İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Ahmet Köstekçi; Abdunnur Yıldız; Yunus Gülcü; Mehmet Ali Çakır

doi:10.17753/sosekev.1307154

TR EN

İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Türkiye’de iyi yönetişim göstergelerinin ekonomik ve sosyal göstergeler üzerinde etkili olup olmadığını tespit etmek bu araştırmanın problemini oluşturmaktadır. Belirtilen araştırma problemi ekseninde yapılan bu çalışmada, 2004-2020 dönemi için Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Türkiye’de iyi yönetişim göstergelerinin ekonomik ve sosyal etkileri, Banerjee ve Carrion-i-Silvestre (2017) eşbütünleşme testi ve panel AMG tahmin yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Eşbütünleşme analiz sonuçlarına göre modellerde yer alan seriler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi bulunmuştur. Panel AMG tahmin yöntemiyle yapılan eşbütünleşme katsayı tahmin sonuçlarına göre katılım ve hesap verebilirliğin Azerbaycan’da, hükumetin etkinliği ve düzenlemelerin kalitesi göstergelerinin ise Özbekistan’da doğrudan yabancı yatırım girişini pozitif etkilediği görülmüştür. İncelenen ülkelerde politik istikrarın Azerbaycan’da, hükumetlerin etkinliğinin Türkmenistan’da ve iyi yönetişim göstergelerinin tamamının Özbekistan’da insani gelişmişlik seviyesini olumlu etkileyen faktörler olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Panelin geneli için elde edilen sonuçlara göre hesap verebilirlik ve hukukun üstünlüğü göstergelerinin, insani gelişmişlik endeksi ile negatif yönlü bir ilişki içerisinde oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Azerbaycan’da hesap verebilirlik ve politik istikrar, Tacikistan’da hükümetlerin etkinliği ve düzenlemelerin kalitesi ve Kırgızistan’da ise tüm iyi yönetişim göstergeleri, kişi başı milli gelir düzeyini pozitif etkileyen faktörler olmuştur. İyi yönetişim ile ekonomik ve sosyal göstergeler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenen ülkeler arasında farklılık göstermesi, politik ve kurumsal faktörlerin önemini yansıtmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleri, Türkiye, İyi yönetişim göstergeleri, Sosyal ve ekonomik göstergeler, Panel veri analizi

The Effects of Good Governance on Selected Social and Economic Indicators: The Case of Central Asian Turkish Republics and Türkiye

Öz

The problem of this research is to determine whether good governance indicators are effective on economic and social indicators in the Central Asian Turkish Republics and Türkiye. In this study conducted within the scope of the stated research problem, the economic and social effects of good governance indicators in the Central Asian Turkic Republics and Türkiye for the period 2004-2020 were examined using the Banerjee and Carrion-i-Silvestre (2017) cointegration test and panel AMG estimation method. According to the cointegration analysis results, cointegration relationship has been found between the series in the models. According to the results of cointegration coefficient estimation with the panel AMG estimation method; participation and accountability have a positive effect on foreign direct investment inflows in Azerbaijan, while the effectiveness of governments and quality of regulations have a positive effect on foreign direct investment inflows in Uzbekistan. It is reached the conclusion that political stability in Azerbaijan, the effectiveness of governments in Turkmenistan and all good governance indicators in Uzbekistan are factors that positively affect the level of human development. According to the results obtained for the overall panel, accountability and rule of law indicators have a negative relationship with the human development index. Accountability and political stability in Azerbaijan, effectiveness of governments and quality of regulations in Tajikistan, and all good governance indicators in Kyrgyzstan positively affect the level of per capita income. The fact that the relationship between good governance and economic and social indicators differs among the countries analyzed reflects the importance of political and institutional factors.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Central Asian Turkic Republics, Türkiye, Good governance indicators, Social and economic indicators, Panel data analysis

