Cognitive Factors of Responsible Tourism Attitude: The Perspective From Sarawak’s Ecotourist

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 121 - 136, 30.12.2024

Wei Chiang Chan , Chee Hua Chin Winnie Poh Ming Wong

Öz

Responsible tourism involves ethical and responsible practices in production and consumption by all tourism stakeholders to achieve sustainable tourism. The recent tourism crisis has revealed the sector's vulnerability, highlighting its significant impact on national and local economies and the livelihoods of many individuals and families. The tourism industry in Malaysia has faced severe crises and unsustainable practices couple years ago due to its rapid growth and past lack of responsible approaches, leading to issues with sustainability. This study explored ecotourists' attitudes toward responsible tourism, influenced by four key predictors — awareness, perceived value, self-efficacy, and outcome expectation. The goal is to understand tourists' perceptions and identify attitude that may lead to behavioral change. The study adopted a quantitative approach, with the valid data of 383 (N=383). Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 29.0 were utilized to perform preliminary data analysis. Then SmartPLS 4.0 is used to perform two stage partial lease square structural equation model (PLS-SEM) analysis. The result recommended that awareness, perceived value, and outcome expectation is positively and significantly related to attitude. However, self-efficacy is found to have no impact on attitude. Besides, the current study is believed to be able to contribute to the literature, scholars, policymakers and industry players by providing empirical evidence in the field of responsible tourism and sustainable tourism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ecotourism, Awareness, Perceived Value, Sel-efficacy, Outcome Expectation

Sorumlu Turizm Tutumunun Bilişsel Faktörleri: Sarawak Ekoturistlerinin Perspektifi

Öz

Sorumlu turizm, sürdürülebilir turizme ulaşmak amacıyla tüm turizm paydaşlarının üretim ve tüketimde etik ve sorumlu uygulamaları benimsemesini içerir. Son dönemde yaşanan turizm krizi, sektörün kırılganlığını ortaya koymuş ve ulusal ve yerel ekonomiler ile birçok birey ve ailenin geçim kaynakları üzerindeki önemli etkisini vurgulamıştır. Malezya'daki turizm sektörü, hızlı büyümesi ve geçmişte sorumlu yaklaşımların eksikliği nedeniyle birkaç yıl önce ciddi krizler ve sürdürülemez uygulamalarla karşı karşıya kalmış, bu da sürdürülebilirlik sorunlarına yol açmıştır. Bu çalışma, ekoturistlerin sorumlu turizme yönelik tutumlarını, farkındalık, algılanan değer, öz-yeterlik ve sonuç beklentisi olmak üzere dört temel etkenin etkisiyle incelemiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, turistlerin algılarını anlamak ve davranış değişikliğine yol açabilecek tutumları belirlemektir. Çalışmada nicel bir yöntem benimsenmiş olup, geçerli veri sayısı 383'tür (N=383). Ön veri analizini gerçekleştirmek için SPSS 29.0 kullanılmıştır. Ardından, iki aşamalı kısmi en küçük kareler yapısal eşitlik modeli (PLS-SEM) analizini gerçekleştirmek için SmartPLS 4.0 kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, farkındalık, algılanan değer ve sonuç beklentisinin tutumla pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişkiye sahip olduğunu önermektedir. Ancak, öz-yeterliğin tutum üzerinde bir etkisi bulunmamıştır. Ayrıca, bu çalışmanın sorumlu turizm ve sürdürülebilir turizm alanında literatüre, akademisyenlere, politika yapıcılara ve sektör oyuncularına ampirik kanıtlar sunarak katkı sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekoturizm, Algılanan Değer, Öz-Yeterlik, Farkındalık, Sonuç Beklentisi

