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Akıllı Kentlerin Gelişimi ve Kent Planlama İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 02 Sayı: 02, 1 - 20, 30.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.5505/sjcrp.2021.43531

Öz

Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojilerinin (BİT) gelişimi ile gündelik hayatın her aşamasında akıllı teknolojilerin kullanımı yaygınlaşmış, kentsel hizmet sunumları akıllı teknolojiler ile güncellenmeye başlanmış ve akıllı kent uygulamaları yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Büyük Veri (Big Data), Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT) gibi teknolojik ilerlemeler, kentsel yapıların yeniden şekillendirilmesinde önemli rol oynamaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada; gelişen akıllı teknolojilerin, kentler üzerinde ve planlama sürecinde yeni bir dönemi başlatmakta olduğu kabul edilerek, akıllı kent uygulamalarının boyutu, niteliği ve planlama ile olan ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında; akıllı kent uygulama örnekleri, yoğunlaştıkları kentler ile teknolojik ve hizmet alanları, dünya ülkelerinde yaygınlık düzeyi, akıllı kent uygulamalarının kentsel strateji ve politikalar ile ilişkisi ele alınmaktadır.

Dünya örnekleri üzerinden akıllı kent uygulamalarının incelenmesinde üç temel çerçeve ele alınmıştır: Akıllı kent uygulama bileşenleri (insan, çevre, ekonomi, yaşam, yönetişim, hareketlilik); kullanılan teknoloji desteği (BİT ve IoT); akıllı kent ilkeleri (sürdürülebilirlik, enerji verimliliği, veri gizliliği ve güvenlik, kurumlar arası işbirliği). Akıllı kent uygulamalarında dünyada ön sıralarda yer alan Barselona, Amsterdam, Masdar kentleri ve ön sıralarda yer almamakla birlikte Türkiye'de İstanbul kenti üzerinden akıllı kent politika ve stratejilerinin kapsamı ve kent planlama ile olan ilişkisi değerlendirilmektedir. Araştırma sonucunda; akıllı kent uygulamalarının kentsel ve ekolojik sorunların çözümüne parçacı yaklaştığı, kent planlama sürecine entegre olmadıkları, öncelikli stratejiler ve politikalarının, uygulama ölçeklerinin ve kullanılan teknoloji düzeylerinin farklılaştığı, kentsel planlama uygulamalarında standart bir çerçevenin olmadığı bulgularına ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Amsterdam Smart City. Erişim tarihi 5 Temmuz 2020. https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/.
  • Angelidou, Margarita. 2017. "Shortcomings to Smart City Planning and Development." Tema 10 no.1 (January): 77-93. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/4032.
  • Angelidou, Margarita ve Mora, Luca. 2019. "Exploring the relationship between smart cities and spatial planning: star cases and typologies." Smart Cities in the Post-algorithmic Era içinde, derleyenler Nicos Komninos ve Christina Kakderi, 217-234. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Anthopoulos, Leonidas G. 2017. Understanding Smart Cities: A Tool for Smart Government or an Industrial Trick. New York.: Springer.
  • Anthopoulos, Leonidas G. ve Vakali, Athena. 2012. "Urban Planning and Smart Cities: Interrelations and Reciprocities." The Future Internet içinde, derleyenler Federico Álvarez vd, 178-189. Berlin: Springer.
  • Ataç, Başar. 2019. "Akıllı Şehir Projelerinde Karar Alma ve Koordinasyon Yaklaşımları." Researcher: Social Science Studies 7(4): 55-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/rssstudies.39647.
  • BCN Ecologia. 2020. "Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan of Barcelona (2013-2018)." Erişim tarihi 28 Temmuz 2020. http://www.bcnecologia.net/en/projects/sustainable-urban-mobility-plan-barcelona-2013-2018.
  • Bee Smart City. 2017. "Redefining the Smart City Concept: A New Smart City Definition." Erişim tarihi 23 Haziran 2020. https://hub.beesmart.city/en/strategy/towards-a-new-smart-city-definition
  • Bolici, Roberto ve Mora, Luca. 2015. "Urban regeneration in the digital era: how to develop smart city strategies in large European cities." TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment (10): 110–19. https://doi.org/10.13128/Techne-17507.
  • Calzada, Igor. 2016. "(Un)Plugging Smart Cities with urban transformations: towards multi-stakeholder city-regonal complex urbanity?." Revista de Estudios Urbanos y Ciencias Sociales 6(2): 25-45.
