KÜRESELLEŞEN DÜNYA’DA OKULLAR İÇİN VE DİĞER ÖRGÜTLER İÇİN SOSYAL SORUMLULUĞUN ÖNEMİ
Yıl 2015,
Sayı: 62, 531 - 548, 30.04.2015
Önder Şanlı
Mehmet Altun
Çetin Tan
Öz
Hem ülkemizde hem de tüm Dünya’da sürekli olarak değişim ve gelişmeler
yaşanmaktadır. Bu değişim ve gelişmeler örgütlerin yapılarında da olmaktadır. Günden güne
değişen şartlara göre toplumun hem eğitim kurumlarından hem de diğer örgütlerden olan
beklentileri de değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu durumlarında asıl nedeni yine bu gelişmeler
ve değişimlerdir. Bu hızlı değişim ve gelişmelerin sonucunda hem eğitim kurumlarının
hem de diğer örgütlerin nasıl etkililiği de tartışılan önemli konular arasındadır. Bu
süreçte örgütler amaçlarını ve görevlerini gözden geçirmeye zorlanmaktadırlar. Örgütler
kendilerini bu değişim ve gelişmelere uyumlu hale getirebilirlerse gelecek için daha da
kuvvetli olabileceklerdir, ancak tam tersi bir uygulama ise örgütler için tam bir hüsran
olabilir. Bu anlamdaki değişim ve gelişmelerin en başında gelen kavramlardan birisi de
“sosyal sorumluluk” kavramıdır. Çağımızda bu kavram her geçen gün önem kazanmıştır.
Örgütlerden beklenen şey sadece kendi menfaatlerini düşünmek olmamalı, aynı zamanda
topluma karşıda sorumlu davranışlar da sergilemelidirler. Örgütlerin asıl varlık sebepleri
toplum olduğuna göre toplumu daha güçlü yapabilmek adına da sorumlulukları olmalıdır.
Toplumsal kurallara, toplumsal değerlere ve toplumsal beklentilere karşı saygılı ve
sorumlu olmak günümüzde örgütler için oldukça önemlidir. Bu davranışların sonucu
olarak toplum bu örgütlere güvenecek ve onların da daha güçlü olmaları için gayret
edecektir. Bu kazan-kazan politikaları ile birlikte hem örgütler hem de toplum gelecek
için daha güçlü olacaklardır.
Bu çalışmada sosyal sorumluluğun hem okullar için hem de diğer örgütler için ne denli
önemli olduğu kuramsal bir çerçevede daha önceden yapılmış benzer araştırmalardan da
örnekler verilerek açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Andriof, J. and McIntosh, M. (2001), “Introduction”, in Andriof, J. and McIntosh, M.
(Eds.), Perspectives on Corporate Citizenship, Greenleaf Publishing, Sheffield,
pp. 13-24.
- Anshen, M. (1983), “Changing The Social Contract: A Role for business,” in Beauchamp,
T.L. and Bowie, N.E. (Eds.), Ethical Theory and Business, Prentice-Hall, Inc,
Englewood Cliffs, pp. 97-103.
- Baxter, V. (2008). “A communitarian framework for plannin educational leadership
preparation programs.” Educational Planning, 17(1), 18–26.
- Begley, T.M., Lee, C., Fang, Y., & Lie, J. (2001) Power distance as a moderator of the
relationship between justice and employee outcomes in a sample of Chinese
employees. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(8), 692–711.
- Bertelsmann, S. (Ed.). (2005). Die gesellschaftliche Verantwortung von Unternehmen.
Detailauswertung. Dokumentation der Ergebnisse einer Unternehmensbefragung
der Bertelsmann Stiftung. Gütersloh.
- Bowen, Howard R. 1953. Social Responsibilities of the Businessman, (Harper & Row,
New York).
- Branco, M. C. and Rodrigues, L. L. (2006), “Corporate social responsibility and resource
based perspectives”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 69 No. 2, pp. 111–132.
- Branco, M. C. and Rodrigues, L. L. (2007), “Corporate social responsibility and resource
based perspectives”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 12 No. 1, p. 9.
- Brennan Linda & Johnson E. Victoria, 2000. Seventh Annual International Conference
Promoting Business Ethics, 2000.Proceedings Vol. 2, pp. 703–713
- Buchholz, R. A. (1991), “Corporate Responsibility and The Good Society: From
Economics to Ecology”, Business Horizons, Vol. 34 No. 4, pp. 19–31.
- Burkman, A. (2010), ‘The Role of Social, Civic and Political Responsibility in Educational
Leadership Preparation Programs’, OpenStax-CNX module: m33351
- Carl, D., Gupta, V. & Javidan, M. (2004). Power distance, in R.J House, P.J. Hanges, M.
Javidan, P.W. Dorfman & V. Gupta (eds.) Culture, Leadership and Organizations:
The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies (pp. 513–563), Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Carroll, A. B. (1979) “A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Social
Performance”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 497–505.
- Carroll, Archie B. 1991. The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Towards the
moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons (July/
August), 39–48.