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

Yok

Kaynakça

Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why nations fail: The origin of power, prosperity and poverty. Profile Books Ltd.
Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2010). Why is Africa poor? Economic History of Developing Regions, 25(1), 21-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2010.505010
Acet, H., Ashurov, E., & Qhatır, A. Q. (2020). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Orta Asya ülkeleri örneği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 43, 391-402.
Addison, T., & Heshmati, A. (2003). The new global determinants of FDI fows to developing countries: The importance of ICT and democratisation. World Institute for Development Economics Research, No. 2003/45.
Ahmad, Z., & Saleem, A. (2014). Impact of governance on human development. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 8(3), 612-628.
Al-Marhubi, F. (2004). The determinants of governance: A cross‐country analysis. Contemporary Economic Policy, 22(3), 394-406. https://doi.org/10.1093/cep/byh029
Almohammed, H., & Ekşi, İ. H. (2021). Is governance effective in economic growth? Evidence from MSCI countries. Hitit Journal of Social Sciences, 14(1), 40-55. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.926999
Al-Naser, M., & Hamdan, A. (2021). The impact of public governance on the economic growth: Evidence from Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Economics and Sociology, 14(2), 85-110. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-2/5
Baltagi, B., Feng, Q., & Kao, C. (2012). A lagrange multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2012.04.004
Banerjee, A., & Carrion-i-Sivestre, J. L. (2017). Testing for panel cointegration using common correlated effects estimators. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 38(4), 610-636. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsa.12234

