TÜRKİYE’DE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ KAYNAKLARININ İSTİHDAM ETKİSİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 36 - 65, 01.04.2021

Mustafa Güllü , Zeki Kartal

Öz

Dünyada ve Türkiye’de enerjiye olan talebin artması ile doğal kaynaklardan elde edilen rüzgar enerjisi, güneş enerjisi, hidrolik enerji, jeotermal enerji ve biyokütle enerjisi gibi yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına rağbet de hızlı bir şekilde artmaya devam etmektedir. Türkiye’de yenilenebilir enerjiden elektrik üretiminin artma-sının istihdam üzerinde nasıl bir etkiye neden olacağı ve varsa bu etkinin hangi yönde olduğu sorusu da literatürde daha fazla yer almaya başlamıştır. Bu makalede yenilenebilir enerji sektörünün her alt sektörü için (Jeotermal, Rüzgar, Biyokütle, Hidrolik ve Güneş) istihdamın nicel etkileri İstihdam ve Ekonomik Kalkınma Etkisi (Jobs and Economic Development Impact) modeli, ya da kısaca JEDI modeli kullanılarak tespit edilmiş-tir. Ayrıca makalede yenilenebilir enerjinin her bir alt sektörü için MW başına istihdam ölçümlenmesiyle hangi sektörün istihdam açısından daha verimli olduğu karşılaştırılmıştır. Makale, yenilenebilir enerjinin çok çeşitli alt kaynakları olmasına karşın hidrolik, güneş, rüzgar, biyoyakıt ve jeotermal ile sınırlı tutulmuş ve Türkiye örneğinde incelenmiş olup en çok istihdamın sırasıyla; hidrolik enerji, rüzgar enerjisi ve güneş enerjisi tarafından oluşturulacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları, İstihdam, JEDI

Destekleyen Kurum

Destek yok

EMPLOYMENT IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN TURKEY

Öz

With the increasing demand for energy in the World and Turkey, the demand for renewable energy sources such as solar energy, hydraulic energy, geothermal energy and biomass energy are increasing rapidly. Impact on employment of increasing production of electricity from renewable energy in Turkey has also star-ted to be mentioned more in the literature. In this article, the quantitative effects of employment for each sub-sector of the renewable energy sector (Geothermal, Wind, Biomass, Hydraulics and Solar) have been determined using the Jobs and Economic Development Impact Model. In addition, the article compares which sector is more efficient in terms of employment by measuring employment per MW for each sub-sector of renewable energy. Although renewable energy has a wide variety of sub-sources, the article is limited to hydraulics, solar, wind, biofuels and geothermal. As a result, it is concluded that the most employment in Turkey will be created by hydraulic energy, wind energy and solar energy, respectively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Renewable Energy Sources, Employment, JEDI

Kaynakça

• Ağpak, F. (2018). “Yenilenebilir Enerjinin Eğitim ve İstihdam ile İlişkisi”, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Hazırlık Aşamasında Olan Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Ağpak, F. ve Özçiçek, Ö. (2018). Bir İstihdam Politikası Aracı Olarak Yenilenebilir Enerji. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2), 112-128.
• Alabbas, N. H. (2017). “Identifying Pathways Toward Sustainable Electricity Supply and Demand Using an Integrated Resource Strategic Planning Model For Saudi Arabia”, University of Delaware, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Algaso, D. ve Rusche, E. (2004). Renewables work: job growth from renewable energy development in the mid-atlantic. Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal (OGEL), 2(2).
• Antal, M. (2014). “Green Goals and Full Employment: Are They Compatible?”, Ecological Economics, C:107, ss. 276-286.
• Aren, S. (2005). İstihdam, Para ve İktisadi Politika, Genişletilimiş 12. Baskı, Ankara: Savaş Yayınevi.
• Arslantaş, M. E. (2019). “Türkiye'de Jeotermal Enerji Santrallerinin Ekonomi Açısından Fırsat Maliyetlerinin İncelenmesi”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Atılgan, B. (2016). “Assessing the Sustainability of Current and Future Electricity Options for Turkey”, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Aydoğuş, O. (2015). “Girdi-Çıktı Modellerine Giriş”, Gözden Geçirilmiş 3.Baskı, Efil Yayınevi, Ankara.
• Bae, J. ve Dall'Erba, S. (2016). The economic impact of a new solar power plant in Arizona: Comparing the input‐output results generated by JEDI vs. IMPLAN. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 8(1-2), 61-73.
• Baykan, B. G. (2009). “Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Yeşil Yakalılar”, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Araştırmalar Merkezi, Araştırma notu, C:9, No:37, ss. 1-4.
• Bayramoğlu, T. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji Potansiyeli ve Etkileri: Bayburt Örneği. İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 1-16.
• Belegri-Roboli, A., Markaki, M., ve Michaelides, P. G. (2010). “The Effects Of Environmental İnvestments On Employment İn The Greek Economy: An İnput-Output Approach (2010-2020)”, In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Working Party on Labour Market Segmentation, 14–17 July 2010, Valencia, Spain.
• Biagi, M. (2003). İş Yaratma ve İş Hukuku: Korumadan Öngörülü Eyleme. (Çev. Z. Dicleli ve A.Kardam), Türkiye Metal Sanayicileri Sendikası, İstanbul.
• Biçerli, M. K. (2004). İşsizlikle Mücadelede Aktif İstihdam Politikaları. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, No:1563. Eskişehir.
• Blanco, M. I., ve Rodrigues, G. (2009). “Direct Employment İn The Wind Energy Sector: An EU Study”, Energy policy, C:37, No:8, ss. 2847-2857.
• Boyes, W. ve Melvin, M. (2016). Ekonominin Temelleri, (Çev. E. Telatar), 5.Basımdan Çeviri, Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Böhringer, C., Keller, A. ve Van der Werf, E. (2013). “Are Green Hopes Too Rosy? Employment and Welfare Impacts of Renewable Energy Promotion”, Energy Economics, C:36, ss. 277-285.
• Bölük, G. ve Mert, M. (2015). The renewable energy, growth and environmental Kuznets curve in Turkey: an ARDL approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595.
• Breitschopf, B., Nathani, C., ve Resch, G. (2013). “Employment Impact Assessment Studies–Is There a Best Approach to Assess Employment Impacts of RET Deployment?”, Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, C:4, No:2, ss. 93-104.
• Brown, J. P., Pender, J., Wiser, R., Lantz, E. ve Hoen, B. (2012). “Ex post analysis of economic impacts from wind power development in US counties.”, Energy Economics, 34(6), 1743-1754.
• Bulavskaya, T., ve Reynès, F. (2018). “Job Creation and Economic Impact of Renewable Energy in the Netherlands”, Renewable Energy, C:119, ss. 528-538.
• Cai, W., Wang, C., Chen, J. ve Wang, S. (2011). “Green Economy and Green Jobs: Myth or Reality? The Case of China’s Power Generation Sector”, Energy, C:36, No:10, ss. 5994-6003.
• Cai, W., Mu, Y., Wang, C. ve Chen, J. (2014). “Distributional Employment Impacts of Renewable and New Energy–A Case Study of China”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, C:39, ss.1155-1163.
• Caldés, N., Varela, M., Santamaría, M., ve Sáez, R. (2009). “Economic Impact of Solar Thermal Electricity Deployment in Spain”, Energy Policy, C:37, No:5, ss. 1628-1636.
• Cameron, L. ve Van Der Zwaan, B. (2015). “Employment Factors for Wind and Solar Energy Technologies: A Literature Review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, C:45, ss. 160-172.
• Castro-Alvarez, F.S. (2016). “Diversification of Energy Sources in Mexico: Closing the Gap Between Objectives and Results in the Electricity Sector”, University of California, Berkeley, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Costanti, M. (2004). Quantifying the economic development impacts of wind power in six rural Montana counties using NREL’s JEDI model. Report No. NREL/SR-500-36414, 2004.
• Çetin, M., ve Eğrican, N. (2011). “Employment Impacts of Solar Energy in Turkey”, Energy Policy, C:39, No:11, ss. 7184-7190.
• Del Rio, P. ve Burguillo, M. (2009). An empirical analysis of the impact of renewable energy deployment on local sustainability. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6-7), 1314-1325.
• Dağdemir, Ö. (2015). Çevre Sorunlarına Ekonomik Yaklaşımlar ve Optimal Politika Arayışları. Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
• Dalton G.J. ve Lewis T. (2011). “Metrics for Measuring Job Creation by Renewable Energy Technologies, Using Ireland as a Case Study”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, C:15, ss. 2123–2133.
• Djanibekov, U., ve Gaur, V. (2018). “Nexus of Energy Use, Agricultural Production, Employment and Incomes Among Rural Households in Uttar Pradesh, India”, Energy Policy, C:113, ss. 439-453.
• Dvořák, P., Martinát, S., Van der Horst, D., Frantál, B. ve Turečková, K. (2017). Renewable Energy Investment and Job Creation; A Cross-Sectoral Assessment for the Czech Republic With Reference to EU Benchmarks”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, C:69, ss. 360-368.
• Eğrican, N. ve Çetin, M. (2010). Güneş Enerjisi: Ekonomiye ve İstihdama Katkısı, Solar Future 2010, İstanbul.
• Elliott, R. F. (1997). Karşılaştırmalı Çalışma Ekonomisi, Ankara Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Yayınları, Yayın No:210. Ankara
• Ercoşkun, Ö.Y. (2010). “Yeşil Yakalı Kavramı ve Türkiye‟deki Yeşil Yakalılar”, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, C:19, No:3, ss. 25-48.
• Erdal, L. (2012). “Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji Yatırımları ve İstihdam Yaratma Potansiyeli”, Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, C:4, No:1, ss. 171-181.
• Erten, H. (2009). Türkiye İçin Sektörel Sosyal Hesaplar Matrisi Üretme Yöntemi ve İstihdam Üzerine Bir Hesaplanabilir Genel Denge Modeli Uygulaması. DPT, Ankara Sayfa 4-31.
• Fankhauser, S., Sehlleier, F. ve Stern, N. (2008). “Climate Change, Innovation And Jobs”, Climate policy, C:8, No:4, ss. 421-429.
• Fanning, T., Jones, C. ve Munday, M. (2014). “The Regional Employment Returns From Wave and Tidal Energy: A Welsh Analysis,” Energy, C:76, ss. 958-966.
• Garrett-Peltier, H. (2017). “Green Versus Brown: Comparing The Employment Impacts of Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, and Fossil Fuels Using an Input-Output Model”, Economic Modelling, C:61, ss. 439-447.
• Garrett-Peltier H. (2010). “The Employment Impacts of Economy Wide Investments in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency”, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Ge, Y. ve Zhi, Q. (2016). “Literature Review: The Green Economy, Clean Energy Policy and Employment”, Energy Procedia, C:88, ss. 257-264.
• GETEM (2009). Geothermal Electricity Technology Evaluation Model (GETEM), Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,1-28.
• Glicoes, J. (2013). “Renewable portfolio standards: An analysis of net job impacts”, Georgetown University, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Goldberg, M., Sinclair, K. ve Milligan, M. (2004). Job and economic development impact (JEDI) model: A user-friendly tool to calculate economic impacts from wind projects. Paper presented at the 2004 Global WINDPOWER Conference, Chicago, Illinois: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
• Guenther-Lübbers, W., Bergmann, H. ve Theuvsen, L. (2016). “Potential Analysis of The Biogas Production–As Measured by Effects of Added Value and Employment”, Journal of cleaner production, C:129, ss. 556-564.
