There is an increasing number of people who want to end their lives those who have lost the meaning of living, are unable to engage in previous activities, suffer from chronic illnesses with no hope of recovery, or experience unrelieved suffering. These individuals may attempt suicide, seek support from non-governmental organizations that assist with early death, or apply for medically assisted dying in countries where it is legal. Lethal drug combinations are often administered. Some individuals choose to voluntarily stop eating and drinking, leading to death by dehydration. It is reported that voluntary stopping of eating and drinking results in a more comfortable and planned death within approximately two weeks. This method involves its own biological and caregiving processes.
1. Sperling D. Views, attitudes and challenges when supporting a family member in their decision to travel to Switzerland to receive aid-ın-dying. Int J Public Health 2024; 69:1607410.
2. Yağdıran F. Sosyolojik açıdan intihar olgusu ve sosyal medyaya yansıyan intihar eğilimlerinin analizi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. 2019. http://abakus.inonu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/ handle/11616/15174/10279031.pdf?sequence=1. Erişim tarihi: 20.1.2024
3. World Health Organization. Mental and behavioural disorders team. (2000). Preventing suicide: a resource for general physicians. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/67165. Erişim tarihi: 1.1.2024
4. Duru HG, Özdemir ÖL. Yaşlı intiharları, nedenleri ve önleyici uygulamalar. HUHEMFAD 2009;16(2):34-41.
5. Sakarya D, Güneş C, Sakarya A. İnternette intiharı aramak: internet sitelerinin intihar ile ilişkili içeriklerine göre değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 2013; 24(1): 44-8.
6. Carfora A, Petrella R, Ambrosio G, Mascolo P, Liguori B, Juhnke C, et al. Helium suicide, a rapid and painless asphyxia: toxicological findings. Toxics 2022;10(8):424.
7. Quill TE, Ganzini L, Truog RD, Pope TM. Voluntarily stopping eating and drinking among patients with serious advanced ıllness-clinical, ethical, and legal aspects. JAMA Intern Med 2018;178(1):123-7.
8. Smith R. A good death. An important aim for health services and for us all. BMJ 2000; 320(7228):129-30.
9. Wild J, Duffy M, Ehlers A. Moving forward with the loss of a loved one: treating PTSD following traumatic bereavement with cognitive therapy. Cogn Behav Therap 2023;16: e12.
10. GanziniL,GoyER,MillerLL,HarvathTA,JacksonA,DeloritMA.Nurses'experienceswithhospicepatients who refuse food and fluids to hasten death. N Engl J Med 2003;349(4):359-65.
11. Bolt EE, Pasman HR, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD. Patients who seek to hasten death by voluntarily stopping eating and drinking: a qualitative study. Ann Fam Med 2023;21(6):534-44.
12. Health Canada, Fourth annual report on Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada 2022. October 2023 ISBN: 2563-3643, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health-system-services/annual- report-medical-assistance-dying-2022.html. Erişim tarihi: 9.1.2024.
13. Christenson J. An ethical discussion on voluntarily stopping eating and drinking by proxy decision maker or by advance directive. J Hosp Palliat Nurs 2019;21(3):188-92.
14. Shapiro GK, Tong E, Nissim R, Zimmermann C, Allin S, Gibson JL, et al. Perspectives of Canadian health leaders on the relationship between medical assistance in dying and palliative and end-of-life care services: a qualitative study. CMAJ 2024;196(7):222-34.
15. Dyer O. Assisted deaths: quebec passes Netherlands to lead world in number per capita. BMJ 2022; 379: o3023
16. McCann RM, Hall WJ, Groth-Juncker A. Comfort care for terminally ill patients. The appropriate use of nutrition and hydration. JAMA 1994;272(16):1263-6.
17. StängleS,SchneppW,BücheD,HäuptleC,FringerA.Familyphysicians'perspectiveonvoluntarystopping of eating and drinking: a cross-sectional study. J Int Med Res 2020;48(8):300060520936069.
18. Berry ZS. Responding to suffering: providing options and respecting choice. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009;38(5):797-800.
19. Ivanović N, Büche D, Fringer A. Voluntary stopping of eating and drinking at the end of life - a 'systematic search and review' giving insight into an option of hastening death in capacitated adults at the end of life. BMC Palliat Care 2014;13(1):1.
20. HoffmanDN,StrandGR,BloomRF,HendleyK.Understandingresistancetohonoringvsedadvancedirectives in dementia patients: a cross-sectional provider survey. J Gerontol Geriatr Med 2023; 9:192.
22. Baracos VE. International association for hospice and palliative care endorses volitional death by starvation and dehydration. J Palliat Med 2017;20(6):577.
23. Quill TE, Ganzini L, Truog RD, Pope TM. Voluntary stopping and eating and drinking among patients with serious advanced ıllness-a label in search of a problem? -reply. JAMA Intern Med 2018;178(5):727.