Bellos, S., & Subasat, T. (2012). Governance and foreign direct investment: A panel gravity model approach. International Review of Applied Economics, 26(3), 303-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2011.587110
Boeninger, E. (1992). Governance and development: Issues and constraints. The World Bank Economic Review, 5(1), 267–288. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/5.suppl_1.267
Brautigam, D. (1991). Governance and economy: A review. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 815.
Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
Cheema, G. S. (2005). Building democratic institutions: Governance reform in developing countries. Kumarian.
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2008). Better the devil you don’t know: Types of corruption and FDI in transition economies. Journal of International Management, 14(1), 12-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2007.02.003
Davis, T. (2017). Good governance as a foundation for sustainable human development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Third World Quarterly, 38(3), 636-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1191340
Dixit, A. (2009). Governance institutions and economic activity. American Economic Review, 99(1), 5-24.
Dunning, J. (2003). Determinants of foreign direct investment globalization induced changes and the roles of FDI policies. The World Bank.
Eberhardt, M., & Bond, S. (2009). Cross-section dependence in nonstationary panel models: A novel estimator. MPRA Paper No. 17692.
Engle, R., & Granger, C. (1987). Cointegration and error-correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
Fukuyama, F. (2013). What is governance? Center for Global Development Working Paper, No.314.
Globerman, S., & Shapiro, D. (2003). Governance infrastructure and US foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(1), 19-39.
Globerman, S., & Shapiro, D. (2002). Global foreign direct investment flows: The role of governance infrastructure. World Development, 30(11), 1899-1919. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00110-9
Granger, C., & Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(74)90034-7
Grief, A. (1994). Cultural belief and the organization of the society: A historical and theoretical reflection on collectivist and individualist societies. The Journal of Political Economy, 102(05), 912-915.
Grindle, M. (2014). Good enough governance: Poverty reduction and reform in developing countries. Development Policy Review, 17(4), 525-548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0952-1895.2004.00256.x
Habib, M., & Zurawicki, L. (2002). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 291-307.
Hall, R., & Jones, C. (1999). Why do some countries produce so much more output per worker than others. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(1), 83-116.
Han, X., Khan, H., & Zhuang, J. (2014). Do governance indicators explain development performance? A cross-country analysis. ADB Economics Working Paper Series, No. 417.
Hanayı, O. (2019). Turkic Republics in the twenty-seventh year of independence. Eurasian Research Journal July 1(2), 85-87.
Huang, C., & Ho, Y. (2017). Governance and economic growth in Asia. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 39, 260-272.
Islam, R., & McGillivray, M. (2020). Wealth inequality, governance and economic growth. Economic Modelling, 88, 1-13.
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Zoido-Lobaton, P. (1999). Governance matters. World Bank Research Series, No. 2196.
Kaufmann, D., & Kraay, A. (2007). Governance indicators: Where are we, where should we be going? Policy Research Working Paper, No. 4370.
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The worldwide governance indicators methodology and analytical issues. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 5430.
Khouya, M., & Benabdelhadi, A. (2020). Good governance and its impact on economic development: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Accounting, Finance, Auditing, Management & Economics, 1(1), 47-67.
Khushnood, E., Channa, Z. H., Bhutto, M., & Erri, M. A. (2020). Impact of good governance indicators on the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan. NICE Research Journal, 13(2), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.51239/nrjss.v0i0.175
Kraipornsak, P. (2018). Good governance and economic growth: An investigation of Thailand and selected Asian countries. Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(1), 93-106.
Landell-Mills, P., & Serageldin, I. (1991). Governance and the development process. World Bank Finance and Development, 28 (3), 14-17.
Li, S. (2005). Why a poor governance environment does not deter foreign direct investment: The case of China and its implications for investment protection. Business Horizons, 48(4), 297-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2004.06.002
Lucas, R. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
Mengistu, A. A., & Adhikary, B. K. (2011). Does good governance matter for FDI inflows? Evidence from Asian economies. Asia Pacific Business Review, 17(3), 281-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381003755765
Mira, R., & Hammadache, A. (2017). Good governance and economic growth: A contribution to the institutional debate about state failure in Middle East and North Africa. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 11(3), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2017.12023313
Noorbakhsh, F., Paloni, A., & Youssef, A. (2001). Human capital and FDI inﬂows to developing countries: New empirical evidence. World Development, 29(9), 1593-1610. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00054-7
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University.
North, D.C., & Thomas R.P. (1973). The rise of the western world: A new economic history, Cambridge University Press.
North, D.C. (1991). Institutions. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97-112.
Ofori, I. K., & Asonngu, S. A. (2021). Foreign direct investment, governance and inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. European Xtramile Centre of African Studies Workin Paper, No: WP/21/038.
Özdemir, D., & İmamoğlu, İ. K. (2021). Yönetişim göstergeleri ve büyüme: Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan G20 ülkeleri için bir nedensellik analizi. International Journal of Economics, Business and Politics, 5(1), 113-135. https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.878932
Özek, Y. (2020). Political stability and economic growth relation: The case of Turkey and Turkic Republics. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting (JEFA), 7(3), 263-273.
Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. University of Cambridge Working Paper.
Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogenity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
Pesaran, M. H., Smith, L. V., & Yamagata, T. (2013). Panel unit root tests in the presence of a multifactor error structure. Journal of Econometrics, 175(2), 94-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2013.02.001
Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 365-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
René C., Mollick, A. V., & Saucedo, E. (2019). Foreign direct investment in Mexico, crime, and economic forces. Contemporary Economic Policy, 37(1), 68-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12401
Rodrick, D., & Subramanian, A. (2003). The primacy of institutions (and what this does and does not mean). Finance and Development, 40(2), 31-34.
Romer, D. (2001). Advanced macroeconomics. Mc Grow-Hill Higher Education.
Romer, P. (1994). The origins of endogenous growth. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(1), 3-22.
Rostow, W. W. (1966). National markets and economic growth. Thunderbird International Business Reiew, 8(1), 5-6.
Samami, A. J., & Ariani, F. (2010). Governance and FDI in MENA region. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(10), 4880-4882.
Sameti, M., Ranjbar, H., & Mohseni, F. (2012). The effect of good governance indicators on human development index: The case of ASEAN countries. Quarterly Journal of Economic Growth and Development Research, 1(4), 183-223.
Siddiqui, D. A., & Ahmed, Q. M. (2009). Institutions and economic growth: A cross country evidence. MPRA, No: 19747.
Subasat, T., & Bellos, S. (2013). Governance and foreign direct investment in Latin America: A panel gravity model approach. Latin American Journal of Economics, 50(1), 107-113.
Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 38(2), 311-323.
The World Bank. (1992). Governance and development. The World Bank.
The World Bank. (1994). Governance: The World Bank’s experience. The World Bank.
The World Bank (2021a). Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD adresinden 05.06.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
The World Bank (2021b). GDP per capita, PPP (current international $). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?view=chart adresinden 05.06.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
The World Bank (2021c). Worldwide Governance Indicators. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/worldwide-governance-indicators adresinden 05.06.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Tsegaw, P. C. (2020). The nexus between good governance ındicators and human development index in Africa: An econometric analysis. Journal of Public Administration and Governance. 10(2), 1-19.
Turner, K. (2011). The importance of good governance in achieving economic growth for developing nations: An analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa. Bryant Economic Research Paper, 4(4), 1-16.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2021). Human Development Index (HDI). http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi adresinden 05.06.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
United Nations (2017). The Sustainable Development Goals Report. New York.
Zhang, K. H., & Markusen, J. R. (1999). Vertical multinationals and host-country characteristics. Journal of Development Economics, 59(2), 233-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(99)00011-5

