Biyokütleden Sentez Gazı Eldesinde Kullanılan Gaz Filtrelerinin ve Filtreleme Yöntemlerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Biyokütle ısı enerjisi elde etmek amacıyla doğrudan yakılarak kullanılabileceği gibi termokimyasal yöntemlerle piroliz, gazlaştırma, sıvılaştırma ve biyokimyasal anaerobik bozunma proseslerinden geçirilerek katı, sıvı ve/veya gaz ürün eldesi için de kullanılabilir. Biyokütleden enerji dönüşümünde gelecek vadeden termokimyasal dönüşüm yöntemlerinden birisi de gazlaştırma prosesidir. Ancak, biyokütle gazlaştırma prosesinde katran da meydana gelir.

Katran gideriminde son yıllarda gerçekleşen çalışmalar çerçevesinde, etkin bir yöntem olarak sunulan katalitik filtreler ile hem partikül hem de katran giderimi tek adımda gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Partikül ve katran gideriminin yüksek sıcaklıkta ve tek adımda gerçekleştirilmesi de enerji verimliliği sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, biyokütleden gazlaştırma yolu ile sentez gazı eldesinde kullanılan yüksek sıcaklıklarda çalışabilen gaz filtreleri ve filtreleme yöntemleri üzerine bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Seramik Mum Filtre,Gazlaştırma,Biyokütle,Sıcak Gaz Filtreleme

The Evaluation of Gas Filters and Filtration Methods Used in the Production of Synthesis Gas from Biomass

Öz

Biomass can either be used directly by burning to obtain heat energy, or can be converted into solid, liquid and / or gaseous products by thermochemical methods such as pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction and biochemical anaerobic decomposition. The biomass gasification process is one of the promising options among the thermochemical conversion methods. However, tar is also produced during the gasification process.  

In recent studies regarding tar removal, both the particle and tar removal can be accomplished in a single step with the catalytic filters as an effective method. Particle and tar removal at high temperatures and in one step ensures energy efficiency. In this study, an evaluation was made on gas filters, which can operate at high temperatures, and filtration methods used in the production of synthesis gas from biomass.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ceramic Candle Filter,Gasification,Biomass,Hot Gas Filtration

Kaynakça

1. [6] Anis, S., Zainal, Z., 2011. Tar reduction in biomass producer gas via mechanical, catalytic and thermal methods: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(5), 2355-2377.
2. [7] Zhao, Z., Lakshminarayanan, N., Swartz, S. L., Arkenberg, G. B., Felix, L. G., Slimane, R. B., Choi, C.C., Ozkan, U. S., 2014. Characterization of olivine-supported nickel silicate as potential catalysts for tar removal from biomass gasification. Applied Catalysis A: General, 489, 42-50.
3. [8] Engelen, K., Zhang, Y., Draelants, D. J., Baron, G. V., 2003. A novel catalytic filter for tar removal from biomass gasification gas: Improvement of the catalytic activity in presence of H2S. Chemical Engineering Science, 58(3-6), 665-670.
4. [9] Gao, N., Li, A., Quan, C., Gao, F., 2008. Hydrogen-rich gas production from biomass steam gasification in an updraft fixed-bed gasifier combined with a porous ceramic reformer. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33(20), 5430-5438.
5. [10] Gao, N., Li, A., Quan, C., 2009. A novel reforming method for hydrogen production from biomass steam gasification. Bioresource Technology, 100(18), 4271-4277
6. [11] Rapagnà, S., Gallucci, K., Marcello, M. D., Matt, M., Nacken, M., Heidenreich, S., Foscolo, P. U., 2010. Gas cleaning, gas conditioning and tar abatement by means of a catalytic filter candle in a biomass fluidized-bed gasifier. Bioresource Technology, 101(18), 7123-7130.
7. [12] Rapagnà, S., Virginie, M., Gallucci, K., Courson, C., Marcello, M. D., Kiennemann, A., Foscolo, P. U., 2011. Fe/olivine catalyst for biomass steam gasification: Preparation, characterization and testing at real process conditions. Catalysis Today, 176(1), 163-168
8. [13] Nacken, M., Baron, G. V., Heidenreich, S., Rapagnà, S., D'orazio, A., Gallucci, K., Denayer, J. F. M., Foscolo, P. U., 2015. New DeTar catalytic filter with integrated catalytic ceramic foam: Catalytic activity under model and real bio syngas conditions.Fuel Processing Technology, 134, 98-106