  • Canadian Urban Institute. 2018. Smart Planning Our Smart Cities: Best Practices Guide for Building Our Future Cities. Erişim tarihi 11 Temmuz 2020.
  • https://static1.squarespace.com/static/546bbd2ae4b077803c592197/t/5b2bbd44aa4a9970b3cff95f/1529593163251/CUIPublication.SmartPlanningOurSmartCities.June2018.pdf Cohen, Boyd. 2015. "The 3 Generations Of Smart Cities." Erişim tarihi 11 Temmuz 2020. https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities.
  • Cohen, Boyd. 2018. "Blockchain Cities and the Smart Cities Wheel." Erişim tarihi 15 Şubat 2020. https://medium.com/iomob/blockchain-cities-and-the-smart-cities-wheel-9f65c2f32c36
  • Cugurullo, Federico. 2015. "Urban eco-modernisation and the policy context of new eco-city projects: Where Masdar City fails and why." Urban Studies 53(11): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015588727
  • Cugurullo, Federico. 2018. "Exposing smart cities and eco-cities: Frankenstein urbanism and the sustainability challenges of the experimental city." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50(1): 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X17738535
  • Çelikyay, H. Hamza. 2013. "Teknoloji Girdabından Akıllı Şehre Dönüşüm: İstanbul Örneği." II. Türkiye Lisanüstü Çalışmaları Kongresi, Mayıs 2013, 1315-1328. Bursa.
  • Çetin, M. ve Çiftçi, Ç. 2019. "Literatüre Göre Dünya ve Ülkemizden Örneklerle Akıllı Kent Kavramının İrdelenmesi." Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 2(3): 134-143.
  • Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. 2019. "Akıllı Şehirler Beyaz Bülteni." Erişim tarihi 7 Temmuz 2020. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/cbs/menu/akillisehirler kitap_20190311022214_20190313032959.pdf
  • DATA Makes Possible. 2017. "Copenhagen: A Smart City is a Better City." Erişim tarihi 6 Temmuz 2020. https://datamakespossible.westerndigital.com/copenhagen-smart-city-better-city/
  • Demiral, Berkan. 2018. "Türkiye'nin Akıllı Kentler Politikası: Kamu Politika Belgeleri Üzerinden bir İnceleme." Dijital Çağın Etkisinde Yönetim - Siyaset - Kent içinde, derleyenler: Elvettin Akman, Nilüfer Negiz, Çiğdem Akman ve Hakan Mehmet Kiriş, 58-102. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Easy Park Group Smart Cities Index. 2019. Erişim tarihi 6 Haziran 2020. https://www.easyparkgroup.com/smart-cities-index/
  • Estevez, Elsa; Lopes, N. Vasco, and Janowski, T. 2016. "Smart Sustainable Cities - Reconnaissance Study." Erişim tarihi 6 Temmuz 2020. http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:5825/Smart_Sustainable_Cities_v2final.pdf
  • European Parliament. 2014. "Mapping Smart Cities in the EU." Report Num: PE 507.480.
  • Future Cities Catapult. 2017. "A Global Review of Smart City Strategies."
  • Glasmeier, Amy ve Nebiolo, Molly. 2016. "Thinking about Smart Cities: The Travels of a Policy Idea that Promises a Great Deal, but So Far Has Delivered Modest Results." Sustainability (8): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111122.
  • Global Power City Index. 2017. Erişim tarihi 28 Haziran 2020. http://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/index.shtml.
  • Greco, Ilaria ve Cresta, Angela. 2015. "A Smart Planning for Smart City: The Concept of Smart City as an Opportunity to Re-think the Planning Models of the Contemporary City", 15th International Conference, June, 22-25. Canada.
  • Griffiths, Steven ve K. Sovacool, Benjamin. 2020. "Rethinking the future low-carbon city: Carbon neutrality, green design, and sustainability tensions in the making of Masdar City." Energy Research & Social Science (62): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101368.
  • İSBAK. 2020. " Akıllı Şehirler." Erişim tarihi 5 Temmuz 2020. https://www.isbak.istanbul/akilli-sehirler-3/.
  • İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi. 2020. "Akıllı Şehirler Çalıştayı." Erişim tarihi 4 Temmuz 2020 https://www.ibb.istanbul/News/Detail/34023.
  • IESE Cities Motion Index. 2019. Erişim tarihi 28 Haziran 2020. https://media.iese.edu/research/pdfs/ST-0509-E.pdf.
  • IMD Smart Cities Index. 2019. Erişim tarihi 28 Haziran 2020. https://www.imd.org/research-knowledge/reports/imd-smart-city-index-2019/.
