COVID-19 PANDEMİSİ SÜRECİNDE KADIN EMEĞİNİN GÖRÜNÜMLERİ

Öz

Bu çalışma COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde daha görünür hâle gelen kadın emeği konusunu ücretli emek ve bakım emeği ekseninde tartışmaktadır. Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin önemli noktalarından olan kadınların ücretli ve karşılıksız emeği üzerinde pandemi koşullarının etkilerini incelemektedir. İlk olarak kadınların salgın süresince işgücüne katılımı, toplumsal cinsiyete bağlı gelişen istihdam modelleri ile ekonomilerdeki istihdam açıklarının eşitsiz emek koşullarıyla karşılanması ele alınmaktadır. İkinci olarak ev içi emeğin birincil toplumsal aktörleri olarak görülen kadınların bakım ekonomisinde üstlendikleri roller pandemi dönemine özgü koşullar bağlamında değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda COVID-19 pandemisi bir yandan ücretli kadın emeği ile bakım emeği üzerindeki baskın ataerkil denetimi bir kez daha gözlemlemek açısından turnusol kâğıdı işlevi üstlenmiştir. Diğer yandan salgın koşulları kapitalizm ile ataerkilliği kendilerine özgü eşitsizlikler yaratan ve farklı etki alanları olan iki ayrı sistem gibi düşünmenin ve bu doğrultuda analiz etmenin yeterli olmayacağını yeniden hatırlatmıştır. Kapitalizm ve ataerkillik krizi olarak da tanımlanabilen COVID-19 pandemisi hem ücretli hem de ücretsiz kadın emeğinin nasıl gözden çıkarılabildiği, değersizleştirildiği ve güvencesiz hale getirildiğini anlamak açısından kapitalist sistem ile ataerkil tahakküm ilişkileri arasındaki iş birliğini açığa çıkarmaktadır. Bu noktalardan hareketle bu çalışma, COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında belirginleşen ve derinleşen toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği sorununa kamusal ve özel alandaki kadın emeğinin konumlandırılışı üzerinden ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19 Pandemisi
• Ücretli Kadın Emeği
• Bakım Emeği
• Kapitalizm
• Ataerkillik

The Displays of Women’s Labor During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Öz

This study discusses the issue of women's labor, which has become more visible during the process of COVID19 pandemic, on the axis of paid labor and care work. It examines the effects of the conditions of pandemic on the paid and unpaid labor of women, which are the important points of gender inequality. First, the participation of women in the workforce during the pandemic is addressed along with the employment models that have developed based on gender and the supply of employment gaps in economies with unequal labor conditions. Second, the roles of women, who are regarded as the primary social actors of domestic labor, in the care economy are examined within the context of pandemic conditions. In this regard, the COVID-19 pandemic, on one hand, has served as a litmus paper to observe once more the dominant patriarchal control over paid women's labor and care labor. On the other hand, the pandemic conditions reminded once again that it would not be sufficient to consider capitalism and patriarchy as two separate systems that create their own inequalities and have different spheres of influence and analyze them accordingly. The COVID-19 pandemic, which is also defined as the crisis of capitalism and patriarchy, reveals the cooperation between the capitalist system and patriarchal domination relations to understand how both paid and unpaid women's labor can be sacrificed, devalued, and made insecure. Based on these points, this study aims to shed light on the problem of gender inequality, which has become evident and deepened during the COVID-19 pandemic, through the positioning of women's labor in the public and private spheres.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19 Pandemic
• Paid Women’s Labor
• Care Labor
• Capitalism
• Patriarchy

Kaynakça

1. Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey J. & Tertilt, M. (2020a). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality (Working Paper No. 26947). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26947.
2. Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey J. & Tertilt, M. (2020b). This Time It’s Different: The Role of Women’s Employment in a Pandemic Recession. http://tertilt.vwl.uni-mannheim.de/research/ADOT_Nov2020.pdf.
3. Beneria, L., Berik, G. & Floro, M.S. (2016). Gender, Development and Globalization: Economics as if People Mattered. Londra ve New York: Routledge.
4. Bolis M., Parvez A., Holten E., Mugehera L., Abdo N. & Moreno M. J. (2020). Care in the Time of Coronavirus: Why care work needs to be at the centre of a post-COVID-19 feminist future. Oxfam International, http://hdl.handle.net/10546/621009.
5. Boyce Kay, J. (2020). ‘Stay the Fuck at Home!’: Feminism, Family and the Private Home in a Time of Coronavirus. Feminist Media Studies, 20 (6), 883–888. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1765293.
6. Carlson D. L., Petts R. & Pepin J. R. (2020). US Couples’ Divisions of Housework and Childcare During COVID-19 Pandemic. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/jy8fn.
7. Ceuterick, M. (2020). An affirmative look at a domesticity in crisis: Women, Humour and Domestic Labour during the COVID19 Pandemic. Feminist Media Studies, 20 (6), 896-901. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1789396.
8. Chung, H. & van der Lippe, T. (2020). Flexible Working, Work–Life Balance, and Gender Equality: Introduction. Social Indicators Research, 151, 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2025-x.