- Carroll, A.B. (1999), “Corporate Social Responsibility: Evolution of a Definitional
Construct”, in Business Society, 38; 268, Sage Publications, pp. 268–295.
- Clarke, J. (1998), “Corporate social reporting: an ethical practice”, in Blake, J. and
Gowthorpe, C. (Eds.), Ethical issues in accounting, Routledge, London & New
York, pp. 184–199.
- Clarkson, M. B. E. (1995) “A Stakeholder Framework for Analysing and Evaluating
Corporate Social Performance”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20 No.
1, pp. 92–117.
- Cox, P., Brammer, S. and Milligton, A. (2004). “An Empirical Examination of Institutional
Investor Preferences for Corporate Social Responsibility”, Journal of Business
Ethics Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 27-43.
- David, J.L. (2009). Service learning and civic participation. Educational Leadership,
60(8), 83–84.
- Davis, Keith. 1960. Can Business Afford to Ignore Corporate Social Responsibilities?
California Management Review 2, 70–76.
- Davis, Keith 1973. The case for and against business assumption of social responsibilities.
Academy of Management Journal 16, 312–322.
- Dentchev, N. (2005/284), Integrating Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Models,
Hoveniersberg, Ghent University.
- Donaldson, T. & Preston, L. (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts,
evidence and implications. Journal of Management, 24(3), 265–304.
- Duignan, P. (2006). Educational Leadership: Key Challenges and Ethical Tensions.
Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge Press.
- Enquete and Kommission. (2002). Bürgerschaftliches Engagement: auf dem Weg in eine
zukunftsfähige Bürgergesellschaft, Bericht der Enquete‐Kommission “Zukunft
des bürgerschaftlichen Engagements“ des Deutschen Bundestages, Deutscher
Bundestag, 14. Wahlperiode, Drucksache 14/8900, Berlin.
- European Commission (EC) (2001), Promoting a European framework for corporate
social responsibility – Green Paper, Office for Official Publications of the
European Communities, Luxemburg.
- Frederick (1986: 4) Frederick, W.C. 1986. Theories of corporate social performance:
Much done, more to do. Working paper, University of Pittsburg, Graduate school
of Business.
- Freeman, R.E. (1994). The politics of stakeholder theory: Some future directions, Business
Ethics Quarterly, 4(4), 409–421.
- Freeman, R. E. (1998), “A stakeholder theory of the modern corporation”, in Pincus, L. B.
(Ed.), Perspectives in business ethics, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, pp. 171–181.
- Friedman, M. (1998), “The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits”, in
Pincus, L. B. (Ed.), Perspectives in business ethics, McGraw-Hill, Singapore,
pp. 246–251.
- Gazdar, K., & Kirchhoff, K.R. (2003). Unternehmerische Wohltaten: Last oder Lust?
Von Stakeholder Value, Corporate Citizenship und Sustainable Development bis
Sponsoring. Munich: Unterschleißheim.
- Habisch, A. (2003). Corporate citizenship: Gesellschaftliches Engagement von
Unternehmen in Deutschland. Berlin: Springer.
- Hansen, U., & Schrader, U. (2005). Corporate social responsibility als aktuelles Thema
der Betriebswirtschaftslehre. In Die Betriebswirtschaft DBW, 65(4), 373–395.
- Hart, D., Youniss, J., & Atkins, R. (2007). High school community service as a predictor
of adult voting and volunteering. American Educational Research Journal,
44(1), 197–219.
- Henderson, D.: The Case Against 'Corporate Social Responsibility'. Policy vol. 17, no.
2, 2001
- Heinze, K.L. (2005), In the Mood to Give: How and Why Positive Affect Increases the
Importance of CSR to Prospective Employees, Northwestern University.
- Hess, D., Rogovsky, N. and Dunfee, T. W. (2002) “The Next Wave of Corporate
Community Involvement: Corporate Social Initiatives”, California Management
Review, Vol. 44 No. 2, pp. 110–125.
- Hess, F. M. & Kelly, A.P. (2007). Learning to lead: What gets taught in principal
preparation programs. Teachers College Record, 109(1), 244–274.
- Husted, B. W. (2000), “A Contingency Theory of Corporate Social Performance”,
Business and Society, Vol. 39 No. 1, pp. 24–48.
- Johnson, Harold. L. 1971. Business in Contemporary Society: Framework and Issues.
Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth.
- Jones, Thomas. M. 1980. Corporate social responsibility revisited, redefined. California
Management Review 22(2), 59–67.
- Kangas, E. J. (1983). Journal of Business Ethics 2 127–133
- Lantos, G. P. (2001) “The boundaries of strategic corporate social responsibility”, Journal
of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18 No. 7, pp. 595–630.
- Lantos, G. P. (2002) “The ethicality of altruistic corporate social responsibility”, Journal
of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 205–230.
- Lynch, W. (2000). A task of leadership. Phi Delta Kappan, 82(3), 241–242.
- Maaß, F., & Clemens, R. (2002). Corporate citizenship: Das Unternehmen als “guter
Bürger”. Wiesbaden: Jossey-Bass.