  • Innovation Cities Index. 2019. "Top 100 Cities." Erişim tarihi 21 Haziran 2020. https://www.innovation-cities.com/worlds-top-100-cities-for-innovation-2019/18841/.
  • Kuyper, Tijn. 2016. "Smart City Strategy & Upscaling: Comparing Barcelona and Amsterdam." PhD dissertation. Universitat Pempeu Fabra.
  • Lee, Jungwoo ve Lee, Hyejung. 2014. "Developing and Validating a Citizen-Centric Typology for Smart City Services." Government Information Quarterly 31(1): 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.01.010.
  • Lom, Michal; Pribyl, Ondřej ve Svitek, Miroslav. 2016. "Industry 4.0 as a Part of Smart Cities", 2016 Smart Cities Symposium Prague, 26-27 May, 1-6. Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Madakam, Somayya. 2015. "Internet of Things: Smart Things." International Journal of Future Computer and Communication 4(4): 250-253. https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.7763%2Fijfcc.2015.v4.395.
  • Madakam, Somayya ve Ramaswamy, R. 2016. "Sustainable Smart City: Masdar (UAE) (A City: Ecologically Balanced)." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9(6): 1-8. https://indjst.org/articles/sustainable-smart-city-masdar-uae-a-city-ecologically-balanced
  • Masdar. 2018. “The Masdar Report on Technologies for Future Smart City Transit.”
  • Mora, Luca, Bolici, Roberto. 2016. "The Development Process of Smart City Strategies: The Case of Barcelona", 1st International City Regeneration Congress, 3-4 September 2015, 155-181. Tampere, Finland.
  • Noori, Negar; Hoppe, Thomas ve de Jong, Martin. 2020 "Classifying Pathways for Smart City Development: Comparing Design, Governance and Implementation in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi." Sustainability 12(10): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104030
  • Open Gov Asia. 2019. " Hong Kong’s 2019 smart city initiatives." Erişim tarihi 8 Temmuz 2020. https://www.opengovasia.com/hong-kongs-2019-smart-city-initiatives/.
  • Pal, S. Kumar. 2008. "21st Century Informatıon Technology Revolutıon." Erişim tarihi 1 Mayıs 2020. https://ubiquity.acm.org/article.cfm?id=1399619
  • Pozdniakova, Anna M. 2018. "Smart City Strategies “London-Stockholm-Vienna-Kyiv”: in Search of Common Ground and Best Practices." Acta Innovations (27): 31-45. http://www.proakademia.eu/en/acta-innovations/find-issues/all-issues/all-articles/470.html
  • Putra, Z. D. Wahidayat. 2018. "The Interaction Between Non-Government-based Smart City Projects and Government-based Environmental Management: The Case of Amsterdam." PhD dissertation. Wageningen University.
  • Smart Cities Council. 2014. "Smart City Index Master Indicators Survey." Erişim tarihi 3 Haziran 2020. https://smartcitiescouncil.com/resources/smart-city-index-master-indicators-survey
  • Sustain Europe. 2019. "Smart Helsinki." Erişim tarihi 6 Temmuz 2020. https://www.sustaineurope.com/smart-helsinki-20191025.html
  • Szostek, Maria. 2018. Smart Sustainable City: Masdar City. Report Num: Z6GRVP.
  • UK Smart Cities Index. 2017. Erişim tarihi 12 Mayıs 2020. https://guidehouseinsights.com/reports/uk-smart-cities-index-2017#:~:text=The%20aim%20of%20the%20UK,to%20develop%20smart%20city%20visions
  • URBAN HUB. 2018. "Smart City 3.0 – Ask Barcelona about the next generation of smart cities." Erişim tarihi 8 Temmuz 2020. https://www.urban-hub.com/cities/smart-city-3-0-ask-barcelona-about-the-next-generation-of-smart-cities/.
  • URBAN HUB. 2020. Erişim tarihi 8 Temmuz 2020. https://www.urban-hub.com/
  • URENIO. 2011. Erişim tarihi 12 Temmuz 2020. https://www.urenio.org/2011/04/20/amsterdam-smart-city-smart-stories-2011/
  • Vaquero-García, Alberto; Álvarez-García, José ve Peris-Ortiz, Marta. 2017. "Urban Models of Sustainable Development from the Economic Perspective: Smart Cities." Sustainable Smart Cities. Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development içinde, derleyenler Marta Peris-Ortiz, Dag R. Bennett ve Diana Perez-Bustamente Yabar, 15-29. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
  • Zigurat Global Institute of Technology. 2015. Erişim tarihi 17 Temmuz 2020. https://www.e-zigurat.com/blog/en/smart-city-barcelona-experience/

