Farklı Çözücülerle Ekstrakte Edilen $Smilax$ $excelsa$ L.’nin Fitokimyasal, Antioksidan ve Antimikrobiyal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Yaprak ve sürgünleri günlük diyette sıklıkla tüketilen ve geleneksel tıpta çeşitli hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılan, yenilebilir yabani bir bitki olan $Smilax$ $excelsa$ L. başta Karadeniz Bölgesi olmak üzere Türkiye’nin belirli bölgelerinde yetişmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı çözücülerle hazırlanan $S.$ $excelsa$ ekstraktlarının fitokimyasal özelliklerini, antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktivitelerini belirlemektir. Çalışmada, $S.$ $excelsa$ sürgünleri su, %70 etanol ve %80 metanol çözücüleriyle ekstrakte edilmiş ve ultrason destekli ekstraksiyon metodu uygulanmıştır. Bitkiden elde edilen ekstraktların toplam fenolik madde miktarının etanol (75.09 mg/g) ve metanol (74.72 mg/g) ekstraktlarında su ekstraktına (49.62 mg/g) kıyasla yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Su ekstraktı en yüksek flavonoid (22.96 mg/g) miktarına sahipken, %80’lik metanol ekstraktı en yüksek toplam antosiyanin miktarına (0.52 mg/g) sahiptir. $S.$ $excelsa$ ekstraktlarının çeşitli patojenlere karşı etkinliği de araştırılmıştır. $Enterococcus$ $faecalis$ ATCC 29212 patojeninin ekili olduğu Petride, yalnızca su ekstraktının emdirildiği diskin etrafında açık zon oluşumu meydana geldiği belirlenmiştir. Zon çapı 2.10 ± 0.08 cm’idi. Çalışma sonucunda, özellikle etanol ve metanol ekstraktlarının hem fitokimyasal özellikler hem de antioksidan aktiviteler bakımından etkin olduğu ve bu nedenle yüksek antioksidan özellikler sergiledikleri söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Smilax excelsa
• yenilebilir yabani bitkiler
• fenolik bileşik
• antioksidan aktivite

Determination of the Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties of $Smilax$ $excelsa$ L. Extracted with Different Solvents

Öz

$Smilax$ $excelsa$ L., an edible wild plant whose leaves and shoots are frequently consumed in the daily diet and used to treat various diseases in traditional medicine, grows in certain regions of Türkiye, especially in the Black Sea Region. This study aims to determine the phytochemical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of $S.$ $excelsa$ with different solvents. In this study, the shoots of $S.$ $excelsa$ were extracted with water, 70% ethanol, and 80% methanol solvents and an ultrasound-assisted extraction method was used. It was found that the total phenolic contents of the extracts obtained from the plant were higher in the ethanol (75.09 mg/g) and methanol (74.72 mg/g) extracts compared to the water extract (49.62 mg/g). While the water extract had the highest amount of flavonoids (22.96 mg/g), the 80% methanol extract had the highest amount of total anthocyanins (0.52 mg/g). The efficacy of the extracts against various pathogens was also investigated. It was determined that in the Petri dish in which $Enterococcus$ $faecalis$ ATCC 29212 pathogen was cultivated, a clear zone was formed around the disc into which only the water extract was impregnated. The zone diameter was 2.10 ± 0.08 cm. As a result of the study, it can be said that especially the ethanol and methanol extracts were effective in terms of both the phytochemical properties and antioxidant activities and therefore they exhibited high antioxidant properties.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Smilax excelsa
• edible wild plants
• phenolic compound
• antioxidant activity

Kaynakça

1. Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Morales, P., & Barros, L. (2017). Wild Plants, Mushrooms and Nuts: Functional Properties and Food Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2. Gangwar, K. K., Deepali, G. R. & Gangwar, R. S. (2010). Ethnomedicinal plant diversity in Kumaun Himalaya of Uttarakhand, India. Natural Sciences, 8(5), 66-78.
3. Kumari, S., & Sahu, C. (2015). Food habits and its socio-cultural values among the tribals of Jharkhand and Hindus of Bihar. Asian Man (The)-An International Journal, 9(1), 87-91.
4. Harumi Iyda, J., Fernandes, Â., Calhelha, R. C., Alves, M. J., Ferreira, F. D., Barros, L., Amaral, J. S., & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2019). Nutritional composition and bioactivity of Um-bilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy: an underexploited edible wild plant. Food Chemistry, 295, 341-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.139
5. Brito, C., Bertotti, T., Primitivo, M. J., Neves, M., Pires, C. L., Cruz, P. F., Martins, P. A. T., Rodrigues, A. C., Moreno, M. J., Brito, R. M. M., Campos, M. J., Vaz, D. C., Pessoa, M. F., Lidon, F., Reboredo, F., & Ribeiro, V. S. (2021). Corema album spp: edible wild crowberries with a high content in minerals and organic acids. Food Chemistry, 345, 128732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.food¬chem.2020.128732
6. Geraci, A., Amato, F., Di Noto, G., Bazan, G., & Schicchi, R. (2018). The wild taxa utilized as vegetables in Sicily (Italy): a traditional component of the Mediterranean diet. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 14(1), 14. https://doi. org/10.1186/s13002-018-0215-x
7. Gündüz, M., & Karabıyıklı Çiçek, Ş. (2023). Some edible weeds grown in the Black Sea Region and their bioactive properties. Toros University Journal of Nutrition and Gastronomy, 2, 183-195. https://doi.org/10.58625/jfng-2321
8. Wondimu, T., Asfaw, Z., & Kelbessa, E. (2006). Ethnobotanical study of food plants around “Dheeraa” town, Arsi, Ethiopia. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science, 29, 71-80. https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v29i1.18261

