FENOLİK BİLEŞİKLERİN ENKAPSÜLASYONU

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 24, 82 - 92, 30.12.2017

Eylem Atak Esma Yıldız Mehmet Emin Uslu

Öz

Enkapsülasyon
teknolojisi günümüzde hem akademik hem endüstriyel alanda çokça başvurulan bir
yöntemdir. Aktif maddenin kararlılığının korunması, etkinliğinin arttırılması,
dış etkilerden korunması ve yavaş salımı için kullanılan enkapsülasyon işlemi
aktif bir maddenin başka bir maddeyle kaplanması yada hapsedilmesiyle oluşan
sistemlerdir. Boyutlarına göre nano ve mikro olarak ikiye ayrılır. Enkapsülasyon işleminin uygulandığı birçok
teknik mevcuttur. Bunlardan bazıları; püskürterek kurutma, püskürterek soğutma,
ekstraksiyon, koaservasyon, liyofilizasyon ve emülsifikasyondur. Bu
tekniklerden uygun olan tercih edilirken, uygulanacak proses, çekirdeği
oluşturan aktif maddenin yapısı, mikro veya nanokapsül için uygulanması, elde
edilmesi istenen parçacık boyutu, çekirdek ve çekirdeği kaplayan duvarın
fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri, serbest salım mekanizması,
üretim ölçeği ve maliyet gibi faktörler göz önünde bulundurulur. Çeşitli
yöntemlerle elde edilen nano/mikro boyutlu kürelerin boyut ve yüzey
analizlerinin yapılması, hedeflenen ürüne ulaşması konusunda yol göstericidir. Fenoller
bitkiler tarafından salgılanan canlılar için birçok açıdan yararlı olan
hidroksil grubuna sahip benzen halkalarıdır. Eczacılık, tıp, kimya alanlarında
ve endüstride sıkça kullanılan bir aktif bileşendir. Isı, ışık, oksijen,
vücutta kalma süresi, vücut içindeki diğer besin maddeleri fenollerin
etkinliğini azalttığı için literatürde fenollerin enkapsülasyonu çalışmalarına
sıkça rastlanılmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fenolik bileşikler, Enkapsülasyon, Mikrokapsülasyon, Nano-enkapsülasyon

ENCAPSULATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS

Öz

Encapsulation technology is a
frequently applied method both in academic and industrial fields today. The
encapsulation process used to protect the stability of the active substance,
increase efficiency, protect from external influences and slow down will be
integrated by covering or imprisoning an active substance with another
substance. Encapsulation is divided into nano and micro according to their
sizes.

There are many techniques in which the
encapsulation process is applied. Some of these techniques are spray drying,
spray cooling, extraction, coevaporation, lyophilization and emulsification.
When the appropriate one of these techniques is preferred, these factors are
taken into account; the structure of the active substance forming the core, the
application of the microcapsule or nanocapsule, the desired particle size to be
obtained, the physical and chemical properties of the core and core wall, the
release mechanism, taken. The size and surface analysis of nano / micro-sized
spheres obtained by various methods is a guide for reaching the target product.
Phenols
are benzene rings with a hydroxyl group useful in many respects for organisms
secreted by plants. It is an essential compound used in encapsulation
applications and used in the fields of pharmacy, medicine, chemistry and the
industry. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Phenolics, Encapsulation, Micro-encapsulation, Nano-encapsulation

