THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 OUTBREAK ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN TÜRKİYE

Yıl 2023, , 751 - 786, 25.12.2023

Sibel Arslan , Hüdayar Cıhan

https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.1121898

Öz

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused health, economic, social, and psychological problems in Türkiye as well as all over the world. It has been argued that economic hardship because of the pandemic, implemented pandemic restrictions such as lockdown and other social problems may increase domestic violence. The aim of this study is to investigate the exposure to violence of married women with children in Türkiye before and during the Covid-19 outbreak, their awareness of violence, knowledge about institutional mechanisms, and attitudes towards institutional mechanisms. The sample obtained by convenient sampling method consists of 324 married women between the ages of 23 and 60. Married women participated in the study by filling out the online questionnaire prepared in accordance with the purpose of the study. Domestic violence was evaluated together with different types of physical, psychological, sexual, and economic violence. In addition, in the study, women's awareness of the types of violence and the institutional mechanisms evaluated. According to the study results, it is seen that women's awareness of violence was high. In addition, it is determined that during the pandemic, 18.5% of women were exposed to physical violence, 51.5% to psychological violence and 25% to economic violence. However, it is reported that women are less exposed to all types of violence during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19, pandemic, domestic violence, violence against women.

THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 OUTBREAK ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN TÜRKİYE

Öz

Covid-19 pandemisi tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de sağlık, ekonomik, sosyal ve psikolojik sorunlara neden olmuştur. Birçok çalışmada pandemi nedeniyle yaşanan ekonomik sıkıntıların, uygulanan karantina gibi önlemlerin ve diğer sosyal sorunların aile içi şiddeti artırabileceği ileri sürülmüştür. Bu çalışma ile Türkiye'de evli ve çocuğu olan kadınların Covid-19 salgını sırasında ve öncesinde şiddete maruz kalma durumu, şiddetten haberdarlığı, kurumsal mekanizmalar hakkında bilgisi ve kurumsal mekanizmalara yönelik tutumlarını incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Uygun örnekleme yöntemi ile elde edilen örneklem 23 ile 60 yaş arası 324 evli kadından oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacına uygun olarak hazırlanan anketi kişiler online olarak doldurarak çalışmaya katılmıştır. Aile içi şiddet, fiziksel, psikolojik, cinsel ve ekonomik şiddetin farklı türleri ile birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca araştırmada, kadınların şiddet türleri ve şiddete maruz kaldıklarında başvurabilecekleri kurumlara ilişkin farkındalıkları da değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre kadınların şiddete ilişkin farkındalıklarının yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, pandemi sürecinde kadınların %18.5’inin fiziksel şiddete, %51.5’inin psikolojik şiddete ve %25’inin ekonomik şiddete maruz kaldığı saptanmıştır. Ancak pandemi öncesine kıyasla kadınların pandemi döneminde tüm şiddet türlerine daha az maruz kaldığını tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