9. Collins C., Landivar L. C., Ruppanner L. & Scarborough W. J. (2020). COVID-19 and the gender gap in work hours. Gender, Work and Organization, 28(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12506.
10. Connell, R. W. (2017). Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve İktidar: Toplum, Kişi ve Cinsel Politika. çev. Cem Soydemir. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
11. Czymara, C., Langenkamp, A. & Cano, T. (2020). Cause for concerns: gender inequality in experiencing the COVID-19 lockdown in Germany. European Societies, 23(sup1), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1808692.
12. Dodds, K., Broto, V. C., Detterbeck, K., Jones M., Mamadouh, V., Ramutsindela, M., Varsanyi M., Wachsmuth, D. & Woon C. Y. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: territorial, political and governance dimensions of the crisis. Territory, Politics, Governance, 8(3), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2020.1771022.
13. Doğangün, G. (2021). Pandemide Derinleşen Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşit(siz)liğine Bir Bakış. İçinde B. Aykan ve O. Bilginer (Der.) Salgın Halleri: COVID-19 ve Toplumsal Eşitsizlikler. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi, 409-442.
14. Frontoni, E. (2020). Covid-19 and Inequality: A Gender Perspective. European Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2),127-134. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eur:ejssjr:102.
15. Guggenheim, M. (2014). Introduction: Disasters as politics – politics as disasters. The Sociological Review, 62 (1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12121.
16. Ham, S. (2021). Explaining Gender Gaps in the South Korean Labor Market During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Feminist Economics, 27(1-2), 133-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1876902.
17. Hartmann, H. I. (1979). The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union. Capital and Class, 3(2), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/030981687900800102.
18. Fougeyrollas-Schwebel, D. (2015). Ev Emeği. İçinde H. Hirata, F. Laborie, H. Le Doaré ve D. Senotier (Der.) Eleştirel Feminizm Sözlüğü. çev. Gülnur Acar-Savran. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, s.144-149.
19. Hochschild, A. R. (1989). The Second Shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking Penguin.
20. ILO. (2021). ILO Gözlem: COVID-19 ve Çalışma Yaşamı, 7. Baskı Güncellenmiş tahminler ve analiz. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-ankara/documents/briefingnote/wcms_769693.pdf.
21. İlkkaracan, İ. & Memiş, E. (2020). COVID-19 Küresel Salgın Sürecinde Türkiye’de Bakım Ekonomisi ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Temelli Eşitsizlikler. UNDP. https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/library/corporatereports/COVID-gender-surveyreport.html.
22. İlkkaracan, İ. & Memiş, E. (2021). Transformations in the Gender Gaps in Paid and Unpaid Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from Turkey. Feminist Economics, 27 (1-2), 288-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1849764.
23. Kabeer, N., Razavi, S. & Rodgers, Y. (2021). Feminist economic perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic. Feminist Economics, 27(1-2), 1-29.
24. Kalabikhina, I. E. (2020). Demographic and social issues of the pandemic. Population and Economics, 4(2), 103-122.https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.4.e53891.
25. Kergoat, D. (2015). Cinsiyete Dayalı İşbölümü ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet İlişkileri. İçinde H. Hirata, F. Laborie, H. Le Doaré ve D. Senotier (Der.) Eleştirel Feminizm Sözlüğü. çev. Gülnur Acar-Savran. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 87-96.
26. King, T., Hewitt, B., Crammond, B., Sutherland, G., Maheen, H.& Kavanagh, A. (2020). Reordering Gender Systems: Can COVID- 19 Lead to Improved Gender Equality and Health?. The Lancet, 396 (10244), 80-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S01406736(20)31418-5.
27. Lewis, H. (2020). The Coronavirus Is a Disaster for Feminism. The Atlantic, 19 Mart 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/03/feminism-womens-rights-coronavirus-covid19/608302/.
28. Malghan, D. & Swaminathan, H. (2020). Inside the Black Box: Intra-household Inequality and a Gendered Pandemic. LIS Working papers 797. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/228348.
29. Memiş, E. & Özay, Ö. (2011). Eviçi Uğraşlardan İktisatta Karşılıksız Emeğe: Türkiye Üzerine Yapılan Çalışmalara İlişkin bir Değerlendirme. İçinde S. Sancar (Der.) Birkaç Arpa Boyu...21.Yüzyıla Girerken Türkiye’de Feminist Çalışmalar. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 249-280.
30. OECD (2020). Women at the core of the fight against COVID-19 crisis. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policyresponses/women-at-the- core-of-the-fight-against-covid-19-crisis-553a8269/.
31. O’Reillly, A. (2020). “Trying to Function in the Unfunctionable”: Mothers and COVID-19. Journal of the Motherhood Initiative, 11(1), 7-24. https://jarm.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/jarm/article/view/40588.
32. Power, K. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16 (1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1776561.
33. Raile, A.N.W., Raile, E.D., Parker, D.C.W., Shanahan, E.A. & Haines, P. (2020). Women and the weight of a pandemic: A survey of four Western US States early in the Coronavirus outbreak. Gender, Work and Organization, 28 (S2), 554-565. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12590.
34. UN Women (2020a). The Shadow Pandemic: Violence against women during COVID-19. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/in-focus-gender-equality-in-covid-19-response/violence-against-women-duringcovid-19.
35. UN Women (2020b). Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Women. https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digitallibrary/publications/2020/04/policy-brief-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-women.
36. Walby, S. (1990). Theorizing Patriarchy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
37. Wenham, C., Smith, J. & Morgan,R. (2020). COVID-19: The Gendered Impacts of the Outbreak. The Lancet, 395 (10227), 846–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2.
38. Yücel, Y. (2020). Ekonomik Kalkınma ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet. İçinde F. Saygılıgil (Der.) Toplumsal Cinsiyet Tartışmaları. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 83-100.