An Evaluation on the Development of Smart Cities and Urban Planning Relationship

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 02 Sayı: 02, 1 - 20, 30.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.5505/sjcrp.2021.43531

Öz

The development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has brought forward the use of smart technologies at every stage of daily life, as well as the updating of urban service provision with smart technologies, and the spread of smart city applications. Technological advances such as Big Data and Internet of Things (IoT) have begun to play an important role in reshaping urban structures. In this study; it is aimed to examine the size, quality and relationship of smart city applications with urban planning, considering that developing smart technologies are starting a new era on cities and in the urban planning process. Scope of this work; smart city examples of the world, the cities where they are concentrated, their technological and service areas, the level of prevalence in world countries, the relationship of smart city applications with urban strategies and policies are discussed.

Three basic frameworks are discussed in the examination of smart city applications through world examples: Smart city components (human, environment, economy, life, governance, mobility); technology support used (ICT and IoT); smart city principles (sustainability, energy efficiency, data privacy and security, inter-agency cooperation). The scope of smart city policies and strategies and their relationship with urban planning are evaluated through the example of three cities (Barcelona, Amsterdam, Masdar) which are considered to be the world’s important smart cities, and as a Turkey’s smart city example Istanbul, although it is not a leading city. As a result of the research; it has been found that smart city applications approach the solution of urban and ecological problems partially, are not integrated into the urban planning process, priority strategies and policies, application scales and technology levels used differ, and there is no standard framework in urban planning applications.