• Günaydın, D. (2015). “Yeşil İşler ve İşgücü Piyasasına Etkileri”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, C:13, No:3, ss. 503-525.
• Günaydın, İ. (1999). “Çevre Vergilerinin İstihdam Üzerine Etkisi”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C:4, No:4, ss. 277-292.
• Hannum, C. M. (2014). “Three Applications of Regional CGE models”, Colorado State University, Libraries, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Hartley, P. R., Medlock, K. B., Temzelides, T., ve Zhang, X. (2015). “Local Employment Impact from Competing Energy Sources: Shale Gas Versus Wind Generation in Texas”, Energy Economics, C:49, ss. 610-619.
• Henriques, C. O., Coelho, D. H. ve Cassidy, N. L. (2016). “Employment Impact Assessment of Renewable Energy Targets for Electricity Generation by 2020—An IO LCA Approach”, Sustainable Cities and Society, C: 26, ss. 519-530.
• Hondo, H. ve Moriizumi, Y. (2017). “Employment Creation Potential of Renewable Power Generation Technologies: A Life Cycle Approach”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, C:79, ss. 128-136.
• Hong, L. (2013). “Does Renewable Energy Really Create Jobs in OECD Countries?”, Georgetown University, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
• IRENA (2016). Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2016, The International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
• IRENA (2017). Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2017, The International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
• IRENA (2018). Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2018, The International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
• IRENA (2019). Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2019, The International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
• Işığıçok, Ö. (2018). İstihdam ve İşsizlik. Gözden Geçirilmiş ve Genişletilmiş 4.Baskı, Dora Yayıncılık, Bursa.
• İŞKUR(2019). “Türkiye İş Kurumu Genel Kurulu 10. Çalışma Raporu”, T.C. Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı, Ankara.
• Johnson, C., Augustine, C. ve Goldberg, M. (2012). “Jobs and Economic Development Impact (JEDI) Model Geothermal User Reference Guide”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report, 1-34.
• Kammen, D., Kapadia, K. ve Fripp, M. (2004). Putting Renewables to Work: How Many Jobs Can the Clean Energy Industry Generate? RAEL Report, University of California, Berkeley.
• Karaca, C. ve Eşgünoğlu, M. (2016). “Türkiye’nin 2023 Yılı Yenilenebilir Enerji Yatirim Hedeflerinin İşsizliğe Etkisi”, International Congress of Management Economy and Policy, Proceedings Book, ICOMEP 2016, 26-27 October, İstanbul, Turkey
• Karaca, C., Ulutaş, A. ve Eşgünoğlu, M. (2017). “Türkiye’de Optimal Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynağının COPRAS Yöntemiyle Tespiti ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Yatırımlarının İstihdam Artırıcı Etkisi”, Maliye Dergisi, C: 172, ss. 111-132.
• Karakul, A. K. (2016). “Educating Labour Force for a Green Economy and Renewable Energy Jobs in Turkey: A Quantitave Approach”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, C: 63, ss. 568-578.
• Keyser, D., Flores-Espino, F., Uriarte, C. ve Cox, S. (2016). User Guide for the International Jobs and Economic Development Impacts Model, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-67036, 1-18.
• Keyser, D. ve Tegenne, S. (2019). “Workforce Development for U.S. Hydropower: Key Trends And Findings”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-74313, 1-24.
• Kim, D. ve Jeong, J. (2016). “Electricity Restructuring, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Efficiency and Employment Reallocation”, Energy Policy, C:92, ss. 468-476.
• Kolsuz, G. ve Yeldan, A. E. (2017). “Economics of Climate Change and Green Employment: A General Equilibrium Investigation for Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, C:70, ss. 1240-1250.
• Komarek, T. M. (2012). “Three Essays in Regional Economic Development: Forecasting, Firm Sizes and Ethanol Plants”, Michigan State University. Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Komendantova, N. ve Patt, A. (2014). “Employment Under Vertical and Horizontal Transfer of Concentrated Solar Power Technology to North African Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, C:40, ss. 1192-1201.
