GNSS-BASED VEHICLE TRACKING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS IN OPEN-PIT MINING: AN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY–ORIENTED LITERATURE REVIEW
Öz
Powered haulage remains one of the leading causes of fatal accidents and severe property damage in open-pit mining operations. Over the last two decades, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)-based vehicle tracking, Collision Avoidance Systems (CAS) technologies, smartphone-sensor solutions, telematics-driven ticketing and tracking systems, and intelligent fleet management systems have been increasingly deployed to mitigate such risks (Hrica et al., 2022; Moniri-Morad et al., 2024). This paper presents a mini literature review that examines the contributions, technological components, and limitations of GNSS-based electronic tracking systems (ETS) to haul-truck safety from an occupational health and safety (OHS) perspective. Powered haulage risk profiles, GNSS/ETS architectures, case studies and sensor-fusion approaches have been discussed under thematic subheadings. It is emphasized the scarcity of Turkish studies on GNSS-based tracking and collision avoidance in surface mines and propose policy and research directions for integrating ETS into OHS management in the context of Law No. 6331.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
This study does not require ethics committee approval because it is a completely literature-based compilation that does not include any experimental application, survey, observation or intervention on human or animal subjects. Declaration of Conflict of Interest: The author declares that he has no conflict of interest related to this study.
Destekleyen Kurum
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Teşekkür
An AI-based text support tool called ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI, was used in the drafting, text structuring, and linguistic revision stages of this study. Author Contributions Dr. Mustafa Salih Eygi provided the conceptual framework, literature review, selection and interpretation of scientific content, and approval of the final manuscript. An AI-based text support tool called ChatGPT was used in the initial drafts of the text, structural editing suggestions, and linguistic improvements. All responsibility for the scientific assessments, interpretations, and potential errors presented in the study rests solely with the author.
Kaynakça
- Baltiyeva, A. A., Raskaliyaev, A. S., Samsonenko, A. I., Shamganova, L. S., & Dotsenko, I. G. (2020). Development of the software and technical complex of the high-precision satellite positioning system in the conditions of open pit mining processes. Complex Use of Mineral Resources, 4(315), 35–45. doi: 10.31643/2020/6445.35 https://kims-imio.com/index.php/main/article/view/117/113
- Chaulya, S. K., Choudhary, M., Kumar, N., Kumar, V., & Chowdhury, A. (2025). Smart driving assistance system for mining operations in foggy environments. Discover Electronics, 2, 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44291-025-00054-1
- Ç.S.G.B., (2012), 6331 sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu, T.C. Resmi Gazete (Tarih: 30/6/2012, Sayı: 28339, Tertip: 5, Cilt: 52, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=6331&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5
- Ç.S.G.B., (2013), Maden İşyerlerinde İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Yönetmeliği, T.C. Resmi Gazete (Tarih: 19/9/2013, Sayı: 28770), https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=18858&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5
- Dagdelen, K., & Nieto, A. (2002). Development of dump edge and vehicle proximity warning system using GPS and wireless network communications to improve safety in open pit mines. In Proceedings of the 29th APCOM International Symposium. SME. http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/216372
- Dagsa, L. M., Demetillo, A. T., Balamad, A. D. B., Sajonia, E. R. J., Amper, G. L., & Virtudazo, M. C. O. (2022). Development of an automated ticketing and tracking system for the monitoring of surface mine hauling operations. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 12(3), 8500–8505. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4820
- Global Mining Guidelines Group (GMG). (2019). Guideline for the Implementation of Autonomous Systems in Mining (Version 1). GMG. https://brasilminingsite.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/20181008_Implementation_of_Autonomous_Systems-GMG-AM-v01-r01.pdf
- Global Mining Guidelines Group (GMG). (2024). Guideline for the Implementation of Autonomous Systems in Mining (Version 2). GMG. https://gmggroup.org/guideline-for-the-implementation-of-autonomous-systems-in-mining-2/
- Hazrathosseini, A., & Moradi Afrapoli, A. (2024). Transition to intelligent fleet management systems in open pit mines: A critical review on application of reinforcement-learning-based systems. Mining Technology: Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, 133(1), 50–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/25726668231222998