Kaynakça

• Abdi, H. (2003). Partial Least Squares ( PLS ) Regression. In M. Lewis-Beck, A. Bryman, & T. Futing (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Social Sciences Research Methods (pp. 1–7). Sage.
• Acheampong, R. A., & Siiba, A. (2020). Modelling the determinants of car-sharing adoption intentions among young adults: the role of attitude, perceived benefits, travel expectations and socio-demographic factors. Transportation, 47(5), 2557–2580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-10029-3
• Ajzen, I. (2014). Attitude Structure and Behaviour. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & Anthony G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude Structure and Function (pp. 1–455). Psychology Press.
• Alruwaie, M., El-Haddadeh, R., & Weerakkody, V. (2020). Citizens’ continuous use of eGovernment services: The role of self-efficacy, outcome expectations and satisfaction. Government Information Quarterly, 37(3), 101485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101485
• Alyahya, M., & McLean, G. (2022). Examining Tourism Consumers’ Attitudes and the Role of Sensory Information in Virtual Reality Experiences of a Tourist Destination. Journal of Travel Research, 61(7), 1666–1681. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211037745
• Ashfaq, M., Yun, J., & Yu, S. (2021). My Smart Speaker is Cool! Perceived Coolness, Perceived Values, and Users’ Attitude toward Smart Speakers. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 37(6), 560–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2020.1841404
• Azizan, H. (2023). Levelling up, responsibly. The Star, 1. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/focus/2023/08/20/levelling-up-responsibly
• Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991). Assessing Construct Validity in Organizational Research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 421–458. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393203
• Balaji, K., & Maheswari, R. (2021). Impact of Store Image Dimensions on Shopper’s Attitude, Perceived Value, and Purchase Intention. SAGE Open, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244021994824
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W. H. Freeman. Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1986). Applications of Self-Efficacy Theory to Understanding Career Choice Behavior. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.279
• Boğan, E., Dedeoğlu, B. B., & Balikçioğlu Dedeoğlu, S. (2021). The effect of residents’ perception of hotel social responsibility on overall attitude toward tourism. Tourism Review, 76(5), 1104–1122. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2019-0353
• Cai, L., Kwasi Sampene, A., Khan, A., Oteng-Agyeman, F., Tu, W., & Robert, B. (2022). Does Entrepreneur Moral Reflectiveness Matter? Pursing Low-Carbon Emission Behavior among SMEs through the Relationship between Environmental Factors, Entrepreneur Personal Concept, and Outcome Expectations. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020808
• Cavalcante, W. Q. de F., Coelho, A., & Bairrada, C. M. (2021). Sustainability and tourism marketing: A bibliometric analysis of publications between 1997 and 2020 using VOSviewer software. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(9), 4987–5008. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094987
• Chan, S. H., & Lay, Y. F. (2021). Effects of Attitude, Self-efficacy Beliefs, and Motivation on Behavioural Intention in Teaching Science. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 21(93), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2021.93.11
• Chang, K. C. (2021). The affecting tourism development attitudes based on the social exchange theory and the social network theory. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(2), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1540438
• Cheah, C. S. (2021, July 16). Reviving Sarawak’s tourism industry with responsible tourism emphasis. Focus Malaysia, 1. https://focusmalaysia.my/reviving-sarawaks-tourism-industry-with-responsible-tourism-emphasis/
• Cheer, J. M., Ting, H., & Leong, C.-M. (2021). Responsible Tourism: A New Era of Responsibility? Journal of Responsible Tourism Management, 1(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.47263/jrtm.01-01-01
• Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern business research methods. Mahwah (1st ed., pp. 295–336). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Chin, W. W. (2010). How to Write Up and Report PLS analyses. In V. E. Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, methods and applications (pp. 655–690). Springer.
• Chiu, Y. T. H., Lee, W. I., & Chen, T. H. (2014). Environmentally Responsible Behavior in Ecotourism: Exploring the Role of Destination Image and Value Perception. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(8), 876–889. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2013.818048
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Constantino, M. J., Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., Ametrano, R. M., & Smith, J. A. Z. (2011). Expectations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20754
