AĞ KURUCUSU OLARAK KALKINMA AJANSLARI: EMİLİA-ROMAGNA ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 348 - 360, 31.12.2021

Aziz Tuncer

Öz

Çalışma dinamikleri ve ulaşabildiği kaynaklar gözönüne alındığında, ağların bölgesel kalkınma faaliyetlerinin temel unsuru haline gelmesi oldukça güçlü bir ihtimal olarak görünmektedir. 1970'lerin ortalarında şekillenmeye başladığında bölgesel kalkınma politikalarının birincil amacı, bazı yetkileri bölgesel yönetimlere devretmekti. Ancak, AB bölgesel kalkınma fonlarının yürürlüğe girmesinden sonra bölgesel kalkınma ajansları, ağ faaliyetlerine zemin oluşturabilecek yeni özellikler kazanmaya başlamıştır. Oysa ERVET'in Emilian cumhuriyetçi kültür ve katılımcı siyaset anlayışı üzerine kurulu bölgesel kalkınma politikaları, kuruluşundan itibaren ağların oluşumunu kolaylaştıran kapsayıcı politikalara örnek teşkil etmektedir. Birlikleri, ticaret odalarını, üniversiteleri, yerel yönetimleri, sendikaları ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarını içeren Emilian kalkınma ağları, İtalya'nın geri kalanı ile kıyaslandığında oldukça olumlu ekonomik sonuçlar elde etmiştir. Bölgenin özgün kalkınma özellikleri Emilian modeli olarak adlandırılmaktadır ve ekonomi bağlamında üzerinde oldukça kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu makale, önceki çalışmalardan farklı olarak, modelin siyasi ve idari özelliklerini de incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu makale, Emilia-Romagna Bölgesel Kalkınma Ajansı (ERVET)’nın bölgenin kültürel/politik değerleri ve ekonomik özelliklerini etkin kalkınma ağlarına nasıl dönüştürdüğünü açıklamaya çalışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ağ, Kalkınma Ajansı, Emilia Modeli, Emilia-Romagna Bölgesi, ERVET., Ağ, Kalkınma Ajansı, Emilia Modeli, Emilia-Romagna Bölgesi, ERVET.

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

BİDEB-2219 Grant

Teşekkür

TÜBİTAK

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY AS THE PROMOTER OF NETWORK: THE CASE OF EMILIA-ROMAGNA

Öz

Regarding their dynamics and sources, networks are expected to be an essential component of regional development programs. The initial purpose of the regional development policies was to devolve some responsibilities to the regional authorities in the mid-1970s. However, after the introduction of EU regional development funds, regional development organizations acquired some new properties to provide a ground for network activities. The regional development policies of ERVET, on the other hand, upon Emilian republican culture and participatory politics have represented an exemplary case for inclusionary policies that facilitate the formation of networks since its establishment. The Emilian development networks encompassing associations, chambers, universities, local governments, trade unions, and non-governmental organizations produced considerable positive economic outcomes compared to the rest of Italy. The peculiar development patterns of the region are called the Emilian model and have been extensively studied in terms of economy. On the contrary, this article aims to analyze the model by regarding political and administrative terms as well. In this context, this article will try to explain how the Emilia-Romagna Regional Development Agency (ERVET) accomplished in exploiting the cultural/political values and economic peculiarities in transforming them into successful development networks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Network, Regional Development Agency, Emilian Model, Region of Emilia-Romagna, ERVET