- Hrica, J. K., Bellanca, J. L., Benbourenane, I., Carr, J. L., & Stabryla, K. M. (2022). A rapid review of collision avoidance and warning technologies for mining haul trucks. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 39(4), 1357–1389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-022-00633-w
- Kim, H., Lee, W.-H., Lee, C.-H., & Kim, S.-M. (2022). Development of monitoring technology for mine haulage road through sensor-connected digital device and smartphone application. Applied Sciences, 12(23), 12166. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312166
- Moniri-Morad, A., Shishvan, M. S., Aguilar, M., Goli, M., & Sattarvand, J. (2024). Powered haulage safety, challenges, analysis, and solutions in the mining industry; a comprehensive review. Results in Engineering, 21, 101684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101684
- Nieto, A and Dagdelen, K., 2003. Development and testing of a vehicle collison avoidance system based on GPS and wireless networks for open-pit mines. in APCOM 2003: 31st International Symposium on Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Minerals Industries., Eds: F. A. G. M. Camisani-Calzolari, South Aflican Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2003. https://www.saimm.co.za/Conferences/Apcom2003/027-Nieto.pdf
- Nitz, J. (2014). High-Precision GPS Applications in Open Pit Mining (Master’s thesis). Federation University Australia. https://www.academia.edu/76257723/High_precision_GPS_applications_in_open_pit_mining
- Obregón, Andrés Y., (2000). GPS drill navigation and data collection in a mining environment. Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 2000), Salt Lake City, UT, September 2000, pp. 1002-1006. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=1499
- Ruff, T. M., & Holden, T. P. (2003). Preventing collisions involving surface mining equipment: A GPS-based approach. Journal of Safety Research, 34(2), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4375(02)00074-9
- Sun, E., Nieto, A., Li, Z., & Kecojevic, V. (2010). An integrated information technology assisted driving system to improve mine trucks-related safety. Safety Science, 48(10), 1490–1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.07.012
AÇIK OCAK MADENCİLİĞİNDE GNSS TABANLI ARAÇ TAKİP VE ÇARPIŞMA ÖNLEME SİSTEMLERİ: İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİ PERSPEKTİFİNDEN BİR LİTERATÜR İNCELEMESİ
Öz
Açık ocak madenciliğinde kamyon taşımacılığı (powered haulage), ölümcül iş kazaları ve yüksek maddi kayıpların en önemli kaynaklarından biri olmaya devam etmektedir. Son yirmi yılda küresel uydu konumlama sistemleri (Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS) tabanlı araç takip sistemleri, çarpışma uyarı ve önleme sistemleri (Collision Avoidance Systems, CAS) teknolojileri, akıllı telefon sensörleri, telematik tabanlı biletleme-izleme çözümleri ve zekâ destekli filo yönetim sistemleri, bu riskleri azaltmak amacıyla giderek daha yaygın biçimde kullanılmaktadır (Hrica et al., 2022; Moniri-Morad et al., 2024). Bu çalışma, GNSS temelli elektronik takip sistemlerinin açık ocak kamyon trafiği güvenliğine katkılarını, teknolojik bileşenlerini ve sınırlılıklarını iş sağlığı ve güvenliği (İSG) odağında sistematik olarak irdeleyen bir derlemedir. Powered haulage risk profili, GNSS/ETS (Elektronik Takip Sistemleri, ETS) mimarisi, uygulama örnekleri ve sensör füzyonu başlıkları altında seçilmiş çalışmalar tartışılmıştır. Türkiye’de GNSS tabanlı araç takip ve çarpışma önleme sistemlerine ilişkin bilimsel yayınların sınırlılığı vurgulanmış; 6331 sayılı Kanun bağlamında açık ocaklarda ETS–İSG entegrasyonuna yönelik politika ve araştırma önerileri sunulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışma, insan veya hayvan denekler üzerinde deneysel bir uygulama, anket, gözlem veya müdahale içermeyen, tamamen literatür temelli bir derleme niteliğinde olduğundan etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir. Çıkar Çatışması Beyanı: Yazar, bu çalışma ile ilişkili olarak herhangi bir çıkar çatışmasının bulunmadığını beyan eder.
Destekleyen Kurum
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Teşekkür
Bu çalışmanın taslak oluşturma, metin yapılandırma ve dilsel gözden geçirme aşamalarında OpenAI tarafından geliştirilen ChatGPT adlı yapay zekâ tabanlı metin destek aracından yararlanılmıştır. Yazar Katkıları: Çalışmanın kavramsal çerçevesi, literatür taraması, bilimsel içeriğin seçimi, yorumlanması ve nihai metnin onayı Dr. Mustafa Salih Eygi tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Metnin ilk taslaklarının oluşturulması, yapısal düzenleme önerileri ve dilsel iyileştirme süreçlerinde ChatGPT adlı yapay zekâ tabanlı metin destek aracı kullanılmış; çalışmada sunulan bilimsel değerlendirmeler, yorumlar ve olası hataların tüm sorumluluğu yalnızca yazara aittir.
