An Evaluation on the Relationship Between Ageing and Crime

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 44, 275 - 291, 29.11.2022

Elif Gün

Öz

The study focuses on the relationship between ageing and crime, based on demographic and statistical indicators. The various studies highlight the increase in crime rates carried out by the elderly in many countries that have faced the problem of ageing. Within the scope of the study, the focus was on the tendency of the elderly to commit crimes in Turkey based on statistical data. between 2011 and 2020, Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK) data on the convicts received into prison by type of crime and age group at the time of the committed crime were examined. According to this, while the number of convicts aged 65 and over in Turkey tends to increase, no significant increase has been observed in the share of the total number of convicts. The most common types of crimes are opposition to Bankruptcy and Enforcement Law and Assault.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ageing, Crime, Older prisoners, Elderly offenders

YAŞLILIK VE SUÇ İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Öz

Demografik ve istatistiki göstergelerin dikkate alındığı bu çalışmada yaşlılık ve suç ilişkisine odaklanılmaktadır. Yapılan araştırmalar, yaşlanma problemiyle karşı karşıya kalmış pek çok ülkede yaşlılar tarafından gerçekleştirilen suç oranlarındaki artışa dikkat çekmektedir. Bu bağlamda istatistiki verilerden hareketle Türkiye’de yaşlıların suç işleme eğilimlerine odaklanılarak 2011-2020 yılları arasında yaş grubuna ve suç türüne göre ceza infaz kurumuna giren hükümlü sayılarına ilişkin TÜİK verileri incelenmiştir. Buna göre Türkiye’de 65 yaş ve üstünde cezaevine giren hükümlü sayısı artma eğilimi gösterirken, bu yaş grubunun toplam hükümlü sayısı içerisindeki oranında belirgin bir yükseliş gözlemlenememiştir. En çok işlenen suç türleri ise İcra İflas Kanunu’na muhalefet ve yaralamadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yaşlanma, Suç, Yaşlı Hükümlüler, Yaşlı suçlular