9. Raul, S. C., Beatriz, H. C., Joseoziel, L. G., & Francenia, S. S. N. (2017). Phenolic Compounds in Genus Smilax (Sarsaparilla). In M. Soto-Hernandez, M. Palma-Tenango, & M.D.R. Garcia-Mateos, (Eds.), Phenolic Compounds - Natural Sources, Importance and Applications, (pp. 233-260). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/66896
10. Zubair, M., Rizwan, K., Rashid, U., Saeed, R., Saeed, A. A., Rasool, N., & Riaz, M. (2013). GC/MS profiling, in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and haemolytic activities of Smilax macrophylla leaves. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10(1), 1460-1468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.024
11. Yıldız, Ö. Ş., Ayanoğlu, F., & Bahadırlı, N. P. (2018). Some morphological and chemical characteristics of Sarsaparilla (Smilax aspera L., Smilax excelsa L.). Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 254-261.
12. Demir, E. (2023). The fatty acid composition, phytochemicals and antioxidabt potential of wild edible Smilax excelsa L. shoots. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 22(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2023.4566
13. Khaligh, P., Salehi, P., Farimani, M. M., Ali-Asgari, S., Esmaeili, M. A., & Nejad-Ebrahimi, S. (2016). Bioactive compounds from Smilax excelsa L. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 13, 1055-1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-016-0819-9
14. Baytop, T. (1984). Türkiye’de Bitkiler ile Tedavi (Geçmiste ve Bugün). İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
15. Davis, P. H. (1984). Smilax L. In P. H. Davis, (Ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, (pp. 70-72). Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.
16. Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., & Babaç, M. T. (2012). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını.
17. Eminağaoğlu, Ö., & Aksu, G. (2018). Smilax L. In Ü. Akkemik (Ed), Türkiye’nin Doğal-Egzotik Ağaç ve Çalıları, (pp. 613-614). Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
18. Yılmaz-Sarıaltın, S., Çiçek-Polat, D., & Yalçın, C. Ö. (2023). Cytotoxic and antioxidant activities and phytochemical analysis of Smilax excelsa L. and Aegopodium podagraria L. Food Bioscience, 52, 102359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102359
19. Ozsoy, N., Can, A., Yanardag, R., & Akev N. (2008). Antioxidant activity of Smilax excelsa L. leaf extracts. Food Chemistry, 110, 571-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.037
20. Wu, L. S., Wang, X, J., Wang, H., Yang, H. W., Jia, A. Q., & Ding, Q. (2010). Cytotoxic polyphenols against breast tumor cell in Smilax china L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 130(3), 460-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.032
21. Raghunath, S., Budaraju, S., Gharibzahedi, S. M. T., Koubaa, M., Roohinejad, S., & Mallikarjunan, K. (2023). Processing technologies for the extraction of value-added bioactive compounds from tea. Food Engineering Reviews, 15, 276-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12393-023-09338-2
22. AOAC (2010). Association of Official Analytical Chemists Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 18th edn. AOAC International, Washington DC.
23. Singleton, V., & Rossi, J. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolic compounds with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144-158.
24. Zannou, O., & Koca, I. (2020). Optimization and stabilization of the antioxidant properties from Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) with natural deep eutectic solvents. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13(8), 6437-6450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.06.002
25. Zannou, O., & Koca, I. (2022). Greener extraction of anthocyanins and antioxidant activity from blackberry (Rubus spp) using natural deep eutectic solvents. Lwt, Food Science and Technology, 158, 113184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113184
26. Tural, S., & Koca, I. (2008). Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.) grown in Turkey. Scientia Horticulturae, 116, 362-366.
27. Gao, X., Ohlander, M., Jeppsson, N., Björk, L., & Trajkovski, V. (2000). Changes in antioxidant effects and their relationship to phytonutrients in fruits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) during maturation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(5), 1485-90. https://doi. org/10.1021/jf991072g
28. Zannou, O., Pashazadeh, H., Ghellam, M., Koca, I., Kaddour, A. A., & Leriche, F. (2024). Appraisal of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of borage (Echium amoenum) flowers using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(7), 8523-8535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02739-z
29. Bauer, A. W., Kirby, W. M., Sherris, J. C., & Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45(4), 493-496.
