 (Mashhad: Islamic Research Foundation of Astan-e Quds Razavi, 1988).
  • Rigi, Muhammad Bandar, Farhang jaded Arabi – Farsi, the translation of the book Monjad al-Tullab (Tehran: Intesharat Islami, 2010/1389 Sh.).
  • Rūmī, Jalalu'l-Din Rumi, (Maulana), The Masnavi: Book Two, trans. Jawid Mojaddadi, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
  • Saduq, al- Sheikh al-, Man la yahduruhu al-faqih, vol. 2 (Qom: Jamia Mudarresin, 1992).
  • Saani, Mahmoud Ismail & Nasif Mustafa Abd al-Aziz & Mustafa Ahmad Suleiman, Maknaz al-Arabi al-Miasir (Beirut: Maktiba Lebanon Nashiroun, 1993).
  • Samavati, Heshmatollah, An Analytical study of I’sār in Iranian Law- Barrasi wa Tahqiq Piramoun-e I’sār, (3 ed., Tehran: Kamalan publication, 2012).
  • Shartūnī, Sayyid al-Khuri, Aqrab al-Mawarid fi-Fusih al-Arabiya Wa al-Shawarid (Qom: Manshurat maktaba ayatollah al-uzma al-marashi al-najafi, 1983/1403 AH).
  • Shahid al-Thani , Zayn al-Din b. Nur al-Din Ali b. Aḥmad al-Amili al-Jubaʿi, al-, Al-Rawda al-Bahiyya fi Sharh al-Lum'a al-Dimashqiya, vol. 2 (13 ed., Qom: Majma al Fikr al-Islami, 2016/1437 AH).
  • Shahīd al-Thani, Masalik al-Afham fi Sharh Shara'i' al-Islam, vol. 3 (Qom: Muassisa al-Ma'arif al-Islamiah, 1993/1414 AH).
  • Tusi, al-Sheikh al-, Al Tahdhib al-Ahkam, vol. 6, (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamia, 1987).
  • Tusi, al-Sheikh al-, Al Mabsut fi Fiqh al-Imamiya, vol. 2, (Tehran: al-Maktabat-ul-Murtazawiyyah li Ihya al-Athar al-Ja'fariyyah, 2008).
  • Tusi, al-Sheikh al-, Al Istibsar, vol. 3 (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamia, 2012).
  • Wehr – Hans, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (4 ed., Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1979). Zuhayli, Wahbah al-, Financial Transactions in Islamic Jurisprudence, vol. 2, trans. Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, (Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 2002).
  • Zuhayli, Wahbah Mustafa al-, Al- Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu, vol.5 (2 ed., Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 1985). Zuhayli, Wahbah Mustafa al-, Al-Uqud al-Musama fi al-Qanun al-Mu’amilat al-Madani al-Emirati wa al-Qanun al-Madani al-Urdoni (Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 2005).
  • Zurqani, Muhammad al-, Commentary on Al-Jundi's Mukhtasar, (Beirut: Dar al-kotob al-Islamiyah, 2002).

Caferî Hukukunda İflas

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 203 - 220, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.811434

Öz

Bu çalışma, Caʽferî fıkhı perspektifinden İslam’da iflâs hususunu incelemektedir. Bu amaçla, öncelikle ‘iflâs’ teriminin anlamı açıklanmaktadır. Ardından, ‘iʽsâr’ ve iflâs arasındaki bağlantı göz önünde bulundurularak, iflâs ve i’sâr arasındaki ilişki ve aralarındaki farklar açıklığa kavuşturulmuştur. Bununla birlikte, makalenin ele aldığı ana konular, iflas kararının verilmesi için gerekli koşullar ve bunun borçlu ve alacaklılar üzerindeki etkileridir. Aynı zamanda iflâsa dair İslamî ve Şiî fıkhî hükümlerin “borçlu dostu” olduğu gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca makalede, İslam’daki iflâs anlayışı ile Batı ülkelerinde geçerli yasalar arasındaki benzerlikleri ortaya koymak için Şiî kaynaklar incelenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Āmilī, Bahāʾ al‐Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn al‐, Jāmi'-i Abbāsī al- Mohasha, vol. 2 (Tehran: Muassisa Manshurat al-Farahani, n.d.). Amili, Shaikh al-Hur al-, Wasā'il al-Shīʿa, vol. 18, (2 ed, Qom: Muassisa Aal al-Bayt li Ihya al-Turath, 1993).