- Marrewijk, M. V. (2003) “Conceptions and Definitions of CSR and Corporate
Sustainability: Between Agency and Communion”, Journal of Business Ethics,
Vol. 44 No. 2/3, pp. 95–105.
- Matten, D. and Crane, A. (2003), Corporate Citizenship: Towards an extended theoretical
conceptualisation, Nottingham University Business School, Nottingham
University.
- Matten, D., Crane, A. and Chapple, W. (2003) “Behind the Mask: Revealing the True
Face of Corporate Citizenship”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 45 No. 1/2, pp.
109–120.
- Matten, D. and Moon, J. (2004), ‘Implicit’ and ‘Explicit’ CSR: A Conceptual framework
for understanding CSR in Europe, Nottingham University Business School,
Nottingham University.
- Mbare, O.(2007). ‘The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the New
Economy’ Electronic Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 12, No. 2
- Mescon, M., Bovée, L.B. and Thill, J.V. (1999), Business Today, Prentice Hall, Upper
Saddle River.
- Mutz, G. (2002). Corporate Citizenship in Deutschland: Annäherung an ein
zivilgesellschaftliches Konzept? Retrieved 13 April, 2004,fromhttp://fesportal.
fes.de/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/BUERGERGESELLSCHAFT/MUTZ.
HTML
- Osburg, T. (2006): Grundlagen und Arten des Hochschulsponsoring. In A. Bagusat &
A. Hermanns (Eds.), Management-Handbuch Bildungssponsoring. Grundlagen,
Ansätze und Fallbeispiele für Sponsoren und Gesponserte (pp. 93–109). Berlin:
Soringer.
- Osburg, T. (2009): Nachhaltigkeit durch Fokussierung. In American Chamber of
Commerce FAZ-Institut (Eds.),
- Owen, J. (2007). Getting your political bearings. Principal Leadership (Middle School
Edition), 8(2), 46–50.
- Porter, M. E. and Kramer, M. R. (2002) “The Competitive Advantage of Corporate
Philanthropy”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 80 No. 12, pp. 56–68.
- Reichenau, J. (2003). Corporate volunteering: Neue Wege für Unternehmen in der
Bürgergesellschaft. Stiftung & Sponsoring, 3, 35–37.
- Schrader, U. (2003). Corporate Citizenship: Die Unternehmung als guter Bürger? Berlin:
Springer.
- Schreuder, H. (1978), “The Social Responsibility of Business”, in Dam, C.V. and Stallaert,
L.M. (Eds.), Trends in Business Ethics. Implications for Decision Making, H.E.
Stenfert, Kroese, B.V.
- Schwartz, M. S. and Carroll, A. B. (2003) “Corporate Social Responsibility: A Three-
Domain Approach”, Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 503–530.
- Sethi, S. P. (1979) “A Conceptual Framework for Environmental Analysis of Social
Issues and Evaluation of Business Response Patterns”, Academy of Management
Review, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 63-74.
- Smith, A. (1991), “The Wealth of Nations”, David Campbell Publishers Ltd, London.
Smith, A. (2002), “The Wealth of Nations”, in Hartman, Perspectives in Business Ethics,
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, pp. 237–241.
- Smith, N. C. (2003) “CSR: Whether or How?”, California Management Review, Vol. 45
No. 4, pp. 52–76.
- Solomon, R.C. (1999), “Corporate Roles, Personal Virtues. An Aristotelean Approach
to Business Ethics”, in Donaldson, T. and Werhane, P.H. (Eds.), Ethical Issues
in Business. A Philosophical Approach, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, pp.
81–93.
- Valor, C. (2005) “CSR and Corporate Citizenship: Towards Corporate Accountability”,
Business and Society Review, Vol. 110 No. 2, pp. 191–212.
- Waldman, D.A., de Luque, M. S., Washburn, N., & House, R.J. (2006). Cultural and
leadership predictors of corporate social responsibility values of top management:
A GLOBE study of 15 countries. Journal of International Business Studies,
37(6), 823–837.
- Walker, S.F. & Marr, J.W. Stakeholder Power, A Winning plan for building stakeholder
commitment and driving corporate growth (2002)
Wartick, S. L. and Cochran, P. L. (1985) “The Evolution of the Corporate Social
Performance Model”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 758–
769.
- Werhane, P. H. and Freeman, R. E. (1999) “Business ethics: the state of the art”,
International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 1–16.
- Windsor, D. (2001), “The Future of Corporate Social Responsibility”, The International
Journal of Organisation Studies, 9 (3), 225–256.
- Wood, D. J. (1991) “Corporate Social Performance Revisited”, Academy of Management
Review, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 691–718.
- Wood, D. J. and Jones, R. E. (1995) “Stakeholder mismatching: a theoretical problem in
empirical research on corporate social performance”, The International Journal
of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 229–267.
- World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), (2000,2002)
WEBSİTES
- athttp://www.eauc.org.uk/documents/News/HE%20Benchmarking%20Project%20Repo
rt%20Final.pdf (23.02.15) 1
- http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/57494/saswati-paper.pdf (23.02.15)2