Kaynakça

• 1-Andrade, B., Song, Z., Li, J., Zimmerman, S. C., Cheng, J., Moore, J. S., ... & Katz, J. S. (2015). New frontiers for encapsulation in the chemical industry. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 7(12), 6359-6368.
• 2-Azeredo, H.M.C. Encapsulação: aplicação à tecnologia de alimentos. Alimentos e Nutrição, v.16, n.1, p.89-97, 2005.
• 3-Berkland, C., Kim, K., Pack, D.W., 2001. Fabrication of PLG microspheres with precisely controlled and monodisperse size distributions. J. Control Release 73, 59–74
• 4-Berkland, C., King, M., Cox, A., Kim, K., Pack, D.W., 2002. Precise control of PLG microsphere size provides enhanced control of drug release rate. J. Control Release 82, 137–147.
• 5-Caballero, B. et al. Encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition. 2.ed. New York: Academic, 2003. 6000 p.
• 6-Champagne C.P.; Fustier P. Microencapsulation for the improved delivery of bioactive compounds into foods. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, v.18, n.2, p.184-190, 2007.
• 7-Chen, G.; WANG, W. Role of freeze drying in nanotechnology. Drying Technology, v.25, n.1, p.29-35, 2007.
• 8-Chung, T.-W., Huang, Y.-Y., Liu, Y.-Z., 2001. Effects of the rate of solvent evaporation on the characteristics of drug loaded PLLA and PDLLA microspheres. Int. J. Pharm. 212, 161–169
• 9-Comunıan, T.A. et al. Microencapsulation of ascorbic acid by complex coacervation: Protection and controlled release. Food Research International, v.52, n.1, p.373-379, 2013.
• 10-Demir, D. (2013). Dosetaksel İçeren Nanopartiküllerin Formülasyonu ve in Vitro Değerlendirilmesi.
• 11-Derman, S., Kızılbey, K., Akdeste, Z. M. (2013). Polymeric nanoparticles. Sigma, 31, 107-120.
• 12-Edlund, U., Albertsson, A.-C., 2002. Degradable polymer microspheres for controlled drug delivery. Adv. Polym. Sci. 157, 67–112
• 13-Eyüpoglu, S., Kut, D. (2016). Mıkrokapsülasyon Teknolojısı Ve Tekstıl Sektöründe Kullanımı/Mıcroencapsulatıon Technology And The Use Of Mıcroencapsulatıon Technology In Textıle Industry. Istanbul Ticaret Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(29), 9.
• 14-Ezhilarasi, P. N., Karthik, P., Chhanwal, N., Anandharamakrishnan, C. (2013). Nanoencapsulation techniques for food bioactive components: a review. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6(3), 628-647.
• 15-Fairhurst, D., Loxley, A. (2008). Micro-and nano-encapsulation of water-and oil-soluble actives for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. Science and Applications of Skin Delivery Systems. Allured Publishing Corporation, 313-336.
• 16-Fang, Z., Bhandari, B. (2010). Encapsulation of polyphenols–a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 21(10), 510-523.
• 17-Freıtas, S. et al. Microencapsulation by solvent extraction/ evaporation: reviewing the state of the art of microsphere preparation process technology. Journal of Controlled Release, v.102, n.2, p.313-332, 2005.
• 18-Freiberg, S., & Zhu, X. X. (2004). Polymer microspheres for controlled drug release. International journal of pharmaceutics, 282(1), 1-18.
• 19-Gamboa, O.D. et al. Microencapsulation of tocopherols in lipid matrix by spray chilling method. Procedia Food Science, v.1, p.1732-1739, 2011.
• 20-Gouın, S. Microencapsulation: industrial appraisal of existing technologies and trends. Trends in Food Science and Technology, v.15, n.7-8, p.330-347, 2004. 21-Gökmen, S., Palamutoğlu, R., Sarıçoban, C. (2012). Gıda endüstrisinde enkapsülasyon uygulamaları. Electronic Journal of Food Technologies, 7(1), 36-50.
• 22-Gupta, K.C., Kumar, M.N.V.R., 2001. pH dependent hydrolysis and drug release behavior of chitosan/poly(ethylene glycol) polymer network microspheres. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 12, 753–759.
• 23-Güleşci, N., Aygül, İ. (2016). Beslenmede Yer Alan Antioksidan ve Fenolik Madde İçerikli Çerezler. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5, 109-129.