9. [14] García-Labiano, F., Gayán, P., Diego, L. D., Abad, A., Mendiara, T., Adánez, J., Nacken, M., Heidenreich, S., 2016. Tar abatement in a fixed bed catalytic filter candle during biomass gasification in a dual fluidized bed. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental,188, 198-206.
10. [15] Devi, L., Ptasinski, K. J., Janssen, F. J., 2003. A review of the primary measures for tar elimination in biomass gasification processes. Biomass and Bioenergy, 24(2), 125-140.
11. [16] Heidenreich, S., 2013. Hot gas filtration – A review. Fuel, 104, 83-94.
12. [17] Effendi, A., Hellgardt, K., Zhang, Z., Yoshida, T., 2005. Optimising H production from model biogas via combined steam reforming and CO shift reactions. Fuel,84(7-8), 869-874.
13. [18] Franco, C., Pinto, F., Gulyurtlu, I., Cabrita, I., 2003. The study of reactions influencing the biomass steam gasification process. Fuel 82, 835–842.
14. [19] Han, J., Kim, H., 2008. The reduction and control technology of tar during biomass gasification/pyrolysis: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(2), 397-416.
15. [20] Sundac, N., Catalytic cracking of tar from biomass gasification, Lund University,2007. http://www.chemeng.lth.se/exjobb/E452.pdf [Erişim Tarihi 18.10.2016]
16. [21] Orío, A., Corella, J., Narváez, I., 1997. Performance of Different Dolomites on Hot Raw Gas Cleaning from Biomass Gasification with Air. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 36(9), 3800-3808.
17. [22] Devi, L., Ptasinski, K. J., Janssen, F. J., Paasen, S. V., Bergman, P. C., Kiel, J. H., 2005. Catalytic decomposition of biomass tars: Use of dolomite and untreated olivine. Renewable Energy, 30(4), 565-587.
18. [23] Corella, J., Toledo, J. M., Padilla, R., 2004. Olivine or Dolomite as In-Bed Additive in Biomass Gasification with Air in a Fluidized Bed: Which Is Better? Energy & Fuels Energy Fuels, 18(3), 713-720.
19. [24] D. Dayton, 2002. A Review of the Literature on Catalytic Biomass Tar Destruction-Milestone Completion Report, NREL/TP-510-32815, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
20. http://gekgasifier.pbworks.com/f/CatalyticBiomassLitReview.pdf [Erişim Tarihi 18.10.2016]
21. [25] Nacken, M., Ma, L., Heidenreich, S., Baron, G. V., 2009. Performance of a catalytically activated ceramic hot gas filter for catalytic tar removal from biomass gasification gas. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 88(3-4), 292-298.
22. [26] Tuomi, S., Kurkela, E., Simell, P., Reinikainen, M., 2015. Behaviour of tars on the filter in high temperature filtration of biomass-based gasification gas. Fuel,139, 220-231.
23. [27] Marinkovic, J., Thunman, H., Knutsson, P., Seemann, M., 2015. Characteristics of olivine as a bed material in an indirect biomass gasifier. Chemical Engineering Journal, 279, 555-566.
24. [28] Rapagnà, S., Gallucci, K., Marcello, M. D., Foscolo, P. U., Nacken, M., Heidenreich, S., Matt, M., 2012. First Al2O3 based catalytic filter candles operating in the fluidized bed gasifier freeboard. Fuel, 97, 718-724.
25. [29] Rapagnà, S., D’Oraziob, A. , Galluccic, K., Foscolob, P. U., Nackend , M., Heidenreich, S., 2014. Hydrogen Rich Gas from Catalytic Steam Gasification of Biomass in a Fluidized Bed Containing Catalytic Filters. A publication of The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engıneering Transactions, 37, 157-16.
26. [25] Nacken, M., Ma, L., Heidenreich, S., Baron, G. V., 2009. Performance of a catalytically activated ceramic hot gas filter for catalytic tar removal from biomass gasification gas. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 88(3-4), 292-298.
27. [26] Tuomi, S., Kurkela, E., Simell, P., Reinikainen, M., 2015. Behaviour of tars on the filter in high temperature filtration of biomass-based gasification gas. Fuel,139, 220-231.
28. [27] Marinkovic, J., Thunman, H., Knutsson, P., Seemann, M., 2015. Characteristics of olivine as a bed material in an indirect biomass gasifier. Chemical Engineering Journal, 279, 555-566.
29. [28] Rapagnà, S., Gallucci, K., Marcello, M. D., Foscolo, P. U., Nacken, M., Heidenreich, S., Matt, M., 2012. First Al2O3 based catalytic filter candles operating in the fluidized bed gasifier freeboard. Fuel, 97, 718-724.
30. [29] Rapagnà, S., D’Oraziob, A. , Galluccic, K., Foscolob, P. U., Nackend , M., Heidenreich, S., 2014. Hydrogen Rich Gas from Catalytic Steam Gasification of Biomass in a Fluidized Bed Containing Catalytic Filters. A publication of The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engıneering Transactions, 37, 157-16.