Proje Numarası

BİDEB-2219 Grant

Kaynakça

• AMIN, A. (1999). “The Emilian Model: Institutional Challenges.” European Planning Studies 7 (4): 389-405.
• ANSELL, C. 2000. “The Networked Polity: Regional Development in Western Europe.” Governance 13(2): 279–293.
• BARDI, A. and BERTINI, S. (2004). “Regional Development and Industrial Clusters in Global Competition” IVth RLDWL Congress: Transnational Co-operation on Social Regulation. The University of Durban Westville.
• BELLINI, N. (1990). The Management of the Economy in Emilia-Romagna: The PCI and the Regional Experience. In The Region and European Integration: The Case of Emilia-Romagna, eds. Leonardi, Robert and Raffaella Y. Nanetti, 109-123. London: Pinter.
• BELLINI, N., GIORDANI, M. G. and PASQUINI, F. (1990). The Industrial Policy of Emilia- Romagna: The Business Service Centres. In The Region and European Integration: The Case of Emilia-Romagna, eds. Leonardi, Robert and Raffaella Y. Nanetti, 171-186. London: Pinter.
• BELLINI, N. (1996). “Regional Economic Policies and the Non-linearity of History.” European Planning Studies 4(1): 63-73.
• BELLINI, N. and PASQUINI, F. (1998). The Case of ERVET in Emilia-Romagna: Towards a Second-Generation Regional Development Agency. In Regional Development Agencies in Europe, eds. Halkier, Henrik, Mike Danson and Charlotte Damborg, 253-270. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• BENZ, A. And FÜRST, D. (2002). “Policy Learning in Regional Networks”. European Urban and Regional Studies 9(1): 21–35
• BIANCHI, P. and GIORDANI, M. G. (1993). “Innovation Policy at the Local and National Levels: The Case of Emilia-Romagna.” European Planning Studies 1(1): 25-41.
• BIANCHI, P. and GUALTERI, G. (1990). Emilia-Romagna and its Industrial Districts: The Evolution of a Model. In The Region and European Integration: The Case of Emilia-Romagna, eds. Leonardi, Robert and Raffaella Y. Nanetti, 83-108. London: Pinter.
• BRUSCO, S. (1982). “The Emilian Model: Productive Decentralisation and Social Integration.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 6: 167-184.
• BRUSZT, L. (2008). “Multi-level Governance — The Eastern Versions: Emerging Patterns of Regional Developmental Governance in the New Member States.” Regional & Federal Studies 18(5): 607-627.
• CIAFFI, A. (2001). “Multi-level Governance in Italy: The Case of Marche.” Regional & Federal Studies 11(2): 115-146.
• COOKE, P. (2001). “From Technopoles to Regional Innovation Systems: The Evolution of Localised Technology Development Policy.” Canadian Journal of Regional Science/Revue canadienne des sciences regionals, XXIV (1): 21-40.
• COOKE, P. (1996). “Building a Twenty-first Century Regional Economy in Emilia-Romagna.” European Planning Studies 4 (1): 53-62.
• COOKE, P. (1995). “The New Wave of Regional Innovation Networks: Analysis, Characteristics, and Strategy.” Small Business Economics 8: 159-171.
• COOKE, P. and MORGAN, K. (1998). The Associational Economy: Firms, Regions, and Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
• COOKE, P. and MORGAN, K. (1994). Growth Regions under Duress: Renewal Strategies in Baden Württemberg and Emilia-Romagna. In Globalization, Institutions and Regional Development in Europe, eds. Amin, Ash and Nigel Thrift, 91-117. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• COSSENTINO, F. (1996). The Need for a New Regulatory and Institutional Order. In Local and Regional Response to Global Pressure: The Case of Italy and its Industrial Districts, eds. Cossentino, Francesco, Frank Pyke and Werner Sengenberger, 99-110. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
• DENTE, B. (1997). “Sub‐national Governments in the Long Italian Transition.” West European Politics 20(1): 176-193.
• DESIDERI, C. and SANTANTONIO, V. (1996). “Building a Third Level in Europe: Prospects and Difficulties in Italy.” Regional & Federal Studies 6(2): 96-116.
• GARMISE, S. O. (1995). Economic Development Strategies in Emilia-Romagna. In The Regions and the New Europe: Patterns in Core and Periphery Development, eds. Rhodes, Martin, 136-165. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• GROPPI, T. and SCATTONE, N. (2003). “Italy: The Subsidiarity Principle.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 4(1): 131–137.