  • Ardabīlī, Muḥaqqiq al-, Majma' al-fa'idat wa al-burhan fi sharh al-Adhhan, vol. 9 (Qom: mu'assissa al-Nashr al- Islami, 1991/1412AH).
  • Baalbaki – Munir, Baalbaki – Rohi Al-Mawrid al-Waseet, Concise Dictionary, English – Arabic & Arabic – English (13 ed., Beirut: Dar el-Ilm Lilmalayin, 2007).
  • Bahjat, Muhammad Taqi al-, Jami al-Masail, vol. 4 (Qom: Daftar-e Hazrat-e Ayatollah Bahjat, 2007).
  • Bahūtī, Manṣūr Ibn Yūnus al-, Al Rawdh Al Murabbi Sharh Zād Al Mustaqni, (Beirut: Al Maktiba al-asria, 2005).
  • Balaghi, Seyyid Abd al Hujjat Hujja al Tafasir wa Balagh al-Eksir, vol. 2, (Qom: Hikmat Publications, 1966).
  • Bayhaqi, Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn Ḥusayn Ibn Alī ibn Mūsa al-Khosrojerdi al-, Sunan al-kubra, vol. 7, (3 ed., kitab al-taflis, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmia, 2003).
  • Dardir, Abi al-Barakat Ahmed al-, Al-Sharh al-Saghir 'ala Aqrab al-Masalik ila Madhab al-Imam Malik, vol. 3 (Cairo: Dar al-Maarif, 1973).
  • Dehkhoda Dictionary vol. 2 (2 ed., Tehran: Tehran University Press, 2000).
  • Faruqi – Harith Suleiman Faruqi’s Law Dictionary, Arabic – English (2 ed., Beirut: Librairie du Liban Publishers, 2001).
  • Fayrūzābādī al- Al-Qamus al-muhit, (8 ed., Beirut: Al-Risala Establishment, 2005).
  • Irfani – Mahmud, Commercial Law, vol. 3 (3 ed., Tehran: Jahad-e Daneshgahi publications, 1991).
  • Ghamrawi, Muhammed Azzohri al-, Al Siraj al-whhaj ala matn al-minhaj, (8th ed., Beirut: Dar al-kotob al-Ilmiyah, 2016).
  • Hairi Shah Bagh Sharh-e Qānūn -e Madani, vol. 2 (Tehran: Ganj-e Danish Publications, 1998).
  • Halabi, Abu al-Salah al-, Al Kafi fi al-fiqh, (Isfahan: Maktaba al-Imam Ali al Aamma, 1983).
  • Halabi, Ibn Zuhra al-, Ghunya al-Nuzu ila Ilmi al-Usul wa al-Furu, vol. 1, (Qom: Al Imam al-Sadiq Foundation, 1997).
  • Hili, Jamāl ad-Dīn Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn 'Ali ibn-i Mûtahhar al-, īḍāḥ al Fawaid fi Sharh Mushkilat al-Qawaid , vol. 1 (Qom: Muassisa Ismailian, 1967/1387 AH).
  • Hili, Jamāl ad-Dīn Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn 'Ali ibn-i Mûtahhar al-, Tahrir al-ahkam, Research by Ibrahim Al Bahadori, vol. 2, (Qom: Al-Imam al-Sadiq Establishment, 1999 /1420 AH).
  • Hili, Jamal ad-Din Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn Ali ibn-i Mutahhar al-, Tazkira al-Foqaha, vol. 14 (Qom: Aal al-Bayt li Ihya al-Turath, 2002 /1423 AH).
  • https://www.financialencyclopedia.net/islamic-finance/d/due-debt.html (accessed September 1, 2019).
  • Husaini Amili, Muhammad Jawad al-Housaini al-, Miftah al-Karama fi Sharh Qawaid al-Allama Hilli, vol. 10, (old edition, n.d.).
  • Ibn 'Abidin, Radd al-Muhtar 'ala al-Durr al-Mukhtar, vol. 11, (Beirut: Dar ai-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 2011).