• Cronbach, L. J. (1951). COEFFICIENT ALPHA AND THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF TESTS. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.
• D. Mikil, F., & Soo, G. (2023, October 14). Malaysian travellers happy with focus on ecotourism. The Star, 1. https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/travel/2023/10/14/malaysian-travellers-happy-with-focus-on-ecotourism
• Darvishmotevali, M., & Altinay, L. (2022). Green HRM, environmental awareness and green behaviors: The moderating role of servant leadership. Tourism Management, 88(August 2021), 104401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104401
• Dayak Daily. (2022, September 1). Abang Johari : Sarawak committed to responsible , sustainable tourism. DayakDaily, 1–2. https://dayakdaily.com/abang-johari-sarawak-committed-to-responsible-sustainable-tourism/
• Dias, Á., Aldana, I., Pereira, L., Lopes da Costa, R., & António, N. (2021). A measure of tourist responsibility. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(6), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063351
• Doğru, O. (2020). An investigation of pre-service visual arts teachers’ perceptions of computer self-efficacy and attitudes towards web-based instruction. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 6(4), 629–637. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.v6i4.1454
• Fan, D. X. F., Qiu, H., Jenkins, C. L., & Lau, C. (2023). Towards a better tourist-host relationship: the role of social contact between tourists’ perceived cultural distance and travel attitude. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(2), 204–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1783275
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. Fermani, A., Sergi, M. R., Carrieri, A., Crespi, I., Picconi, L., & Saggino, A. (2020). Sustainable tourism and facilities preferences: The sustainable tourist stay scale (stss) validation. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(22), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229767
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
• Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669
• Guizzardi, A., Stacchini, A., & Costa, M. (2022). Can sustainability drive tourism development in small rural areas? Evidences from the Adriatic. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(6), 1280–1300. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1931256
• Hair, J. F. J., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage.
• Hair, J. F. J., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (L. Fargotstein (ed.); 3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
• Hernández-Rojas, R. D., del Río, J. A. J., Fernández, A. I., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2021). The cultural and heritage tourist, SEM analysis: the case of The Citadel of the Catholic King. Heritage Science, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00525-0
• Hosany, S., Sthapit, E., & Björk, P. (2022). Memorable tourism experience: A review and research agenda. Psychology and Marketing, 39(8), 1467–1486. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21665
• Hou, C., & Sarigöllü, E. (2021). Waste prevention by consumers’ product redistribution: Perceived value, waste minimization attitude and redistribution behavior. Waste Management, 132(2021), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.07.009
• Hsieh, P. (2008). “Why Are College Foreign Language Students’’ Self-Efficacy, Attitude, and Motivation so Different?".” International Education, 38(1), 76–94.
• Jaremen, D. E., & Nawrocka, E. (2021). Motives for participation in the sharing economy from the perspective of responsible tourism. 37th IBIMA Conference, 4290–4301. https://www.wir.ue.wroc.pl/docstore/download/UEWRaa56ebf659f5435893a3cdc91c8e1d03/Jaremen_Nawrocka_Motives_for_Participation_in_The_Sharing.pdf
• Jones, P. (2022). A Review of the UK’s Tourism Recovery Plans Post COVID-19. Athens Journal of Tourism, 9(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajt
• Khan, M. R., Khan, H. U. R., Lim, C. K., Tan, K. L., & Ahmed, M. F. (2021). Sustainable tourism policy, destination management and sustainable tourism development: A moderated-mediation model. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(21), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112156
• Kim, M. J., Park, J. Y., Lee, C.-K., & Chung, J. Y. (2017). The role of perceived ethics in the decision-making process for responsible tourism using an extended model of goal-directed behavior. International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 31(4), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.21298/ijthr.2017.4.31.4.5
• Kızılaslan Tunçer, B. (2020). The Relationship Between the Attitudes and Self Efficacy Levels of Per-Service Primary Teacher’s on the Initial Reading and Writing. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(4), 312–321. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2020.268.20
• Kousar, S., Afzal, M., Ahmed, F., & Bojnec, Š. (2022). Environmental Awareness and Air Quality: The Mediating Role of Environmental Protective Behaviors. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(6), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063138