Kaynakça

  • Amsterdam Smart City. Erişim tarihi 5 Temmuz 2020. https://amsterdamsmartcity.com/.
  • Angelidou, Margarita. 2017. "Shortcomings to Smart City Planning and Development." Tema 10 no.1 (January): 77-93. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/4032.
  • Angelidou, Margarita ve Mora, Luca. 2019. "Exploring the relationship between smart cities and spatial planning: star cases and typologies." Smart Cities in the Post-algorithmic Era içinde, derleyenler Nicos Komninos ve Christina Kakderi, 217-234. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Anthopoulos, Leonidas G. 2017. Understanding Smart Cities: A Tool for Smart Government or an Industrial Trick. New York.: Springer.
  • Anthopoulos, Leonidas G. ve Vakali, Athena. 2012. "Urban Planning and Smart Cities: Interrelations and Reciprocities." The Future Internet içinde, derleyenler Federico Álvarez vd, 178-189. Berlin: Springer.
  • Ataç, Başar. 2019. "Akıllı Şehir Projelerinde Karar Alma ve Koordinasyon Yaklaşımları." Researcher: Social Science Studies 7(4): 55-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/rssstudies.39647.
  • BCN Ecologia. 2020. "Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan of Barcelona (2013-2018)." Erişim tarihi 28 Temmuz 2020. http://www.bcnecologia.net/en/projects/sustainable-urban-mobility-plan-barcelona-2013-2018.
  • Bee Smart City. 2017. "Redefining the Smart City Concept: A New Smart City Definition." Erişim tarihi 23 Haziran 2020. https://hub.beesmart.city/en/strategy/towards-a-new-smart-city-definition
  • Bolici, Roberto ve Mora, Luca. 2015. "Urban regeneration in the digital era: how to develop smart city strategies in large European cities." TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment (10): 110–19. https://doi.org/10.13128/Techne-17507.
  • Calzada, Igor. 2016. "(Un)Plugging Smart Cities with urban transformations: towards multi-stakeholder city-regonal complex urbanity?." Revista de Estudios Urbanos y Ciencias Sociales 6(2): 25-45.
  • Canadian Urban Institute. 2018. Smart Planning Our Smart Cities: Best Practices Guide for Building Our Future Cities. Erişim tarihi 11 Temmuz 2020.
  • https://static1.squarespace.com/static/546bbd2ae4b077803c592197/t/5b2bbd44aa4a9970b3cff95f/1529593163251/CUIPublication.SmartPlanningOurSmartCities.June2018.pdf Cohen, Boyd. 2015. "The 3 Generations Of Smart Cities." Erişim tarihi 11 Temmuz 2020. https://www.fastcompany.com/3047795/the-3-generations-of-smart-cities.
  • Cohen, Boyd. 2018. "Blockchain Cities and the Smart Cities Wheel." Erişim tarihi 15 Şubat 2020. https://medium.com/iomob/blockchain-cities-and-the-smart-cities-wheel-9f65c2f32c36
  • Cugurullo, Federico. 2015. "Urban eco-modernisation and the policy context of new eco-city projects: Where Masdar City fails and why." Urban Studies 53(11): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015588727
  • Cugurullo, Federico. 2018. "Exposing smart cities and eco-cities: Frankenstein urbanism and the sustainability challenges of the experimental city." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50(1): 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X17738535
  • Çelikyay, H. Hamza. 2013. "Teknoloji Girdabından Akıllı Şehre Dönüşüm: İstanbul Örneği." II. Türkiye Lisanüstü Çalışmaları Kongresi, Mayıs 2013, 1315-1328. Bursa.
  • Çetin, M. ve Çiftçi, Ç. 2019. "Literatüre Göre Dünya ve Ülkemizden Örneklerle Akıllı Kent Kavramının İrdelenmesi." Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 2(3): 134-143.
  • Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. 2019. "Akıllı Şehirler Beyaz Bülteni." Erişim tarihi 7 Temmuz 2020. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/cbs/menu/akillisehirler kitap_20190311022214_20190313032959.pdf
  • DATA Makes Possible. 2017. "Copenhagen: A Smart City is a Better City." Erişim tarihi 6 Temmuz 2020. https://datamakespossible.westerndigital.com/copenhagen-smart-city-better-city/
  • Demiral, Berkan. 2018. "Türkiye'nin Akıllı Kentler Politikası: Kamu Politika Belgeleri Üzerinden bir İnceleme." Dijital Çağın Etkisinde Yönetim - Siyaset - Kent içinde, derleyenler: Elvettin Akman, Nilüfer Negiz, Çiğdem Akman ve Hakan Mehmet Kiriş, 58-102. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Easy Park Group Smart Cities Index. 2019. Erişim tarihi 6 Haziran 2020. https://www.easyparkgroup.com/smart-cities-index/
  • Estevez, Elsa; Lopes, N. Vasco, and Janowski, T. 2016. "Smart Sustainable Cities - Reconnaissance Study." Erişim tarihi 6 Temmuz 2020. http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:5825/Smart_Sustainable_Cities_v2final.pdf
  • European Parliament. 2014. "Mapping Smart Cities in the EU." Report Num: PE 507.480.
  • Future Cities Catapult. 2017. "A Global Review of Smart City Strategies."
  • Glasmeier, Amy ve Nebiolo, Molly. 2016. "Thinking about Smart Cities: The Travels of a Policy Idea that Promises a Great Deal, but So Far Has Delivered Modest Results." Sustainability (8): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111122.
  • Global Power City Index. 2017. Erişim tarihi 28 Haziran 2020. http://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/index.shtml.
  • Greco, Ilaria ve Cresta, Angela. 2015. "A Smart Planning for Smart City: The Concept of Smart City as an Opportunity to Re-think the Planning Models of the Contemporary City", 15th International Conference, June, 22-25. Canada.
  • Griffiths, Steven ve K. Sovacool, Benjamin. 2020. "Rethinking the future low-carbon city: Carbon neutrality, green design, and sustainability tensions in the making of Masdar City." Energy Research & Social Science (62): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101368.
  • İSBAK. 2020. " Akıllı Şehirler." Erişim tarihi 5 Temmuz 2020. https://www.isbak.istanbul/akilli-sehirler-3/.
  • İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi. 2020. "Akıllı Şehirler Çalıştayı." Erişim tarihi 4 Temmuz 2020 https://www.ibb.istanbul/News/Detail/34023.
  • IESE Cities Motion Index. 2019. Erişim tarihi 28 Haziran 2020. https://media.iese.edu/research/pdfs/ST-0509-E.pdf.
  • IMD Smart Cities Index. 2019. Erişim tarihi 28 Haziran 2020. https://www.imd.org/research-knowledge/reports/imd-smart-city-index-2019/.
  • Innovation Cities Index. 2019. "Top 100 Cities." Erişim tarihi 21 Haziran 2020. https://www.innovation-cities.com/worlds-top-100-cities-for-innovation-2019/18841/.
  • Kuyper, Tijn. 2016. "Smart City Strategy & Upscaling: Comparing Barcelona and Amsterdam." PhD dissertation. Universitat Pempeu Fabra.
  • Lee, Jungwoo ve Lee, Hyejung. 2014. "Developing and Validating a Citizen-Centric Typology for Smart City Services." Government Information Quarterly 31(1): 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.01.010.
  • Lom, Michal; Pribyl, Ondřej ve Svitek, Miroslav. 2016. "Industry 4.0 as a Part of Smart Cities", 2016 Smart Cities Symposium Prague, 26-27 May, 1-6. Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Madakam, Somayya. 2015. "Internet of Things: Smart Things." International Journal of Future Computer and Communication 4(4): 250-253. https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.7763%2Fijfcc.2015.v4.395.
  • Madakam, Somayya ve Ramaswamy, R. 2016. "Sustainable Smart City: Masdar (UAE) (A City: Ecologically Balanced)." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9(6): 1-8. https://indjst.org/articles/sustainable-smart-city-masdar-uae-a-city-ecologically-balanced