pandemi, aileiçi şiddet, covid-19, kadına yönelik şiddet

Kaynakça

• Agcay, G. (2009). The cases of domestic violence of women in Sakarya province. (Unpublished Master Thesis). Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences: Istanbul.
• Altinay, A. G., and Arat, Y. (2009). Violence against women in Türkiye, A nationwide survey. Istanbul: Punto Publishing Solutions.
• Arenas-Arroyo, E., Fernandez-Kranz, D., and Nollenberger, N. (2021). Intimate partner violence under forced cohabitation and economic stress: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Economics, 194, 104350.
• Austin, A. E., Shanahan, M. E., Barrios, Y. V., and Macy, R. J. (2019). A systematic review of interventions for women parenting in the context of intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(4), 498-519.
• Aydin, B., Kartal, M., Midik, O., and Buyukakkus, A. (2009). Violence against general practitioners in Türkiye. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(12), 1980-1995.
• Azcona, G., Bhatt, A., Encarnacion, J., Plazaola-Castaño, J., Seck, P., Staab, S., and Turquet, L. (2020). From insights to action: Gender equality in the wake of COVID-19. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women).
• Basar, F. and Demirci, N. (2018). Domestic violence against women in Türkiye. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 34(3), 660.
• Bedir, N., Ekerbiçer, H. C., Inci, M. B., Kose, E., Karatepe, T. U., Demirbas, M., ... and Kılıc, Z. (2017). Violence perception status of a group of women living in Sakarya and the factors affecting it. Sakarya Medical Journal, 7(4), 188-196.
• Bent-Goodley, B. T., (2004). Perceptions of domestic violence: A dialogue with African American women. Health and Social Work, 29, 307-316.
• Bradbury‐ Jones, C., and Isham, L. (2020). The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID‐ 19 on domestic violence. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29, 2047-2049.
• Branstetter, S., Poulain, T., Vogel, M., Meigen, C., Melter, M., Seelbach-Goebel, B., Apfelbacher, C., Kiess, W., Kabesch, M., and Koerner, A. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on families in Germany. medRxiv, 2020-10.
• Brown, S. M., Doom, J. R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S. E., and Koppels, T. (2020). Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110, 104699.
• Bryant, D. J., O., M., and Damian, A. J. (2020). The rise of adverse childhood experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 193.
• Carrington, K., Morley, C., Warren, S., Ryan, V., Ball, M., Clarke, J., and Vitis, L. (2021). The impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on Australian domestic and family violence services and their clients. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 56(4), 539-558.
• Chung, G., Lanier, P., and Wong, P. Y. J. (2020). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Singapore. Journal of Family Violence, 1-12.
• Ciltas, C., and Var, E. C. (2019). A research on violence against women and women's shelter service: Ankara case. Turkish Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 1(3), 13-23.
• Cluver, L., Lachman, J. M., Sherr, L., Wessels, I., Krug, E., Rakotomalala, S., ... and McDonald, K. (2020). Parenting in a time of COVID-19. Lancet, 395(10231).
• Coyne, L. W., Gould, E. R., Grimaldi, M., Wilson, K. G., Baffuto, G., and Biglan, A. (2021). First things first: Parent psychological flexibility and self-compassion during COVID-19. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 14(4), 1092-1098.
• Cuartas, J. (2020). Heightened risk of child maltreatment amid the COVID-19 pandemic can exacerbate mental health problems for the next generation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 195-196.
• Eralp, A. and Gokmen, S. (2023). The impact of poverty on partner violence against women under regional effects: the case of Türkiye. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(5-6), 4906-4924.
• Ergonen, A. T., Bicen, E., and Ersoy, G. (2020). Domestic violence in COVID-19 pandemic. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine, 25 (COVID-19 Sp. I.), 48-57.
• Eryaman (2023). Perception of Violence against women and Awareness of Legal Combatting Methods: The Case of Hilvan. Master Thesis, Turkish Republic of Harran University.
• European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Violence against women: an EU-wide survey. Luxembourg: Publication office of the European Union, 2014.
• Ferencik, S. D., and Ramirez-Hammond, R. (2010). Trauma-informed care: best practices and protocols for Ohio’s domestic violence programs. Ohio, Ohio Department of Mental Health.
• Fraser, E. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on violence against women and girls. VAWG Helpdesk Research Report No. 284. London, UK.
• Gama, A., Pedro, A. R., de Carvalho, M. J. L., Guerreiro, A. E., Duarte, V., Quintas, J., ... and Dias, S. (2021). Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal. Portuguese Journal of Public Health, 38(Suppl. 1), 32-40.
• Gunduz, O., Yalcın, M., and Arslan, S. (2021). Women's Guesthouse Services in the Covid-19 Outbreak Process. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 21(51), 349-369.