24. Wechkin H, Macauley R, Menzel PT, Reagan PL, Simmers N, Quill TE. Clinical guidelines for voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED). J Pain Symptom Manage 2023;66(5):625-31.
25. KNMG Royal Dutch Medical Association and V&VN Dutch Nurses Association. Caring for people who consciously choose not to eat and drink so as to hasten the end of life. Utrecht, The Netherlands: KNMG Publications; 2014.
26. Dykes L, Hodes S, Malik S. Voluntarily stopping eating and drinking-lack of guidance is failing patients and clinicians. BMJ 2022;379: o2621.
27. WilhelmideToledoF,BuchingerA,BurggrabeH,HölzG,KuhnC,LischkaE,etal.Medicalassociationfor fasting and nutrition (ärztegesellschaft für heilfasten und ernährung, ÄGHE. Fasting therapy- an expert panel update of the 2002 consensus guidelines. Forsch Komplementmed 2013;20(6):434-43.
28. Stewart WK, Fleming LW. Features of a successful therapeutic fast of 382 days' duration. Postgrad Med J 1973;49(569):203-9.
30. QuillTE,MenzelPT,PopeTM,SchwarzJK,eds.Voluntarilystoppingeatinganddrinking:acompassionate, widely available option for hastening death, New York: Oxford University Press; 2021. ISBN-10: 0190080736
33. Taylor MA. Benefits of dehydration in terminally ill patients. Geriatr Nurs 1995;16(6):271-2.
34. Saudek CD, Felig P. The metabolic events of starvation. Am J Med 1976 Jan;60(1):117-26.
35. Cahill GF Jr. Survival in starvation. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(1):1-2.
36. Friedrichsen M, Lythell C, Jaarsma T, Jaarsma P, Ångström H, Milovanovic M, et al. Thirst or dry mouth in dying patients? -A qualitative study of palliative care physicians' experiences. PLoS One 2023;18(8): e0290075.
37. Chuang E, Flicker LS. When voluntary stopping of eating and drinking in advanced dementia ıs no longer voluntary. Hastings Cent Rep 2018;48(4):24-5.
38. Menzel PT. Justifying a surrogate's request to forego oral feeding. Am J Bioeth 2019;19(1):92-4.
Kütüphaneme Ekle
Yardımlı Ölüm, Ötenazi ve Erken Ölüm Metodu Olarak İstemli Yemeyi-İçmeyi Kesmek
Yaşama anlamını yitiren, eski aktivitelerini yapamaz hâle gelen, kronik hastalığı olan, iyileşme umudu olmayan ve hafifletilemeyen ızdırabı olan kişiler arasında yaşamlarına son vermek isteyenler artmaktadır. Bu kişiler intihara yönelmekte, erken ölüm için yardım sağlayan sivil toplum kuruluşlarından destek almakta ya da legalse yardımlı ölüm için başvurmaktadır. Tıbbi yardım genellikle ölümcül ilaç kombinasyonlarıdır. Bazı kişiler istemli bir şekilde yemeyi içmeyi keserek dehidratasyonla ölmeyi tercih etmektedir. Bu şekilde ortalama iki haftada daha rahat ve planlı bir ölüm gerçekleştiği bildirilmektedir. Yeme-içmeyi keserek ölmenin kendine has biyolojik seyirleri ve bakım süreçleri vardır.
1. Sperling D. Views, attitudes and challenges when supporting a family member in their decision to travel to Switzerland to receive aid-ın-dying. Int J Public Health 2024; 69:1607410.
2. Yağdıran F. Sosyolojik açıdan intihar olgusu ve sosyal medyaya yansıyan intihar eğilimlerinin analizi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. 2019. http://abakus.inonu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/ handle/11616/15174/10279031.pdf?sequence=1. Erişim tarihi: 20.1.2024
3. World Health Organization. Mental and behavioural disorders team. (2000). Preventing suicide: a resource for general physicians. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/67165. Erişim tarihi: 1.1.2024
4. Duru HG, Özdemir ÖL. Yaşlı intiharları, nedenleri ve önleyici uygulamalar. HUHEMFAD 2009;16(2):34-41.
5. Sakarya D, Güneş C, Sakarya A. İnternette intiharı aramak: internet sitelerinin intihar ile ilişkili içeriklerine göre değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 2013; 24(1): 44-8.
6. Carfora A, Petrella R, Ambrosio G, Mascolo P, Liguori B, Juhnke C, et al. Helium suicide, a rapid and painless asphyxia: toxicological findings. Toxics 2022;10(8):424.
7. Quill TE, Ganzini L, Truog RD, Pope TM. Voluntarily stopping eating and drinking among patients with serious advanced ıllness-clinical, ethical, and legal aspects. JAMA Intern Med 2018;178(1):123-7.
8. Smith R. A good death. An important aim for health services and for us all. BMJ 2000; 320(7228):129-30.
9. Wild J, Duffy M, Ehlers A. Moving forward with the loss of a loved one: treating PTSD following traumatic bereavement with cognitive therapy. Cogn Behav Therap 2023;16: e12.
