The Return to the Originary Phenomenology for Sociology: Husserl’s 'Foundational' Ontology

Öz

Phenomenology, is a philosophy arguing behind every thought and action, even behind the scientific studies there lies essences preceding them. In this respect Edmund Husserl makes a call for the philosophers and social scientists to uncover those essences, in other words intentionalities and ideals as universal meaning which are constituted in a common world. Almost immediately it was positively replied and was adopted to social sciences in various ways. Describing the meanings given to the objects, with the goal of exposing the underlying structures in the society which operates through the minds of people, and doing this by staying away from social theories, becomes a radical approach which has influenced so many social scientists. However, it is not possible to say that its application in sociology has been always in accordance with its philosophy so far. Departing from this critical position, in this (first) essay, in order to bring phenomenological sociological research back to its roots and to recover phenomenology from being placed to the status of “a procedure” or a method of qualitative research, I thoroughly present its ontology, by analyzing its special idealism, understanding of essence and ideal a priori, intersubjectivity, intentionality under separate headings. Then, problematizing its namelessness, I propose alternative names for its ontology among which I put one forward. The analysis in this article is conducted, in a way, with a “phenomenology of phenomenology” approach, which tries to bring Husserl’s own intentionality, his foundational view about the world to light. The main importance of this essay originates from, besides presenting phenomenology’s philosophy from primary sources and from the perspective of a sociologist, its effort to describe and position its ontology for sociology in alignment with its philosophy and its philosopher.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Edmund Husserl
• Phenomenology
• Sociology
• Foundational Ontology

SOSYOLOJİ İÇİN ASIL FENOMENOLOJİYE DÖNÜŞ: HUSSERL’İN ‘TEMEL’ ONTOLOJİSİ

Öz

Fenomenoloji, her düşünce ve eylemin ve dahi bilimsel çalışmaların ardında onları önceleyen düşünce özlerinin bulunduğu iddiasına sahip bir felsefedir. Bu bağlamda felsefecilere bu felsefeyi benimseyen sosyal bilim insanlarına, yaşamların ortaklığında kurulan evrensel anlamlar olan bu “öz”leri, diğer bir deyişle yönelimleri ve idealleri ortaya çıkarmak için bir çağrıda bulunur. Bu çağrı hemen karşılık bulur ve fenomenoloji sosyal bilimlere değişik şekillerde uyarlanır. Nesnelere verilen anlamı, insanların bilinçleri üzerinden işleyen yapıyı ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla kuramlardan uzak durarak betimlemek birçok sosyal bilim insanını etkileyen radikal bir yaklaşım haline gelir. Ancak fenomenolojinin sosyolojideki kullanımının paradigmasına uygun bir şekilde yapıldığını söylemek mümkün değildir. Bu eleştirel tespitten hareketle, bu (ilk) makalede, sosyolojideki fenomenolojiyi köklerine döndürmek ve nitel araştırmaların bir deseni ya da yöntemi konumuna indirilmekten kurtarmak adına onun ontolojisini, kendine özgü idealizmini, öz ve ideal apriori (önsellik) anlayışını, öznelerarasılığı ve yönelimselliği ayrı bölümler altında inceleyerek ortaya koyuyorum. Daha sonra ontolojisinin isimsizliğini sorunlaştırarak ona alternatif isimler öneriyor, aralarından birisini öne çıkartıyorum. Husserl’in geniş ve ayrıntılı felsefesinin altında, zaman zaman açıkça ortaya koyduğu dünyaya yönelik çarpıcı bir bakış yatar. İncelemelerimi Husserl’in bu bakışını “fenomenolojinin fenomenolojisi” yaklaşımıyla, yani onun “yönelimselliği”ni, dünya hakkındaki temel bakışını gün ışığına çıkartarak yapmaya çalışıyorum. Bu makalenin önemi, sosyologlara, fenomenoloji felsefesini birincil kaynaklardan ve daha anlaşılır bir dilde sunmasının yanı sıra, sosyolojideki ontolojisini hem felsefesiyle hem filozofuyla aynı hizada anlatmaya ve konumlandırmaya çalışmasından kaynaklanır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Edmund Husserl
• Fenomenoloji
• Sosyoloji
• Temel Ontoloji

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