Hafif Tuğla Üretiminde Tarımsal Atıkların (Çay Atığı, Pirinç Kabuğu, Buğday Samanı) Tuğla Üretiminde Kullanımı Üzerine: Akademik Değerlendirme

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 234 - 244, 12.12.2025

Abudalrhman Aldakshe , Ahmet Celal Apay

https://doi.org/10.51764/smutgd.1809775

Öz

Tuğla barınma yapılarının en önemli ve vazgeçilmez bir yapı malzemesidir. Tuğla malzemesinin ana maddesi killi topraktır. Verimli toprakların tuğla üretiminde kullanılması ile tarım arazilerinde çeşitli problemler yaşanmaya başlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda tuğla üretiminde killi toprak yerine atık malzemelerin kullanımı ön plana çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada, tarımsal atıkların (çay atığı, pirinç kabuğu ve buğday samanı) hafif tuğla üretiminde kullanımı üzerine yapılan çalışmalar irdelenmiştir. Periyot olarak 2020-2025 yılları arası seçilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda tarımsal atıkların hafif tuğlanın birim hacim ağırlığını, ısı iletim katsayısını ve basınç dayanımını düşürdüğü tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra gözenekli yapının arttığı görülmüştür. Hafif tuğla üretiminde tarımsal atık kullanımının uygun olabileceği görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tuğla , çay atığı , pirinç kabuğu , buğday samanı

Use Of Agricultural Waste (Tea Waste, Rice Husk, Wheat Straw) In Light Brick Production: Academic Evaluation

Öz

Brick is the most important and indispensable building material for sheltering structures. The primary ingredient of brick is clay soil. The use of fertile soil in brick production has led to various problems in agricultural lands. In this context, the use of waste materials instead of clay soil in brick production has become prominent. This study examines studies on the use of agricultural waste (tea waste, rice husks, and wheat straw) in lightweight brick production. The period chosen is 2020-2025. The study found that agricultural waste reduces the unit weight, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength of lightweight bricks. Furthermore, it was observed that porosity increases. It has been determined that the use of agricultural waste in lightweight brick production may be suitable.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Brick , tea waste , rice husk , wheat straw

