POLITICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN ḤARRĀN DURING THE AYYŪBID PERIOD (1182-1260)
Öz
This study aims to examine the political and social developments in Ḥarrān during the Ayyubid period (1182-1260 CE). The research focuses on revealing Ḥarrān's position under Ayyubid rule, beginning with the process that started when Muẓaffar al-Dīn Gökböri, the last ruler of the Begteginids, pledged allegiance to Ṣalāḥ al-Dīnal-Ayyûbî. The study adopts the historical research method, employing descriptive and analytical approaches to examine Ḥarrān's position during the Ayyubid period. Additionally, the city's political, social, and cultural transformation has been analyzed through periodical analysis methodology. In this context, primary sources such as Ibn Jubayr's Riḥla, Ibn Shaddād's al-A'lāq al-Khaṭīra, Ibn Wāṣil's Mufarrij al-Kurūb, and Ibn al-Athīr's al-Kāmil have been utilized. Particularly, the direct observational data obtained from Ibn Jubayr's and Ibn Shaddād's visits to the city played a significant role in the analysis of social life. The research reveals that Ḥarrān experienced one of its most brilliant periods in history during the Ayyubid era. The process that began with Gökböri's submission to Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn in 578/1182 transformed Ḥarrān into a strategic base for the Ayyubid army's military activities directed toward the al-Jazīra and Mosul regions. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn's use of Ḥarrān as his headquarters and his residence there during his illness increased the city's political importance. Through the Treaty of Ḥarrān in 581/1186, the political unity that had disintegrated after Nūr al-Dīn Zangī's death was reestablished, bringing Southeast Anatolia and Northern Iraq entirely under Ayyubid dominion. This treaty also laid the groundwork for Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn's launch of his comprehensive jihad movement against the Crusaders. After Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn's death, the city became the center of al-Malik al-ʿĀdil's possessions east of the Euphrates, later coming under al-Kāmil's rule and contributing to the expansion of regional power. The activities of the Khwārazm-Shāhs in the region from 635/1237 onward and their use of Ḥarrān as a base demonstrate that the city maintained its military-strategic position. After their defeat against the Bilād al-Shām-based Ayyubid forces in the Battle of Ruḥā in 638/1241, the Khwārazmians were forced to leave Diyār Muḍar. Following this victory, Ḥarrān passed to the control of the Aleppo Ayyubids and remained under their rule until the Mongol invasion of 658/1260.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ayyūbids, al-Jazīra, Ḥarrān, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Ayyūbī, Khwārizmiāns
Kaynakça
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