• Kulišić, B., Loizou, E., Rozakis, S. ve Šegon, V. (2007). “Impacts of Biodiesel Production on Croatian Economy”, Energy Policy, C:35, No:12, ss. 6036-6045.
• Lehr, U., Nitsch, J., Kratzat, M., Lutz, C., ve Edler, D. (2008). “Renewable Energy and Employment in Germany”, Energy Policy, C:36, No:1, ss. 108-117.
• Lehr, U., Lutz, C. ve Edler, D. (2012). “Green jobs? Economic Impacts of Renewable Energy in Germany”, Energy Policy, C:47, ss. 358-364.
• Lehr, U., Mönnig, A., Missaoui, R., Marrouki, S. ve Salem, G. B. (2016). “Employment from Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Tunisia–New Insights, New Results”, Energy Procedia, C:93, ss. 223-228.
• Louie, E. P. Ve Pearce, J. M. (2016). “Retraining Investment for US Transition From Coal to Solar Photovoltaic Employmen”, Energy Economics, C:57, ss. 295-302.
• Lu, C. L. (2016). “The Determinant of US Consumers Attitudes Toward Solar Energy”, University of Florida, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Lutzeyer, S. (2013). “Essays in Offshore Wind Energy Development”, North Carolina State University, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Mitchell, W., Wray, L. R. ve Watts, M. (2019). “Macroeconomics”, Red Globe Press , London, UK.
• Mongha, N., Stafford, E. R. ve Hartman, C. L. (2006). “An Analysis of the Economic Impact on Utah County, Utah from the Development of Wind Power Plants”, Renewable Energy for Rural Economic Development College of Business Utah State University, DOE/GO-102006-2316, 1-24.
• Mu, Y., Cai, W., Evans, S., Wang, C. Ve Roland-Holst, D. (2018). “Employment Impacts of Renewable Energy Policies in China: A Decomposition Analysis Based on a CGE Modeling Framework”, Applied Energy, C:210, ss. 256-267.
• Neuwahl, F., Löschel, A., Mongelli, I. Ve Delgado, L. (2008). “Employment Impacts of EU Biofuels Policy: Combining Bottom-up Technology Information and Sectoral Market Simulations in an Input–Output Framework”, Ecological Economics, C:68, No:1-2, ss.447-460.
• Oliveira, C., Cassidy, N. Ve Coelho, D. (2014). “Employment Effects of Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Technologies in the UK”, International Input-Output Conference, Lisbon.
• Özçağ, M. ve Hotunluoğlu, H. (2015). “Kalkınma Anlayışında Yeni Bir Boyut: Yeşil Ekonomi”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C:13, No:2, ss. 303-324.
• Payne J. E. (2009). On The Dynamics Of Energy Consumption and Output in The US. Applied Energy, 86(4),575–587.
• Ram, M., Aghahosseini, A. ve Breyer, C. (2020). Job creation during the global energy transition towards 100% renewable power system by 2050. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 151, 119682.
• Reyhan, S. A. Ve Duygu, E. (2015). “Çevre Politikalarında Yeni Bir Yaklaşım: Yeşil İşler ve Yeşil İstihdam”, Memleket Siyaset Yönetim (MSY), C:10, No:23, ss. 21-39.
• Rivers, N. (2013). “Renewable Energy and Unemployment: A General Equilibrium Analysis”, Resource and Energy Economics, C: 35, No:4, ss. 467-485.
• Rodríguez-Huerta, E., Rosas-Casals, M. Ve Sorman, A. H. (2017). “A Societal Metabolism Approach to Job Creation and Renewable Energy Transitions in Catalonia”, Energy Policy, C:108, ss. 551-564.
• Rutovitz, J. Harris, S. (2012). “Calculating Global Energy Sector Jobs: 2012 Methodology”, Institute for Sustainable Futures, Utlimo, NSW, Australia.
• Sari, A. ve Akkaya, M. (2016). “Contribution of Renewable Energy Potential to Sustainable Employment”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, C:229, ss. 316-325.