Kaynakça

• Al Amara, S. N. A., & Çağlar, A. (2022). Academic studies on the use of waste in geopolymer brick production. Journal of Sustainable Engineering Applications and Technological Developments, 5(2), 171-176. https://doi.org/10.51764/smutgd.1205987
• Al-Amara, SNA, ve Çağlar, A. (2023). Use of boron waste in fly ash based geopolymer bricks, Engineering and Technology Journal, 8(10), 2801-209.
• Aldakshe, A., Çağlar, H., Çağlar, A., & Avan, Ç. (2020). The investigation of use as aggregate in lightweight concrete production of boron wastes. Civil Engineering Journal, 6(7), 1328-1335. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091551
• Al-Hasani, H. J. M., Çağlar, H., & Çağlar, A. (2023a). Improvement of heat conductivity coefficient of fly ash-based geopolymer brick by substitution of blast furnace slag. Journal of Sustainable Engineering Practices and Technological Developments, 6(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.51764/smutgd.1247965.
• Al-Hasani, H. J. M., Çağlar, H., & Çağlar, A. (2023b). Effect of Blast Furnace Slag on Environmentally Friendly Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Bricks. Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical Sciences, 10(29), 151-163. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8418240
• Ahmadi, R., Souri, B., & Ebrahimi, M. (2020). Evaluation of wheat straw to insulate fired clay hollow bricks as a construction material. Journal of Cleaner Production, 254, 120043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120043.
• Alikılıç, D. (2016). The Importance of Tea for the Black Sea Region and Its Historical Course. Journal of Black Sea Studies, 21, 269-280. https://doi.org/10.18220/kid.277672
• Anjum, F., Naz, M. Y., Ghaffar, A., Shukrullah, S., Kamran, K., & Ghuffar, A. (2021). Study of microstructural, physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of organic waste–incorporated fired clay bricks in the framework of energy conservation. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 33(5), 04021066. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.00036
• Aydoğan S., & Soylu S., (2017). Determination of Yield, Yield Components and Some Quality Characteristics of Bread Wheat Varieties. Journal of Field Crops Central Research Institute, 26 (1): 24-30. https://doi.org/10.21566/tarbitderg.323568
• Banaba, G., Murer, S., Rousse, C., Beaumont, F., Bliard, C., Chatelet, É., & Polidori, G. (2025). Effect of Rice Husk Addition on the Hygrothermal, Mechanical, and Acoustic Properties of Lightened Adobe Bricks. Materials, 18(14), 3364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143364
• Bayraktar, O. Y., Saglam-Citoglu, G., Caglar, H., Caglar, A., Arslan, M., & Cetin, M. (2018). The mechanical properties of the different cooling requirements of high-temperature plaster. Fresenius Environ Bull, 27(8), 5399-5409.
• Belen, S. (2019). ““Production of activated carbon from tea waste and coffee grounds, investigation of the produced adsorbent in heavy metal adsorption processes”. [Master’s Thesis, Cumhuriyet University]. Yök Tez Arşivi, https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/.
• Can, C., Cinman, M. (2023). A study on public relations activities of businesses in the turkish tea sector. Premium e-Journal of Social Science (PEJOSS), 7(33), 738-747. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8270686.
• Carlile, WR., Raviv, M., Prasad. (2019). Organic Soilless Media Components, Soilless Culture (Second Edition) Theory and Practice 2019, Pages 303-378.
• Castillo Bacalla, F. C., García Chumacero, J. M., & Villegas Granados, L. M. (2025). Improvement of adobe brick reinforced with sugarcane Bagasse fiber, rice husk, and metal mesh: study in Peru. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 10(5), 161.
• Chen, Y., Saqib, M., Shahzada, K., Aizaz, M., & Gul, A. (2025). Assessment of mechanical properties and durability of compressed mud bricks stabilized with stone dust, wheat straw, and cement. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 1950. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86473-2.
• Chung, L. L. P., Wong, Y. C., & Arulrajah, A. (2021). The application of spent coffee grounds and tea wastes as additives in alkali-activated bricks. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 12(11), 6273-6291.
• Crespo-López, L., Coletti, C., Arizzi, A., & Cultrone, G. (2024). Effects of using tea waste as an additive in the production of solid bricks in terms of their porosity, thermal conductivity, strength and durability. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 39. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e00859
• Çağlar, H., Çağlar, A., Korkmaz, S. Z., Demirel, B., & Bayraktar, O. Y. (2018). Comparison of physical, mechanical and structural characterization properties of hand-made bricks and factory-made bricks used in the construction of Traditional Kastamonu Houses. Firat University Journal of Engineering Sciences,30(2), 39-48.
• Çağlar, H., & Çağlar, A. (2019). Research of physical and mechanical properties of blended bricks with fly ash based, blast furnace slag addition. International Journal of Research–Granthaalayah, 7(1), 126-136.
• Çağlar, A. (2023). Effects of Silica Aerogel Produced from Boron Waste on Compressive Strength and Thermal Performance of Environmentally Friendly Bricks. Turkish Journal of Nature and Science, 12(3), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1256442
• Çağlar, A. (2024). Use of Granular Aerogel in Lightweight Blend Brick: On Thermal Properties and Compressive Strenght. Journal of Sustainable Engineering Practices and Technological Developments, 7(2), 197-206. https://doi.org/10.51764/smutgd.1580055
• Çimen, S., Çağlar, H., Çağlar, A., & Can, Ö. (2020). Effect of boron wastes on the engineering properties of perlite based brick. Turkish Nature and Science Journal, 9(2), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.731005
• Erkal, H. (2023). Tea Product Report, Agricultural Economics and Policy Development Institute, TEPGE PUBLICATION NO: 383 ISBN: 978-605-7599-69-8.
• Gönen, V., & Çağlar, A. (2024). Analysis of urban transformation applications using GIS method (Çalılıöz Neıghborhood/Kırıkkale Example). ArtGRID-Journal of Architecture Engineering and Fine Arts, 6(2), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.57165/artgrid.1515300.
• Kale, M. O., Çağlar, H., Çağlar, A., Apay, A. C., & Çimen, S. (2021). Improving of lightweight concrete properties produced with pumice aggregate of Nevşehir Region with fly ash substitution. Academic Platform-Journal of Engineering and Science, 9(2), 302-308. https://doi.org/10.21541/apjes.732592.