  • Ibn Qudāmah, al-Maqdīsī Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, Al Mug̲h̲nī, vol. 4, (Egypt: Maktab al Ghahira, 1969).
  • Ibn Shas, Jalal al-Din Abdallah b. Najm, 'Iqd al-Jawahir al-Thamina fi Madhhab 'Alim al- Madina, vol. 2, (Beirut: Dar ah-kotob al- Ilmiyah, 1971).
  • Jafari-Langroudi, Muḥammad Jaʻfar, Encyclopedia of Islamic Sciences (Judicial), vol. 1 (Tehran: Ganj-e Danish Publication, 1985).
  • Jaziri, Abd al-Rahman al-, Al-Fiqh 'Ala Al-Madhahib Al-Arba'ah, vol.3, (Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah, 2003).
  • Kaydari, Qutb al-Din al-, Isbah al-Shi’a bi Misbah al-Shariah, Kitab al-Taflis wa al Hajr (Qom: Muassisa al-Imam al-Sadiq, 1995/1374 Sh). Karaki, Nur-al-Din Abu’l-Ḥasan Ali b. Ḥosayn b. Abd-al- Āli al-, Jami al-Maqasid fi Sharh al-Qawaid, vol. 5, (n.d.).
  • Karam – Abd al-Wahid, Glossary of Terms of Sharia and law – Arab French English (Beirut: Muassisa al-Risala, 1997).
  • Kashani, al-Faiz al-, Mafatih al-shara'i, vol. 3 (Qom: Majma al-dhakhayer al-Islamia Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi Library, 1981/1401 AH).
  • Kharashi, Abī ʻAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-, Al Sharh al-Kharashi ala Al-Jundi's Mukhtasar, vol. 5, (2nd, Egypt: Al Matbu’ah al-Kubra al-Amiriyah, 1899 /1317 AH). Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhollah al-Musavi al-, Tahrir al-Wasilah, vol. 2 (2 ed., Qom: Dar al-Ilm publications, n.d.).
  • Khoei, Abu al-Qasim al-Mousavi al-, Mabani tikmila al-minhaj, Kitab al-Qaza, (2 ed., Qom: Al Ilmiyah publication, 2018).
  • Qal'aji, Muhammad Rawwas & Qunaybi, Hamid Sadiq, Mu’jam Lughat al-Fuqaha (Arabic – English) (2 ed., Beirut: Dar al-Nafa’es, 1988).
  • Qomi, Ali ibn Muhammad al-, Jami’ Al khilaf wa al-wifaq bayn al-Imamiyah wa bayn Aimmah al-hijaz wa al- Iraq (Qom: Zamine sazan-e Zuhoor Imam Asr publications – Pasdar-e Islam, 2001).
  • Qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Rushed al-, Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa Nihāyat al-Muqtaṣid, vol. 2, (6 ed., Beirut: Dar Al Marifa Publication, 1982).
  • Mar'ashi Najafi, Shahab al-Din, Al Qisas ala ḍawʼ al Quran wa al-Sunna, vol. 2, (Qom: Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi Library, 1998).
  • Maroudi, Abi al-Hasan bin Habib al-, Al Hawi al-Kabeerfi madhab al-imam al-Safi’i, vol. 6, (Beirut: Dar al-kotob al- Ilmiyah, 1994). Mazandarani, Mohammad Salih al-, Sharḥ al-Kāfī, vol. 11 (with the commentaries of Abu al-Hassan al-Sha’rani, Tehran: Maktiba al-Islamia, n.d.).
  • Mughniyyah, Muhammad Jawad, Fiqh al-Imam Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, vol. 4 (2 ed., Qum: Ansarian Printing and Publishing Establishment, 2000/1421 AH).
  • Mughniyyah, Muhammad Jawad, Fiqh al-Imam Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, vol. 6, (Qum: Ansarian Printing and Publishing Establishment, 2001/1422).
  • Mu'jam al-Wajiz al-, (Cairo: Majma' al-Lughah al-Arabiya - Wizara al-Tarbiyah wa al ta'lim, 1994).
  • Muttlib, Amid al-Din Abd al-, Kanz al-fawaid fi hal mushkilat al-qawaid, vol. 1 (Qom: Daftar-e Entesharat-e Eslami wabaste be Jammi-e Mudarresin Howzeye ilmia Qom, 1996/1416 AH).