• Sawle, Y., Gupta, S. C. Ve Bohre, A. K. (2018). “Socio-techno-economic Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy System Using Optimization Techniques”, Renewable Energy, C:119, ss. 459-472.
• Sema, A. Y. (2012). Türkiye’de işsizliğin nedenleri: İstihdam politikaları üzerine bir Değerlendirme. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 321-341.
• Silalertruksa, T., Gheewala, S. H., Hünecke, K. ve Fritsche, U. R. (2012). “Biofuels and Employment Effects: Implications for Socio-economic Development in Thailand”, Biomass and bioenergy, C:46, ss. 409-418.
• Simas, M. ve Pacca, S. (2014). “Assessing Employment in Renewable Energy Technologies: A Case Study for Wind Power in Brazil”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, C:31, ss. 83-90.
• Srisamran, S. (2014). “A study of Electricity Planning in Thailand: An Integrated Top-down and Bottom-up Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Modeling Analysis”, Cornell University, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Sungur, Z. (2010). “Yeşil Yakalı Meslekler”, 12.Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Kongresi Bildiriler, 7-10.10.2010, Antalya. Tekeli, S., Özgüler, V.C., Özdemir, M.Ç., Biçerli, M.K. (2012). İstihdam ve İşsizlik, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını, No: 2678, Eskişehir.
• Thornley, P., Rogers, J. ve Huang, Y. (2008). “Quantification of Employment From Biomass Power Plants”, Renewable Energy, C:33, No:8, ss. 1922-1927. Topal, M. H. ve Özer, U. (2014). “Ekoloji Odaklı Bir İş Yaratma Stratejisi: Yeşil İstihdam”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, C:5, No:11, ss. 257-274.
• Topgül, S. (2015). “A Solution for Unemployment: Green jobs and Green Employment Tokat Example”, Journal of Human Sciences, C:12, No:2, ss. 1334-1348.
• Ünsal, E. M. (2009). Makro İktisat. 8.Baskı. İmaj Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Van der Zwaan, B., Cameron, L. ve Kober, T. (2013). “Potential for Renewable Energy Jobs in the Middle East”, Energy Policy, C:60, ss. 296-304.
• Wei, M., Patadia, S. ve Kammen, D. M. (2010). “Putting Renewables and Energy Efficiency to Work: How Many Jobs can the Clean Energy Industry Generate in the US?”, Energy policy, C:38, No:2, ss. 919-931.
• Williams, S.K., Acker, T., Goldberg, M. and Greve, M. (2008). Estimating the economic benefits of wind energy projects using monte carlo simulation with economic input/output analysis. Wind Energy, 11, 397-414.
• Williamson, S. D. (2018). “Macroeconomics”, Pearson Education, New York.
• Wydra, S. (2011). “Production and Employment Impacts of Biotechnology—Input–Output Analysis for Germany”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, C:78, No:7, ss. 1200-1209.
• Yılmaz, S. A. (2014) "Yeşil İşler ve Türkiye'de Yenilenebilir Enerji Alanındaki Potansiyeli", Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Uzmanlık Tezi, Yayın No 2827, Ankara.
• Zame, K. K. (2016). “Renewable Energy Deployment in Ghana: Sustainability Benefits and Policy Implications, University of Delaware, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi. Zhang, S., Chen, Y., Liu, X., Yang, M. Ve Xu, L. (2017). “Employment Effects of Solar PV Industry in China: A Spreadsheet-based Analytical Model”, Energy Policy, C:109, ss. 59-65.
• Zhang, Y. ve Goldberg, M. (2015). Jobs and Economic Development Impact (JEDI) User Reference Guide: Fast Pyrolysis Biorefinery Model. National Renewable Energy Labarotory, Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-62548, 1-30.
• Zhao, X. ve Luo, D. (2017). “Driving Force of Rising Renewable Energy in China: Environment, Regulation and Employment”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, C:68, ss. 48-56.