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

Kamu Maliyesi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Ahmet Köstekçi ^*
0000-0001-8485-887X
Türkiye

Abdunnur Yıldız
0000-0002-6068-3363
Türkiye

Yunus Gülcü
0000-0002-8464-4721
Türkiye

Mehmet Ali Çakır
0000-0001-7878-5192
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

27 Ekim 2023

Gönderilme Tarihi

30 Mayıs 2023

Kabul Tarihi

29 Eylül 2023

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2023 Sayı: Özel Sayı

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1307154

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA85YD58HG

APA

Köstekçi, A., Yıldız, A., Gülcü, Y., & Çakır, M. A. (2023). İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, Özel Sayı, 77-100. https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1307154

AMA

1.Köstekçi A, Yıldız A, Gülcü Y, Çakır MA. İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. EKEV Akademi Dergisi. 2023;(Özel Sayı):77-100. doi:10.17753/sosekev.1307154

Chicago

Köstekçi, Ahmet, Abdunnur Yıldız, Yunus Gülcü, ve Mehmet Ali Çakır. 2023. “İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ”. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, sy Özel Sayı: 77-100. https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1307154.

EndNote

Köstekçi A, Yıldız A, Gülcü Y, Çakır MA (01 Ekim 2023) İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. EKEV Akademi Dergisi Özel Sayı 77–100.

IEEE

[1]A. Köstekçi, A. Yıldız, Y. Gülcü, ve M. A. Çakır, “İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ”, EKEV Akademi Dergisi, sy Özel Sayı, ss. 77–100, Eki. 2023, doi: 10.17753/sosekev.1307154.

ISNAD

Köstekçi, Ahmet - Yıldız, Abdunnur - Gülcü, Yunus - Çakır, Mehmet Ali. “İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ”. EKEV Akademi Dergisi. Özel Sayı (01 Ekim 2023): 77-100. https://doi.org/10.17753/sosekev.1307154.

JAMA

1.Köstekçi A, Yıldız A, Gülcü Y, Çakır MA. İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. EKEV Akademi Dergisi. 2023;:77–100.

MLA

Köstekçi, Ahmet, vd. “İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ”. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, sy Özel Sayı, Ekim 2023, ss. 77-100, doi:10.17753/sosekev.1307154.

Vancouver

1.Ahmet Köstekçi, Abdunnur Yıldız, Yunus Gülcü, Mehmet Ali Çakır. İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. EKEV Akademi Dergisi. 01 Ekim 2023;(Özel Sayı):77-100. doi:10.17753/sosekev.1307154

Cited By

İyi Yönetişimin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Orta Asya Ülkeleri Örneği

Külliye

https://doi.org/10.48139/aybukulliye.1403469

Empirical Exploration of the Drivers of Human Development in Central and West Asian Countries: How Effective Are Control of Corruption, Political Stability and the Rule of Law?

Sustainable Development

https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3365

İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

İYİ YÖNETİŞİMİN SEÇİLMİŞ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK GÖSTERGELER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ORTA ASYA TÜRK CUMHURİYETLERİ VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Effects of Good Governance on Selected Social and Economic Indicators: The Case of Central Asian Turkish Republics and Türkiye

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

Proje Numarası

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster

Cited By

İyi Yönetişimin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Orta Asya Ülkeleri Örneği

Empirical Exploration of the Drivers of Human Development in Central and West Asian Countries: How Effective Are Control of Corruption, Political Stability and the Rule of Law?

YÖNETİŞİM GÖSTERGELERİNİN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLARA ETKİSİ: SEÇİLMİŞ ÜLKE EKONOMİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA

Governance Performance of Türkiye: A Comparative Analysis with OECD, EU, and BRICS Countries

Tarımsal verimlilik, ekonomik büyüme ve karbon emisyonu arasındaki ilişki: Türk Cumhuriyetlerinden kanıtlar