  • Najafi, Muhammad Hasan al-, Jawahir al-kalam fī sharḥ sharaʾiʿ al-islam, al-Matajir, vol. 25 (Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, 1981).
  • Nawawī, Abi Zakariya Muhiydin al-, Minhaj al-Talibin, (Jeddah: Dar al-Menhaj, 2005).
  • Rabbih, Abu 'Umar Ibn Abd al-, Al Iqd al-farid, vol. 2 (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿilmīya, 1983).
  • Rabbih, Abu Umar Ibn Abd al-, The Unique Necklace -Al-Iqd al-farid, vol. II, trans. Issa J. Boullata (Reading: Garnet Publishing, 2009).
  • Razi, Abu l-Futuh al-, Rawz al-Jinan wa ruh al-jinan fi tafsir al-Quran, vol. 1 (Mashhad: Islamic Research Foundation of Astan-e Quds Razavi, 1988).
  • Rigi, Muhammad Bandar, Farhang jaded Arabi – Farsi, the translation of the book Monjad al-Tullab (Tehran: Intesharat Islami, 2010/1389 Sh.).
  • Rūmī, Jalalu'l-Din Rumi, (Maulana), The Masnavi: Book Two, trans. Jawid Mojaddadi, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
  • Saduq, al- Sheikh al-, Man la yahduruhu al-faqih, vol. 2 (Qom: Jamia Mudarresin, 1992).
  • Saani, Mahmoud Ismail & Nasif Mustafa Abd al-Aziz & Mustafa Ahmad Suleiman, Maknaz al-Arabi al-Miasir (Beirut: Maktiba Lebanon Nashiroun, 1993).
  • Samavati, Heshmatollah, An Analytical study of I’sār in Iranian Law- Barrasi wa Tahqiq Piramoun-e I’sār, (3 ed., Tehran: Kamalan publication, 2012).
  • Shartūnī, Sayyid al-Khuri, Aqrab al-Mawarid fi-Fusih al-Arabiya Wa al-Shawarid (Qom: Manshurat maktaba ayatollah al-uzma al-marashi al-najafi, 1983/1403 AH).
  • Shahid al-Thani , Zayn al-Din b. Nur al-Din Ali b. Aḥmad al-Amili al-Jubaʿi, al-, Al-Rawda al-Bahiyya fi Sharh al-Lum'a al-Dimashqiya, vol. 2 (13 ed., Qom: Majma al Fikr al-Islami, 2016/1437 AH).
  • Shahīd al-Thani, Masalik al-Afham fi Sharh Shara'i' al-Islam, vol. 3 (Qom: Muassisa al-Ma'arif al-Islamiah, 1993/1414 AH).
  • Tusi, al-Sheikh al-, Al Tahdhib al-Ahkam, vol. 6, (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamia, 1987).
  • Tusi, al-Sheikh al-, Al Mabsut fi Fiqh al-Imamiya, vol. 2, (Tehran: al-Maktabat-ul-Murtazawiyyah li Ihya al-Athar al-Ja'fariyyah, 2008).
  • Tusi, al-Sheikh al-, Al Istibsar, vol. 3 (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamia, 2012).
  • Wehr – Hans, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (4 ed., Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1979). Zuhayli, Wahbah al-, Financial Transactions in Islamic Jurisprudence, vol. 2, trans. Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, (Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 2002).
  • Zuhayli, Wahbah Mustafa al-, Al- Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu, vol.5 (2 ed., Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 1985). Zuhayli, Wahbah Mustafa al-, Al-Uqud al-Musama fi al-Qanun al-Mu’amilat al-Madani al-Emirati wa al-Qanun al-Madani al-Urdoni (Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 2005).
  • Zurqani, Muhammad al-, Commentary on Al-Jundi's Mukhtasar, (Beirut: Dar al-kotob al-Islamiyah, 2002).
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Heshmatollah Samavati 0000-0003-0823-5122

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Ekim 2020
Kabul Tarihi 22 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Samavati, Heshmatollah. “Bankruptcy in Ja’farī Jurisprudence”. Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies 2/2 (Aralık 2020), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.48203/siader.811434.

Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies, Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.