Kaynakça
- Baltiyeva, A. A., Raskaliyaev, A. S., Samsonenko, A. I., Shamganova, L. S., & Dotsenko, I. G. (2020). Development of the software and technical complex of the high-precision satellite positioning system in the conditions of open pit mining processes. Complex Use of Mineral Resources, 4(315), 35–45. doi: 10.31643/2020/6445.35 https://kims-imio.com/index.php/main/article/view/117/113
- Chaulya, S. K., Choudhary, M., Kumar, N., Kumar, V., & Chowdhury, A. (2025). Smart driving assistance system for mining operations in foggy environments. Discover Electronics, 2, 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44291-025-00054-1
- Ç.S.G.B., (2012), 6331 sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu, T.C. Resmi Gazete (Tarih: 30/6/2012, Sayı: 28339, Tertip: 5, Cilt: 52, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=6331&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5
- Ç.S.G.B., (2013), Maden İşyerlerinde İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Yönetmeliği, T.C. Resmi Gazete (Tarih: 19/9/2013, Sayı: 28770), https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=18858&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5
- Dagdelen, K., & Nieto, A. (2002). Development of dump edge and vehicle proximity warning system using GPS and wireless network communications to improve safety in open pit mines. In Proceedings of the 29th APCOM International Symposium. SME. http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/216372
- Dagsa, L. M., Demetillo, A. T., Balamad, A. D. B., Sajonia, E. R. J., Amper, G. L., & Virtudazo, M. C. O. (2022). Development of an automated ticketing and tracking system for the monitoring of surface mine hauling operations. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 12(3), 8500–8505. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4820
- Global Mining Guidelines Group (GMG). (2019). Guideline for the Implementation of Autonomous Systems in Mining (Version 1). GMG. https://brasilminingsite.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/20181008_Implementation_of_Autonomous_Systems-GMG-AM-v01-r01.pdf
- Global Mining Guidelines Group (GMG). (2024). Guideline for the Implementation of Autonomous Systems in Mining (Version 2). GMG. https://gmggroup.org/guideline-for-the-implementation-of-autonomous-systems-in-mining-2/
- Hazrathosseini, A., & Moradi Afrapoli, A. (2024). Transition to intelligent fleet management systems in open pit mines: A critical review on application of reinforcement-learning-based systems. Mining Technology: Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, 133(1), 50–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/25726668231222998
- Hrica, J. K., Bellanca, J. L., Benbourenane, I., Carr, J. L., & Stabryla, K. M. (2022). A rapid review of collision avoidance and warning technologies for mining haul trucks. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 39(4), 1357–1389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-022-00633-w
- Kim, H., Lee, W.-H., Lee, C.-H., & Kim, S.-M. (2022). Development of monitoring technology for mine haulage road through sensor-connected digital device and smartphone application. Applied Sciences, 12(23), 12166. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312166
- Moniri-Morad, A., Shishvan, M. S., Aguilar, M., Goli, M., & Sattarvand, J. (2024). Powered haulage safety, challenges, analysis, and solutions in the mining industry; a comprehensive review. Results in Engineering, 21, 101684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101684
- Nieto, A and Dagdelen, K., 2003. Development and testing of a vehicle collison avoidance system based on GPS and wireless networks for open-pit mines. in APCOM 2003: 31st International Symposium on Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Minerals Industries., Eds: F. A. G. M. Camisani-Calzolari, South Aflican Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2003. https://www.saimm.co.za/Conferences/Apcom2003/027-Nieto.pdf
- Nitz, J. (2014). High-Precision GPS Applications in Open Pit Mining (Master’s thesis). Federation University Australia. https://www.academia.edu/76257723/High_precision_GPS_applications_in_open_pit_mining
- Obregón, Andrés Y., (2000). GPS drill navigation and data collection in a mining environment. Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 2000), Salt Lake City, UT, September 2000, pp. 1002-1006. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=1499
- Ruff, T. M., & Holden, T. P. (2003). Preventing collisions involving surface mining equipment: A GPS-based approach. Journal of Safety Research, 34(2), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4375(02)00074-9
- Sun, E., Nieto, A., Li, Z., & Kecojevic, V. (2010). An integrated information technology assisted driving system to improve mine trucks-related safety. Safety Science, 48(10), 1490–1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.07.012
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Madencilik Yöntemleri ve Maden Sistem Analizi, Madenlerde İş Güvenliği ve İşçi Sağlığı, Maden Mühendisliği (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Derleme |
| Yazarlar | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 25 Kasım 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 21 Aralık 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 40 |