• Kusumawati, A., Pangestuti, E., & Supriono, S. (2022). The antecedent of event attachment influence on tourism sustainability: the case of Jember Fashion Carnaval, Indonesia. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 8(4), 1000–1018. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2021-0197
• Lee, M. B., Suh, K. S., & Whang, J. (2003). The impact of situation awareness information on consumer attitudes in the Internet shopping mall. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 2(3), 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-4223(03)00028-0
• Li, J. yi, Pan, L., & Hu, Y. (2021). Cultural involvement and attitudes toward tourism: Examining serial mediation effects of residents’ spiritual wellbeing and place attachment. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 20(September 2020), 100601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100601
• Liechti, O., & Sumi, Y. (2002). Editorial: Awareness and the WWW. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 56(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.2001.0512
• Liguori, E., Winkler, C., Vanevenhoven, J., Winkel, D., & James, M. (2020). Entrepreneurship as a career choice: intentions, attitudes, and outcome expectations. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 32(4), 311–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2019.1600857
• Lim, T., Wan, M., Chan, T., Leong, C., & Chin, C. (2023). To Visit and Preserve an Ecotourism Destination? The Moderating Effect of the Sense of Responsibility. Journal of Responsible Tourism Management, 3(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.47263/jrtm.03-01-03
• Lin, H. Y., & Hsu, M. H. (2015). Using Social Cognitive Theory to Investigate Green Consumer Behavior. Business Strategy and the Environment, 24(5), 326–343. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1820
• Luo, W., Tang, P., Jiang, L., & Su, M. M. (2020). Influencing mechanism of tourist social responsibility awareness on environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 271, 122565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122565
• Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board. (2023). Malaysia positions itself as a sustainable destination at FITUR and presents for the first time the ecotourism offer of the state of Sabah. Tourism Malaysia. https://www.tourism.gov.my/media/view/malaysia-positions-itself-as-a-sustainable-destination-at-fitur-and-presents-for-the-first-time-the-ecotourism-offer-of-the-state-of-sabah
• Mao, Y., He, J., Morrison, A. M., & Andres Coca-Stefaniak, J. (2021). Effects of tourism CSR on employee psychological capital in the COVID-19 crisis: from the perspective of conservation of resources theory. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(19), 2716–2734. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1770706 Ministry of Tourism and Culture Malaysia. (2017). National Ecotourism Plan 2016 - 2025. http://www.motac.gov.my/en/download/category/86-pelan-eko-pelancongan-kebangsaan-2016-2025 Ministry of Tourism Creative Industry and Performing Arts Sarawak. (2024). Sarawak Tourism Quick Facts 2023.
• Mosavi, S. A., & Ghaedi, M. (2012). An examination of the effects of perceived value and attitude on customers’ behavioral intentions in e-shopping. African Journal of Business Management, 6(5), 1950–1959. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbm11.2205
• New Straits Time. (2023, September 27). #JOM!: Ensuring a sustainable future for Sarawak tourism. New Straits Time, 1. https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/jom/2023/09/960320/jom-ensuring-sustainable-future-sarawak-tourism
• Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd Editio). McGraw-Hill. Patwary, A. K., Omar, H., & Tahir, S. (2020). The impact of perceived environmental responsibility on tourists’ intention to visit green hotel: The mediating role of attitude. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 34(1), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.30892/GTG.34101-612
• Paulose, D., & Shakeel, A. (2022). Perceived Experience, Perceived Value and Customer Satisfaction as Antecedents to Loyalty among Hotel Guests. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 23(2), 447–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2021.1884930
• Pratama, A. A. N., Hamidi, M. L., & Cahyono, E. (2023). The effect of halal brand awareness on purchase intention in indonesia: the mediating role of attitude. Cogent Business and Management, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2168510
• Qiao, G., Ruan, W. J., & Pabel, A. (2022). Understanding tourists’ protection motivations when faced with overseas travel after COVID-19: the case of South Koreans travelling to China. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(10), 1588–1606. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1928011
• Raihan, A., Voumik, L. C., Esquivias, M. A., Ridzuan, A. R., Yusoff, N. Y. M., Fadzilah, A. H. H., & Malayaranjan, S. (2023). Energy trails of tourism: analyzing the relationship between tourist arrivals and energy consumption in Malaysia. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 51(4 supplement), 1786–1795. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.514 spl19-1174
• Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Mitchell, R., & Siegfried, P. (2018). Partial least squares structural equation modeling in HRM research. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(12), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1416655
• Sabri, M. F., Wijekoon, R., Abd Rahim, H., Burhan, N. A. S., Madon, Z., & Hamsan, H. H. (2022). Financial Literacy, Financial Behavior, Self-Efficacy, and Financial Health among Malaysian Households: The Mediating Role of Money Attitudes. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(13). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i13/14150
• Shah, S. K., Zhongjun, T., Sattar, A., & XinHao, Z. (2021). Consumer’s intention to purchase 5G: Do environmental awareness, environmental knowledge and health consciousness attitude matter? Technology in Society, 65(July 2020), 101563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101563
• Sultan, M. T., Sharmin, F., Badulescu, A., Stiubea, E., & Xue, K. (2021). Travelers’ responsible environmental behavior towards sustainable coastal tourism: An empirical investigation on social media user-generated content. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010056
• The Borneo Post. (2023, May 6). Sarawak Tourism Board promotes responsible tourism at Arabian Travel Market 2023. The Borneo Post, 1. https://www.theborneopost.com/2023/05/06/sarawak-tourism-board-promotes-responsible-tourism-at-arabian-travel-market-2023/
• Thomas, J. (2020, July 20). Federal boost for nine ecotourism clusters in Sarawak. Free Malaysia, 1. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2020/07/20/federal-boost-for-nine-ecotourism-clusters-in-sarawak/
• Tran, P. K. T., Nguyen, V. K., & Tran, V. T. (2021). Brand equity and customer satisfaction: a comparative analysis of international and domestic tourists in Vietnam. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 30(1), 180–194. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-08-2019-2540
• Tümkaya, G. S., & Miller, S. (2020). The perceptions of pre and in-service teachers’ self-efficacy regarding inclusive practices: A systematised review. Elementary Education Online, 19(2), 1061–1077. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2020.696690
• Um, J., & Yoon, S. (2021). Evaluating the relationship between perceived value regarding tourism gentrification experience, attitude, and responsible tourism intention. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 19(3), 345–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2019.1707217
• Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., Chan, F. K. Y., Hu, P. J. H., & Brown, S. A. (2011). Extending the two-stage information systems continuance model: Incorporating UTAUT predictors and the role of context. Information Systems Journal, 21(6), 527–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2011.00373.x
• Vetrichelvi, S., & Priya, S. (2022). A Study on awareness and attitudes towards Crypto currency among college students. Specialusis Ugdymas, 1(43), 6488–6496. http://sumc.lt/index.php/se/article/view/823 Wang, S., Berbekova, A., & Uysal, M. (2021). Is This about Feeling? The Interplay of Emotional Well-being, Solidarity, and Residents’ Attitude. Journal of Travel Research, 60(6), 1180–1195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520938862
• Wilkins, S., Hazzam, J., & Megicks, P. (2023). Consumers’ propensity for rollover service contracts: the influences of perceived value, convenience and trust on service loyalty. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 31(3), 516–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2021.1946127
• Wold, H. (1985). Partial Least Squares. In Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences (Vol. 6, pp. 581–591). https://doi.org/10.1002/0471667196.ess1914.pub2
• Wong, B. W. K., Ghazali, S., & Yusof, N. (2021). The condition and challenges of community learning centre in the oil palm plantations of Sarawak, Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Society, 22(3), 1656–1672. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.4328.2021
• Yang, Y., Wang, S., Cai, Y., & Zhou, X. (2022). How and why does place identity affect residents’ spontaneous culture conservation in ethnic tourism community? A value co-creation perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(6), 1344–1363. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1945070
• Ye, L., Kuang, M., & Liu, S. (2022). ICT Self-Efficacy, Organizational Support, Attitudes, and the Use of Blended Learning: An Exploratory Study Based on English Teachers in Basic Education. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(June), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.941535
• Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52(3), 2–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200302
• Zhang, P., & Wang, C. (2005). An Empirical Study on Consumers Perceived Value and Attitudes toward Advertising. The 6th Global Information Technology and Management (GITM) World Conference, 3–7.
• Zulkosky, K. (2009). Self-Efficacy: A Concept Analysis. Nursing Forum, 44(2), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.2009.00132.x