• GRABBE, H. (2001). “How Does Europeanization Affect CEE Governance? Conditionality, Diffusion and Diversity.” Journal of European Public Policy 8(6): 1013-1031.
• HARMAAKORPI, V. and NIUKKANEN, H. (2007). “Leadership in different kinds of regional development networks”Baltic Journal of Management Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 80-96
• HEIDENRICH, M. (1996). “Beyond Flexible Specialization: The Rearrangement of Regional Production Orders in Emilia‐Romagna and Baden‐Württemberg.” European Planning Studies 4(4): 401-419.
• HUGGINS, R. (1997). "Training and Enterprise Councils as facilitators of a networked approach to local economic development: forms, mechanisms, and existing interpretations." Environment and Planning C.
• HUGGINS, R. and THOMPSON, P. (2014). “A Network-based View of Regional Growth." Journal of Economic Geography. 14. Pp.511-545.
• IERACI, G. (1998). “European Integration and the Relationship between State and Regions in Italy: The Interplay between National and Common Agricultural Policies.” Regional & Federal Studies 8(2): 21-33.
• KEATING, M. (1988). “Does Regional Government Work? The Experience of Italy, France, and Spain." Governance: An International Journal of Policy Administration 1 (2): 184-204.
• KOGAN, N. (1975). “Impact of the New Italian Regional Governments on the Structure of Power within the Parties.” Comparative Politics 7(3): 383-406.
• LAVENEX, S. (2008). “A Governance Perspective on the European Neighbourhood Policy: Integration beyond Conditionality.” Journal of European Public Policy 15(6): 938-55.
• LEONARDI, R. (1990). Political Developments and Institutional Change in Emilia- Romagna, 1970-1990. In The Region and European Integration: The Case of Emilia Romagna, eds. Leonardi, Robert and Raffaella Y. Nanetti, 13-38. London: Pinter.
• LOUGHLIN, J. (2001). Italy: The Crisis of the Second Republic. In Subnational Democracy in the European Union: Challenges and Opportunities, eds. John Loughlin, 221-229. New York: Oxford University Press.
• MARZOCCHI, C. (2009). The Evolution of an Innovation Policy in a Local System of Production. The Case of the Regional Programme for Industrial Research, Innovation and Technology Transfer. Ph.D. Thesis. Ferrara: Universita Ferrara.
• MATTEI, P. (2004). “Changing Pattern of Centre–periphery Relations in Italy: Sidney Tarrow Revisited.” Regional & Federal Studies 14(4): 538-553.
• MAZZONIS, D. (1996). The Changing Role of ERVET in Emilia-Romagna. In Local and Regional Response to Global Pressure: The Case of Italy and its Industrial Districts, eds. Cossentino, Francesco, Frank Pyke and Werner Sengenberger, 131-142. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
• PIATTONI, S. and SMYRL, M. (2003). Building Effective Institutions. Italian Regions and EU Structural Funds. In Between Europeanization and Local Societies. The Space for Territorial Governance, eds. Bukowski, Jeanie J., Simona Piattoni and Marc E. Smyrl, 133-156. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
• PUTNAM, R. D., LEONARDI R., NANETTI R. Y. and PAVONCELLO, F. (1983). “Explaining Institutional Success: The Case of Italian Regional Government.” The American Political Science Review 77 (1): 55-74.
• RINALDI, A. (2005). “The Emilian Model Revisited: Twenty Years After.” Business History 47 (2): 244-266.
• RUSSO, M., ALLARI, G., BERTINI, S., BONARETTI, P., DE LEO, E., FIORANI, G. and RINALDINI, G. (2000). “The Challenges for the Next Decade Notes for a Debate on the Development of the Emilia-Romagna Region.” Concepts and Transformation 5 (1): 65 -95.
• SOTARAUTA, M. (2010). “Regional development and regional networks: The role of regional development officers in Finland” European Urban and Regional Studies 17(4): 387- 400.
• TUNCER, A. (2021). Higher Capacity with Limited Competence, Regional Development Agencies in Unitary States: The Case of the Emilia-Romagna. Bilgi 23 (1): 109 -134.
• ZARISKI, R. (1985). “Approaches to the Problem of Local Autonomy: The Lessons of Italian Regional Devolution.” West European Politics 8 (3): 64-81.