• Kasap, K. (2023). “"Investigation of mechanical properties of household black tea waste filled vinyl ester composites", [Master Thesis, Marmara University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
• Lin, Y.S., Tsai, Y.J., Tsay, J.S., Lin, J.K. (2003). Factors affecting the levels of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 1864-1873. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf021066b
• Mazin, AKH. (2024). “Effect of silica aerogel and rice husk ash on brick properties”, [Master Thesis, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University].https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
• Marotta T., Coffey JC., Brown CL., LaPlante C. Basic Construction Materials. 8th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall; 2010. 336 p.
• Miller, T.D., (1999). Growth Stages of Wheat: Identification and Understanding Improve Crop Management, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, SCS-16.
• Moumni, B., Achik, M., Benmoussa, H., Oulmekki, A., Touache, A., El Moudden, N., ... & Rivera, F. G. (2023). Recycling argan nut shell and wheat straw as a porous agent in the production of clay masonry units. Construction and Building Materials, 384, 131369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131369.
• Munir, M. J., Kazmi, S. M. S., Gencel, O., Ahmad, M. R., & Chen, B. (2021). Synergistic effect of rice husk, glass and marble sludges on the engineering characteristics of eco-friendly bricks. Journal of Building Engineering, 42, 102484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102484
• Müftüoğlu, N. M., Türkmen, C., & Kavdır, Y. (2019). Composting from tea waste and some properties of the resulting compost. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 32, 109-114. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.558801
• Niroumand, H., Zain, MFM., Alhosseini, SN. (2013). The influence of nano-clays on compressive strength of earth bricks as sustainable materials, Procedia –Social and Behavioral Sciences, (89), 862–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.945.
• Oğuz, A. (2025). “Effects of tea waste applications on growth and yield parameters of kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) under drought stress”. [Master Thesis, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University].https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
• Palta, E., Çağlar, H., & Çağlar, A. (2020). The effect of boric acid on mechanical properties and structural characterization of self-compacting concrete. Turkish Journal of Nature and Science, 9 (Special Issue), 160-166. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.726131.
• Pancheti, J., Mahen Mahendran (2023). Fire resistance of external light gauge steel framed walls with brick veneer cladding, Thin-Walled Structure, 182 (2023) 110162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2022.110162.
• Pandey, V., Panda, S. K., & Singh, V. K. (2024). Preparation and characterization of high-strength insulating porous bricks by reusing coal mine overburden waste, red mud and rice husk. Journal of Cleaner Production, 469, 143134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143134
• Rahman, ME., Ong, PJ., Nabinejad, O., Islam, S., Khandoker NAN., Pakrashi, V. and Shorowordi, KM. (2018).Utilization of blended waste materials in bricks, Technologies, 6 (20), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies6010020
• Raut, S. P., Patil, U. S., & Madurwar, M. V. (2022). Utilization of phosphogypsum and rice husk to develop sustainable bricks. Materials Today: Proceedings, 60, 595-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.122
• Shakir, AA., Naganathan, SK., Mustapha, KNB. (2013). Development of bricks from waste material: A review paper. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(8), 812-818.
• Singh KJ, Signh N, Kaundal, RS, Singh K. (2008). Gamma-ray shielding and structural properties of PbO-SiO2 glasses. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 2008; 944-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2008.02.004
• Agricultural Products Markets, (2023). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/Belgeler/PDF. Access Date: 20.05.2025.
• Tezel, H., Çağlar, H., Çağlar, A., Can, Ö., & Çimen, S. (2020). Effects of borıc acid additive to pumice aggregate lightweight concrete properties. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 6(9), 1-10.
• Tilakasena, R. S., & Tharmarajah, G. (2023). Evaluation of mechanical characteristics of rice-husk-bricks. Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 11(01), 1-15. https://rda.sliit.lk/handle/123456789/3535.
• UHK (National Grain Council), 2022-2023 (October 1, 2022-May 31, 2023) Wheat Production Yield 2nd Estimation Report. www.uhk.org.tr.
• Wang, Z., Li, B., & Liang, X. (2022). Utilization of river sediment, sewage sludge and wheat straw as the primary raw material in sintered-shale bricks. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 24(6), 2401-2415.
• Web message 1. https://azbitki.com/camellia-sinensis-cay-bitkisi. Access Date: 20.07.2025
• Web message 2. https://www.tema.org.tr/basin-odasi/basin-bultenleri/cay-atiklari-topragin-gidasidir. Access Date: 25.07.2025
• Web message 3: https://www.akyelkayisi.com/urun-detaylari-product-details/celtik-kavuzu-pirinc-kabugu-rice-hull-husk Access Date: 15.08.2025
• Web message 4: https://zirvesamancilik.com.tr/yeni-mahsul-pres-bugday-samani-lu-303. Access Date: 10.09.2025
• Yalçınkaya, F.B. (2024). “Sustainable building material production using peeled veneer and wheat straw”. [Doctora Thesis, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University].https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
• Yakupoğlu, G., & Pekşen, A. (2011). Effects of different composts and particle sizes prepared from tea waste on the yield and some morphological characteristics of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom. Ecology, 20(78), 41-47. doi: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.787
• Yazıcı, K. (2021). Tea agriculture in Turkey. “Alıntılanma: Current Studies of Fruit Science, Pakyürek, M. (ed), Ankara, Turkey, 281-300.
• Yin, J. (2024). Utilisation of wheat straw for concrete insulation brick. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Construction Materials, 177(1), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.22.00075.