30. Sabouraud, R. (1892). Contribution a l’etude de la trichophytie humaine. Etude clinique, microscopique et bacterioloqique sur la pluralité des trichophytons de l'homme. Ann Dermatol Syphil, 3, 1061-1087.
31. Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M., & Ibnsouda, S. K. (2016). Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: a review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(2), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
32. Topdas, E. F., Demirbaş, M., Şengül, M., & Şat, İ. G. (2021). Farklı kurutma tekniklerinin Smilax excelsa genç sürgünlerinin antioksidan aktivitesi ve bazı fizikokimyasal özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 52(3), 314-324. https://doi.org/10.17097/ataunizfd.816887
33. Özkan, M., Kırca, A., & Cemeroğlu, B. (2003). Effect of moisture content on CIE color values in dried apricots. European Food Research and Technology, 216, 217-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-002-0627-6
34. Miser-Salihoglu, E., Akaydin, G., Caliskan-Can, E., Yardim-Akaydin, S., Tatiparthi, R., Duraiswamy, D., Bannoth, C. K., Ozdamar, E. D., Eke, B. C., & Gokbulut, A. (2010). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of various herbal folk evaluation medicine. Fabad Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 35, 59-67.
35. Şahin, Ö. (2019). Melocan (Smilax excelsa L.) bitkisinin farklı kısımlarının ultrason ve mikrodalga destekli ekstraksiyon ile elde edilen bileşenlerinin tanımlanması. (Tez no. 547224). [Yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi].
36. Al Yassine, D., El Massri, N., Demircan, G., Bulut, G., Akin, D., & Tacer-Caba, Z. (2023). Total antioxidant potential, total phenolic profile and cytotoxic activity against brain cancer: melocan and galdirik. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 61(4), 475-484. https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.61.04.23.8071
37. Yan, Y., Zhou, X., Guo, K., Zhou, F., & Yang, H. (2020). Use of chlorogenic acid against diabetes mellitus and its complications. Journal of Immunology Research, 2020, 9680508. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9680508
38. Ganeshpurkar, A., & Saluja, A. (2020). The pharmacological potential of catechin. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 57(5), 505-511.
39. Yang, J., Guo, J., & Yuan, J. (2008). In vitro antioxidant properties of rutin. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 41(6), 1060-1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2007.06.010
40. Cellat, M., İşler, C. T., Uyar, A., Kuzu, M., Aydın, T., Etyemez, M., Türk, E., Yavas, I., & Güvenç M. (2022). Protective effect of Smilax excelsa L. pretreatment via antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory effects, and activation of Nrf‐2/HO‐1 pathway in testicular torsion model. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 46(8), e14161. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.14161
41. Topal, F., Nar, M., Gocer, H., Kalin, P., Kocyigit, U. M., Gülçin, İ., & Alwasel, S. H. (2016). Antioxidant activity of taxifolin: an activity-structure relationship. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 31(4), 674-683. https://doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2015.1057723
42. Das, A., Baidya, R., Chakraborty, T., Samanta, A. K., & Roy, S. (2021). Pharmacological basis and new insights of taxifolin: a comprehensive review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 142, 112004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112004
43. Oğuz Akın, S., Yesil Celiktas, O., & Sevimli Gür, C. (2022). Anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some Mediterranean plants extracts. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 12(3), 1550-1557. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1099409
44. Yıldız, Ö. Ş., Ayanoğlu, F., & Bahadırlı, N. P. (2018). Some morphological and chemical characteristics of Sarsaparilla (Smilax aspera L., Smilax excelsa L.). Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 254-261.
45. Ozsoy, N., Okyar, A., Arda-Pirincci, P., Can, A., Bolkent, S., & Akev, N., 2013. Evaluation of Smilax excelsa L. use in experimentally induced nephrotoxicity. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, 807. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2013.9253
46. Gürbüz, İ., Özçelik, B., Günbatan, T., Akkol, E. K., Şahinöz, M., & Akaydın, G. (2021). Antibacterial, antifungal and enzyme inhibitory effects of selected plants from Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 34(3), 1011-1017. https://doi.org/10.36721/PJPS.2021.34.3.REG.1011-1017.1
47. Efe, E., Yalçın, E., & Çavuşoğlu, K. (2019). Antimutagenic and multi-biological activities of Smilax excelsa L. fruit extract. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 40(2), 440-446. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.513469