• 24-Hamidi, M., Azadi, A., Rafiei, P. (2008). Hydrogel nanoparticles in drug delivery. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 60(15), 1638-1649.
• 25-Kakish, H.F., Tashtoush, B., Ibrahim, H.G., Najib, N.M., 2002. A novel approach for the preparation of highly loaded polymeric controlled release dosage forms of diltiazem HCl and diclofenac sodium. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 54, 75–81
• 26-Karabulut, A. B. (2008). Resveratrol ve Etkileri. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 28(6), 166-169.
• 27-Kumar, MNV Ravi, U. Bakowsky, and C. M. Lehr. "Preparation and characterization of cationic PLGA nanospheres as DNA carriers." Biomaterials 25.10 (2004): 1771-1777.
• 28-Laohasongkram, K. et al. Microencapsulation of Macadamia oil by spray drying. Procedia Food Science, v.1, p.1660-1665, 2011. 29-Lynn, D., Amiji, M., Langer, R., 2001. pH-responsive polymer microspheres: rapid release of encapsulated material within the range of intracellular pH. Angev. Chem. Int. Ed. 40, 1707– 1710.
• 30-Madene, A. et al. Flavor encapsulation and controlled release - a review. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, v.41, n.1, p.1-21. 2006..
• 31-Makino, K., Mogi, T., Ohtake, N., Yoshida, M., Ando, S., Nakajima, T., Ohshima, H., 2000. Pulsatile drug release from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres: how does the composition of the polymer matrixes affect the time interval between the initial burst and the pulsatile release of drugs? Colloid. Surf. B: Biointerfaces 19, 173–179.
• 32-Marques, L.G. et al. Freeze-drying characteristics of tropical fruits. Drying Technology, v.24, n.4, p.457-463, 2006. Available from: . Accessed: Jul. 03, 2012. doi: 10.1080/07373930600611919.
• 33-Mi, F.-L., Chen, C.-T., Tseng, Y.-C., Kuan, C.-Y., Shyu, S.-S., 1997. Iron(III)-carboxymethylchitin microsphere for the pH-sensitive release of 6-mercaptopurine. J. Control Release 44, 19–32.
• 34-Narayani, R., Rao, K.P., 1996. Gelatin microsphere cocktails of different sizes for the controlled release of anticancer drugs. Int. J. Pharm. 143, 255–258
• 35-Nizamlıoğlu, N. M., Sebahattin, N. A. S. (2010). Meyve ve sebzelerde bulunan fenolik bileşikler; yapıları ve önemleri. Electronic Journal of Food Technologies, 5(1), 20-35.
• 36-Olıveıra, A.C. et al. Stability of microencapsulated B. lactis (BI 01) and L. acidophilus (LAC 4) by complex coacervation followed by spray drying. Journal of Microencapsulation, v.24, n.7, p.685-693, 2007.
• 37-Paulo, F., Santos, L. (2017). Design of experiments for microencapsulation applications: A review. Materials Science and Engineering: C.
• 38-Rathore, S. et al. Microencapsulation of microbial cells. Journal of Food Engineering, v.116, n.2, p.369-381, 2013.
• 39-Ravivarapu, H.B., Burton, K., DeLuca, P.P., 2000. Polymer and microsphere blending to alter the release of a peptide from PLGA microspheres. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50, 263–270.
• 40-Swarbrick, J. Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical technology. 2.ed. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2004. 5536 p.
• 41-Tuncay, M., Calis, S., Kas, H.S., Ercan, M.T., Peksoy, I., Hincal, A.A., 2000. Diclofenac sodium incorporated PLGA (50:50) microspheres: formulation considerations and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Int. J. Pharm. 195, 179–188
• 42-Yang, Y.-Y., Chung, T.-S., Bai, X.-L., Chan, W.-K., 2000. Effect of preparation conditions on morphology and release profiles of biodegradable polymeric microspheres containing protein fabricated by double-emulsion method. Chem. Eng. Sci. 55, 2223–2236.
• 43-Zanetti, B.G. Desenvolvimento de microesferas de carbamazepina visando ao prolongamento da liberação do fármaco. 2001. 100f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Farmácia) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC.