Before and After: Determinants of Labor Migration from Armenia to Turkey and Migrant Networks

Öz

This article focuses on the role of migrant networks in migration flow from Armenia to Turkey after dissolution of The Soviet Union. The aim of the investigation is to find the different configuration of networks and how those networks serve to migration process. Those configurations including interpersonal and inter-ethnic ties channel migrants and non-migrants both in a particular place in transnational space. The findings that are derived from a fieldwork conducted in Istanbul shows the role and importance of networks both before and after the migration

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Migrant networks, Armenia, Turkey, Ethnic bounds and boundaries

ÖNCESİ VE SONRASI: ERMENİSTAN’DAN TÜRKİYE’YE İŞGÜCÜ GÖÇÜNÜN NEDENLERİ VE GÖÇMEN İLİŞKİ AĞLARI

Öz

Bu makale, Sovyetler Birliğinin yıkılmasından sonra başlayan Ermenistan’dan Türkiye’ye göç akışında, göçmen ağlarının rolünü konu almaktadır. Çalışma, farklı ağ konfigürasyonlarını ve bu ağların göç sürecinde nasıl etki gösterdiğini açıklamayı hedeflemektedir. Kişiler arası ve etnik gruplar arası bağları da içeren göçmen ağları, göçmenler ve göçmen olmayanları, hem belirli bir yerde hem de ulus-ötesi alanda birbirine bağlar. İstanbul’da yapılan alan çalışmasından elde edilen veriler, hem göç öncesi hem de sonrasında göçmen ağlarının önemini açıkça ortaya koymaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Göçmen Ağları, Ermenistan, Türkiye, Etnik bağlar ve sınırlar

Kaynakça

1. AGUILERA, Michael B.; MASSEY, Douglas S. (2003). Social Capital and the Wages of Mexican Migrants: New Hypotheses and Tests. Social Forces, 82(2), 671-701.
2. AKALIN, Ayşe, 2007, “Hired as a Caregiver, Demanded as a Housewife: Becoming a Migrant Domestic Worker in Turkey”, European Journal of Women's Studies, 14(3), 209–225.
3. AKSOY, Asu; ROBINS, Kevin, 2008, “Banal Transnationalism: The Difference that Television Makes, Transnational Communities Program, WPTC-02-08. http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/WPTC-02- 08%20Robins.pdf
4. ANDERSON, Bridget, 2011, Reproductive Labour and Migration, Transnational Communities Programme Working Paper Series, WPTC-02-01. http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/WPTC-02- 01%20Anderson.doc.pdf
5. BASCH, Linda; GLICK SCHILLER, Linda; SZANTON BLANC, Cristina, 1994, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Post-Colonial Predicaments and Deterritorialized Nation-States, Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach.
6. BERBERYAN, B. (2009) Ermenistan’da Bir Türkiyeli, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
7. CHOBANYAN, 2012, Circular Migration in Armenia, CARIM-East Explanatory 2012/70, Florence: EUI, RSCAS. http://www.carim- east.eu/media/exno/Explanatory%20Notes_2012-70.pdf
8. BOYD, Monica, 1989, “Family and Personal Networks in International Migration: Recent Developments and New Agendas”, International Migration Review, 23(3), 638- 670.

9. DANIŞ, Didem, 2007, “A Faith that Binds: Iraqi Christian Women on the Domestic Service Ladder of Istanbul”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(4), 601-615
10. DERDERIAN, Dzovinari 2007, “Border Opening Impacts: Labour and Product Market Integration”, Armenian Journal of Public Policy/Proceedings, Mart, 161-174.
11. GOLD, Steven J., 2005, “Migrant Networks: A Summary and Critique of Relational Approaches to International Migration” (içinde), ROMERO, Mary, ve MARGOLIS, Eric (Edt), The Blackwell Companion to Social Inequalities, Malden MA: Blackwell.
12. GOSS, Jon; LINDQUIST, Bruce, 1995, “Conceptualizing International Labor Migration: A Structuration Perspective”, International Migration Review, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 317-351
13. IOM, 2008, Migration in Armenia: A Country Profil, Geneva: IOM
14. IOM, 2009, Migration and Development. Armenia Country Study, Subregional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Yerevan
15. IVAKHNYUK, 2006, “Migrations in the CIS region: Common Problems and Mutual Benefits”, International Symposium, "International Migration and Development". Turin, Italy
16. KÖRÜKMEZ, Lülüfer, 2011, “Immigrant Women, Immigrant Men: A Way to Changing Identity”, Sosyoloji Dergisi, sayı 23-24.
17. MAKARYAN, Shushanik, 2012, “Estimation of International Migration in Post-Soviet Republics”, 2435.2012.00740.x
18. MESCH, Gustavo S. (2002). Between Spatial and Social Segregation among Immigrants: The Case of Immigrants from the FSU in Israel. International Migration Review, 36(3), 912-934.
19. OSCE, 2008, Return Migration to Armenia in 2002-2008, Yerevan: Asoghik. http://www.ast.am/files/Return%20Migration%20to%20Armenia%20in%202002- 2008%20(Eng).pdf
20. OZINIAN, A., 2009, Identifying the State of Armenian Migrants in Turkey. A Sociological Qualitative Research, Eurasia Partnership Foundation http://www.epfound.am/files/epf_migration_report_feb_2010_final_march_5.pdf
21. ÖZDOĞAN, G. G.; ÜSTEL, F.; KARAKAŞLI, K.; KENTEL, F., 2009, Türkiye'de Ermeniler Cemaat-Birey-Yurttaş, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
22. PARREÑAS, Rhacel Salazar, 2000, “Migrant Filipina Domestic Workers and the International Division of Reproductive Labor”, Gender & Society, 14 (4), 560- 580.
23. SABAGH, George; BOZORGMEHR, Mehdi; DER-MARTİROSIAN, Claudia, 1990, “Subethnicity: Armenians in Los Angeles”, California Immigrants in World Perspective: The Conference Papers, UC Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7jp6m12s: Institute for Social Science Research.
24. SASSEN, Saskia, 2000, “Women's Burden: Counter-Geographies of Globalization and the Feminization of Survival”, Journal of International Affairs, 53 (2), 503-524
25. TAŞÇI, Nvart, 2010, “Armenian Migrants in Turkey: History of a Journey”, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Boğaziçi University, Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, İstanbul.
26. TOKSÖZ, G.; ERDOĞDU, S; KAŞKA, S., 2012, Türkiye’ye Düzensiz Emek Göçü ve Göçmenlerin http://www.turkey.iom.int/documents/Labour/IOM_irregular_labour_migration_tr _06062013.pdf
27. TOKSÖZ, Gülay; ÜNLÜTÜRK ULUTAŞ, Çağla, 2012, “Is Migration Feminized? A Gender- and Ethnicity-Based Review of the Literature on Irregular Migration to Turkey” (içinde), PAÇACI ELİTOK, S. & STRAUBHAAR (Eds.), T., Turkey, Migration and the EU: Potentials, Challenges and Opportunities, Hamburg: Hamburg University Press.
28. YUDINA, Tatiana Nikolaevna, 2005, “Labour Migration into Russia: The Response of State and Society”, Current Sociology, 53(4), 583–606.