10. GanziniL,GoyER,MillerLL,HarvathTA,JacksonA,DeloritMA.Nurses'experienceswithhospicepatients who refuse food and fluids to hasten death. N Engl J Med 2003;349(4):359-65.
11. Bolt EE, Pasman HR, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD. Patients who seek to hasten death by voluntarily stopping eating and drinking: a qualitative study. Ann Fam Med 2023;21(6):534-44.
12. Health Canada, Fourth annual report on Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada 2022. October 2023 ISBN: 2563-3643, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health-system-services/annual- report-medical-assistance-dying-2022.html. Erişim tarihi: 9.1.2024.
13. Christenson J. An ethical discussion on voluntarily stopping eating and drinking by proxy decision maker or by advance directive. J Hosp Palliat Nurs 2019;21(3):188-92.
14. Shapiro GK, Tong E, Nissim R, Zimmermann C, Allin S, Gibson JL, et al. Perspectives of Canadian health leaders on the relationship between medical assistance in dying and palliative and end-of-life care services: a qualitative study. CMAJ 2024;196(7):222-34.
15. Dyer O. Assisted deaths: quebec passes Netherlands to lead world in number per capita. BMJ 2022; 379: o3023
16. McCann RM, Hall WJ, Groth-Juncker A. Comfort care for terminally ill patients. The appropriate use of nutrition and hydration. JAMA 1994;272(16):1263-6.
17. StängleS,SchneppW,BücheD,HäuptleC,FringerA.Familyphysicians'perspectiveonvoluntarystopping of eating and drinking: a cross-sectional study. J Int Med Res 2020;48(8):300060520936069.
18. Berry ZS. Responding to suffering: providing options and respecting choice. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009;38(5):797-800.
19. Ivanović N, Büche D, Fringer A. Voluntary stopping of eating and drinking at the end of life - a 'systematic search and review' giving insight into an option of hastening death in capacitated adults at the end of life. BMC Palliat Care 2014;13(1):1.
20. HoffmanDN,StrandGR,BloomRF,HendleyK.Understandingresistancetohonoringvsedadvancedirectives in dementia patients: a cross-sectional provider survey. J Gerontol Geriatr Med 2023; 9:192.
22. Baracos VE. International association for hospice and palliative care endorses volitional death by starvation and dehydration. J Palliat Med 2017;20(6):577.
23. Quill TE, Ganzini L, Truog RD, Pope TM. Voluntary stopping and eating and drinking among patients with serious advanced ıllness-a label in search of a problem? -reply. JAMA Intern Med 2018;178(5):727.
24. Wechkin H, Macauley R, Menzel PT, Reagan PL, Simmers N, Quill TE. Clinical guidelines for voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED). J Pain Symptom Manage 2023;66(5):625-31.
25. KNMG Royal Dutch Medical Association and V&VN Dutch Nurses Association. Caring for people who consciously choose not to eat and drink so as to hasten the end of life. Utrecht, The Netherlands: KNMG Publications; 2014.
26. Dykes L, Hodes S, Malik S. Voluntarily stopping eating and drinking-lack of guidance is failing patients and clinicians. BMJ 2022;379: o2621.
27. WilhelmideToledoF,BuchingerA,BurggrabeH,HölzG,KuhnC,LischkaE,etal.Medicalassociationfor fasting and nutrition (ärztegesellschaft für heilfasten und ernährung, ÄGHE. Fasting therapy- an expert panel update of the 2002 consensus guidelines. Forsch Komplementmed 2013;20(6):434-43.
28. Stewart WK, Fleming LW. Features of a successful therapeutic fast of 382 days' duration. Postgrad Med J 1973;49(569):203-9.
30. QuillTE,MenzelPT,PopeTM,SchwarzJK,eds.Voluntarilystoppingeatinganddrinking:acompassionate, widely available option for hastening death, New York: Oxford University Press; 2021. ISBN-10: 0190080736
33. Taylor MA. Benefits of dehydration in terminally ill patients. Geriatr Nurs 1995;16(6):271-2.
34. Saudek CD, Felig P. The metabolic events of starvation. Am J Med 1976 Jan;60(1):117-26.
35. Cahill GF Jr. Survival in starvation. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(1):1-2.
36. Friedrichsen M, Lythell C, Jaarsma T, Jaarsma P, Ångström H, Milovanovic M, et al. Thirst or dry mouth in dying patients? -A qualitative study of palliative care physicians' experiences. PLoS One 2023;18(8): e0290075.
37. Chuang E, Flicker LS. When voluntary stopping of eating and drinking in advanced dementia ıs no longer voluntary. Hastings Cent Rep 2018;48(4):24-5.
38. Menzel PT. Justifying a surrogate's request to forego oral feeding. Am J Bioeth 2019;19(1):92-4.