Kaynakça

• Aday, R.H. (1994). Aging is prison: A case study of new elderly offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 38 (1), 79-91. DOI:10.1177/0306624X9403800108
• Aliustaoğlu, F.S., Özdemir, M., İnce, H., Yazıcı, Y.A., İnce, N. & Oral, G. (2011). Criminal activities of the elderly in Turkey during the years 2000–2005. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 53, 267–270.
• Arndt, S., Turvey, C.L. & Flaum, M.(2002). Older offenders, substance abuse, and treatment. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10(6), 733-739.
• Baidawi, S., Turner, S., Trotter, C., Browning, C., Collier, P., O’Connor D. & Sheehan, R. (2011). Older prisoners-a challenge for Australian corrections. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. No.426. Australian Institute of Criminology.
• Barak, Y., Perry, T. & Elizur, A. (1995). Elderly criminals: A study of the first criminal offence in old age. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10 (6), 511-516. DOI:10.1002/gps.930100611
• Bayraktar, S. & Sungur, N. (2017). Yaşlı bireylerin kurban veya katil oldukları cinayetlerin incelenmesi. Senex: Yaşlılık Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1, 48-56.
• Berger, R. (2018). Criminal behavior among the elderly: A look into what people think about this emerging topic. Advances in Aging Research, 7, 1-16, DOI:10.4236/aar.2018.71001
• Blowers, A.N. (2015). Elders and the criminal justice system. Journal of Crime and Justice, 38(1),1-8. DOI:10.1080/0735648X.2014.931509
• Braungart, M., Braungart, R.G. & Hoyer, W.J.(1980). Age, sex, and social factors in fear of crime. Sociological Focus, 13(1), 55-66.
• Carcach, C. Graycar, A., & Muscat, G. (2001). The victimisation of older Australians. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice, No. 212, Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
• Chadee, D. & Ditton, J. (2003). Are older people most afraid of crime? Revisiting Ferraro and LaGrange in Trinidad. The British Journal of Criminology, 43(2), 417–433. Clemente F. & Kleiman M.B.(1977). Fear of crime in the United States: A multivariate analysis. Social Forces, 56(2), 519-531.
• Cornelius, C.V.M., Lynch, C.J. & Gore, R.(2017). Aging out of crime: Exploring the relationship between age and crime with agent based modeling. ADS '17: Proceedings of the Agent-Directed Simulation Symposium’da sunulan bildiri. DOI: 10.22360/springsim.2017.ads.006
• Çardak, B. (2011). Ankara’da yaşayan kadınlarda suç mağduru olma korkusu üzerine nitel bir çalışma. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Kara Harb Okulu, Ankara.
• Feldmeyer, B. & Steffensmeier, D. (2007). Elder crime: Patterns and Current Trends. Research on Aging, 1980-2004, 20(4), 297–322. DOI:10.1177/0164027507300802
• Ferraro, K.F. (2007). The gerontological imagination. İçinde J.M. Wilmoth & K.F. Ferraro (Ed). Gerontology: Perspectives and Issues (3rded.). New York: Springer Publishing Company. (ss.325-342).
• Flynn, E.E. (2000). Elders as perpetrators. İçinde M.B. Rothman, B.D. Dunlop & P. Entzel (Ed.). Elders, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System: Myth, Perceptions, and Reality in the 21st Century. New York, NY: Springer. (ss. 43-83).
• Howse K. (2003). Growing old in prison: A scoping study on older prisoners, London: Prison Reform Trust.
• James, M. (2001). Understanding and responding to crime and older people. Australian Institute of Criminology. 4th National Outlook Symposium on Crime in Austrialia (New Crimes or New Responses), Canberra’da sunulan bildiri.
• James, M., Graycar, A. & Mayhew, P. (2003). A safe and secure environment for older Australians. Research and Public Policy Series, No:51, Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, https://aic.gov.au/publications/rpp/rpp51
• Johnson, E.H. (2000). Elders and Japanese corrections. İçinde M.B. Rothman, B.D. Dunlop & P. Entzel (Ed.). Elders, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System: Myth, Perceptions, and Reality in the 21st Century, New York, NY: Springer. (s. 303-328).
• Lindesay, J. (1996). Elderly people and crime. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 6, 199-204. DOI:10.1017/S0959259800004664.
• McCracken, K. & Phillips, D.R. (2005). International demographic transitions. İçinde J.G. Andrews & D.R. Phillips. (Ed). Ageing and place: Perspectives, policy, practice. Routledge: London & New York. (ss.36-60).
• Moberg, D.O. (1953). Old age and crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology & Police Science, 43(6), 764-776.
• Morgan, R.E. & Mason, B.J. (2014). Crimes against the elderly, 2003–2013. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of JusticeStatistics.
• Önder Erol, P. & Gün, E. (2018). Being an adult child of an elderly person living in a nursing home: A phenomenological approach to the Turkish case. Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 19(2), 117-125. DOI:10.1108/QAOA-10-2017-0040
• Önder Erol, P. (2011). Sosyolojik perspektiften demografik yaşlanma: Toplumsal, ekonomik ve politik alanlarda yaşlı failliği. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
• Önder Erol, P. (2016). Türkiye’de yaşlanma sosyolojisi alanında yapılan çalışmalara dair kısa bir değerlendirme. Sosyoloji Dergisi, Armağan Sayısı, 157-166.
• Özdemir-Ocaklı, B. & Duyan, V. (2020). Yaşlı erkek hükümlülerin psiko-sosyal ihtiyaçları üzerine nitel bir inceleme. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 31(4), 1547-1578.
• Palmiotto, M., Kingshott, B.F. & Hegstrom, C. (2013). Older criminals and the crimes they commit, Older Criminals and the Crimes they Commiti March 2013, Conference: ACJS’de sunulan bildiri.
• Phillips, J., Worrall, A. ve Brammer, A. (2000) Elders and the criminal justice system in England. İçinde M.B. Rothman, B.D. Dunlop & P. Entzel (Ed.). Elders, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System: Myth, Perceptions, and Reality in the 21st Century, New York, NY: Springer. (ss. 253-272).
• Price, C.A. (2007). North Carolina Department of Correction, aging inmate population 2007 addendum report, https://www.doc.state.nc.us/Publications/Add_age_study_2007.pdf 04.09.2019 tarihinde erişildi
• Rothman, M.B., Dunlop, B.D. & Entzel, P. (2000) Introduction. İçinde M.B. Rothman, B.D. Dunlop & P. Entzel (Ed.). Elders, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System: Myth, Perceptions, and Reality in the 21st Century, New York, NY: Springer. (ss xxix- xxxviii).
• Samurcu, H. (2018). Bolu Ağır Ceza ve Asliye Ceza Mahkemeleri’nde karara bağlanan 65 yaş ve üzeri bireylerin mağduru veya faili bulunduğu suçların analizi. (Yayınlanmamış uzmanlık tezi), Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu.
• Saygılı, S. & Kökrek, Z. (1997). Yaşlılarda suç işleme üzerine bir inceleme. Yeni Sempozyum, 35 (1), 14-18
• The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2018). World drug report, 2018, Drugs and age: Drugs and associated issues among young people and older people (United Nations Publication, Sales No. E.18.XI.9).
• Truman, J. (2005). Predictors of fear of crime and the relationship of crime rates and fear of crime. The University of Central Florida Under Graduate Research Journal, 1, 18–27.
• TÜİK (2020). Suç türü ve suçun işlendiği yaş grubuna göre ceza infaz kurumuna giren hükümlüler 2011-2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=adalet-ve-secim-110&dil=1 24.04.2022, tarihinde erişildi.
• TÜİK (2021). Adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi sonuçları, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2021-45500 14.04.2022 tarihinde erişildi.
• TÜİK (2018). Nüfus projeksiyonları, 2018-2080, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Nufus-Projeksiyonlari-2018-2080-30567 14.04.2022 tarihinde erişildi.
• Ulmer, J. T. & Steffensmeier, D. (2014). The age and crime relationship: Social variation, social explanations. İçinde K.M. Beaver, J.C. Barnes & B.B. Boutwell. (Ed.). The Nurture Versus Biosocial Debate in Criminology: On the Origins of Criminal Behavior and Criminality. SAGE Publications Inc. (ss. 377-396).
• United Nations (UN) (2019) World population prospects 2019: Highlights. https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_10KeyFindings.pdf 14.04.2022 tarihinde erişildi.
• Uslu, N. (2010). Adli psikiyatri birimine yatırılan yaşlılarda suç işlemeyi etkileyen etmenler. (Psikiyatri uzmanlık tezi). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Ruh Sağlığı Ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul.
• Warr, M. (1984). Fear of victimization: Why are women and the elderly more Afraid? Social Science Quarterly, 65(3), 681-702.
• Yin, P. (1980). Fear of crime among the elderly: Some ıssues and suggestions. SocialProblems, 27(4), 492-504.
• Yorston, G.A. & Taylor P.J. (2006). Commentary: Older offenders - No place to go? The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 34(3), 333-337.
• Ziegler, R. & Mitchell, D. B. (2003). Aging and fear of crime: An experimental approach to an apparent paradox, Experimental Aging Research, 29(2), 173-187, DOI: 10.1080/03610730303716