  • Masdar. 2018. “The Masdar Report on Technologies for Future Smart City Transit.”
  • Mora, Luca, Bolici, Roberto. 2016. "The Development Process of Smart City Strategies: The Case of Barcelona", 1st International City Regeneration Congress, 3-4 September 2015, 155-181. Tampere, Finland.
  • Noori, Negar; Hoppe, Thomas ve de Jong, Martin. 2020 "Classifying Pathways for Smart City Development: Comparing Design, Governance and Implementation in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi." Sustainability 12(10): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104030
  • Open Gov Asia. 2019. " Hong Kong’s 2019 smart city initiatives." Erişim tarihi 8 Temmuz 2020. https://www.opengovasia.com/hong-kongs-2019-smart-city-initiatives/.
  • Pal, S. Kumar. 2008. "21st Century Informatıon Technology Revolutıon." Erişim tarihi 1 Mayıs 2020. https://ubiquity.acm.org/article.cfm?id=1399619
  • Pozdniakova, Anna M. 2018. "Smart City Strategies “London-Stockholm-Vienna-Kyiv”: in Search of Common Ground and Best Practices." Acta Innovations (27): 31-45. http://www.proakademia.eu/en/acta-innovations/find-issues/all-issues/all-articles/470.html
  • Putra, Z. D. Wahidayat. 2018. "The Interaction Between Non-Government-based Smart City Projects and Government-based Environmental Management: The Case of Amsterdam." PhD dissertation. Wageningen University.
  • Smart Cities Council. 2014. "Smart City Index Master Indicators Survey." Erişim tarihi 3 Haziran 2020. https://smartcitiescouncil.com/resources/smart-city-index-master-indicators-survey
  • Sustain Europe. 2019. "Smart Helsinki." Erişim tarihi 6 Temmuz 2020. https://www.sustaineurope.com/smart-helsinki-20191025.html
  • Szostek, Maria. 2018. Smart Sustainable City: Masdar City. Report Num: Z6GRVP.
  • UK Smart Cities Index. 2017. Erişim tarihi 12 Mayıs 2020. https://guidehouseinsights.com/reports/uk-smart-cities-index-2017#:~:text=The%20aim%20of%20the%20UK,to%20develop%20smart%20city%20visions
  • URBAN HUB. 2018. "Smart City 3.0 – Ask Barcelona about the next generation of smart cities." Erişim tarihi 8 Temmuz 2020. https://www.urban-hub.com/cities/smart-city-3-0-ask-barcelona-about-the-next-generation-of-smart-cities/.
  • URBAN HUB. 2020. Erişim tarihi 8 Temmuz 2020. https://www.urban-hub.com/
  • URENIO. 2011. Erişim tarihi 12 Temmuz 2020. https://www.urenio.org/2011/04/20/amsterdam-smart-city-smart-stories-2011/
  • Vaquero-García, Alberto; Álvarez-García, José ve Peris-Ortiz, Marta. 2017. "Urban Models of Sustainable Development from the Economic Perspective: Smart Cities." Sustainable Smart Cities. Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development içinde, derleyenler Marta Peris-Ortiz, Dag R. Bennett ve Diana Perez-Bustamente Yabar, 15-29. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
  • Zigurat Global Institute of Technology. 2015. Erişim tarihi 17 Temmuz 2020. https://www.e-zigurat.com/blog/en/smart-city-barcelona-experience/
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kent ve Bölge Planlama
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Dilan Gökalp Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-8327-970X

Pervin Şenol Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4678-2816

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Ağustos 2020
Kabul Tarihi 12 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 02 Sayı: 02

Kaynak Göster

APA Gökalp, D., & Şenol, P. (2021). Akıllı Kentlerin Gelişimi ve Kent Planlama İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Eskiz: Şehir Ve Bölge PLanlama Dergisi, 02(02), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5505/sjcrp.2021.43531