• Guvenc, G., Akyuz, A., and Cesario, S. K. (2014). Intimate partner violence against women in Türkiye: A synthesis of the literature. Journal of Family Violence, 29, 333-341.
• Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, Ministry of Family and Social Policies, 2015. Research on Domestic Violence against Women in Türkiye. Ankara, Türkiye. Retrieved April 19, 2022, from https://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/en/countries/asia/Türkiye/2015/research-on-domestic-violence-against-women-in-Türkiye.
• Hiraoka, D., and Tomoda, A. (2020). Relationship between parenting stress and school closures due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(9), 497-498.
• Humphreys, K. L., Myint, M. T., and Zeanah, C. H. (2020). Increased risk for family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatrics, 146(1).
• İnci̇, R. (2019). Perception of violence in working women and the place of economic violence in this perception. Journal of the International Academy of Management, 2(3), 189-206.
• John, N., Casey, S. E., Carino, G., and McGovern, T. (2020). Lessons Never Learned: Crisis and gender-based violence. Developing World Bioethics, 20(2), 65-68.
• Kahraman, M. S. and Cokamay, G. (2016). Domestic violence and its effects on children: basic concepts, safety plan preparation and alternative treatment model examples. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 8(4), 321-336.
• Kalyoncuoglu, Y. (2020). Shelter Service for Women During the Covid-19 Pandemic Process. Anadolu Agency (AA). Retrieved April 10, 2022, from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/kovid-19-pandemisi-surecinde-kadinlara-barinma-hizmeti-/1832127
• Kaymaz, H. E., Ozturk, A., and Bagcioglu, E. (2014). Psychiatric evaluation of married women who exposed to domestic violence. Gaziantep Medical Journal, 20, 15-19.
• Kizilgol, O. A. and Ipek, E. (2018). An analysis on domestic violence against women in Türkiye: Multinomial logit model. Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(3), 715-734.
• Kotan, Z., Kotan, V. O., Yalvac, H. D., and Demir, S. (2017). Association of domestic violence against women with sociodemographic factors, clinical features, and dissociative symptoms in patients who receive services from psychiatric outpatient units in Türkiye. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(15-16), 2711-2731.
• Krishnan, S. P, Hilbert, J. C., McNeil, K., and Newman, I. (2004). From Respite to Transition:Women’s Use of Domestic Violence Shelters in Rural New Mexico. Journal of Family Violence, 3(19), 165-173.
• Mitchell, D.M., Hargrove, G.L., Collins, M.H., Thompson, M.P., Reddick, T.L., and Kaslow, N.J. (2006.) Coping variables that mediate the relation between intimate partner violence and mental health outcomes among low-income, African American women. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1503-1520.
• MoFSS (2020). Shelter Service for Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic Process. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://www.aile.gov.tr/ksgm/haberler/covid-19-pandemisi-surecinde-kadinlara-barinma-hizmeti/.
• O'Donnell, M., Peterman, A., and Potts, A. (2020). A gender lens on COVID-19: Pandemics and violence against women and children. Center for Global Development, 3.
• OECD, 2020. Combatting COVID-19's effect on children. OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus. Retrieved April 13, 2022, from https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=132_132643-m91j2scsyh&title=Combatting-COVID-19-s-effect-on-children.
• OECD (2023). Voilence against women – Inequality. Retrieved August 10, 2023, from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/violence-against-women/indicator/english_f1eb4876-en
• Oram, S., Khalifeh, H., and Howard, L. M. (2017). Violence against women and mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(2), 159-170.
• Osofsky, J. D., Osofsky, H. J., and Mamon, L. Y. (2020). Psychological and social impact of COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(5), 468-469.
• Oyekcin, D. G., Yetim, D., and Sahin, E. M. (2012). Psychosocial factors affecting various types of intimate partner violence against women. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 23(2).
• Rennison, C. M. (2001). Intimate partner violence and age of victim, 1993-99. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
• Sen, S. and Bolsoy, N. (2017). Violence against women: prevalence and risk factors in Turkish sample. BMC Women’s Health, 17, 1-9.
• Sun, S., Lin, D., and Operario, D. (2020). Need for a population health approach to understand and address psychosocial consequences of COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 25-27.
• Directorate General on the Status of Women (2015). Domestic Violence against Women in Türkiye. Retrieved April, 10, 2022, from https://fs.hacettepe.edu.tr/hips/dosyalar/Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%20-%20raporlar/Aile%20i%C3%A7i%20%C5%9Eiddet%20Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1/2014_english_main_report_kyais.pdf.
• Directorate General on the Status of Women, 2016. National Action Plan for Combating Violence Against Women (2016-2020). Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://www.aile.gov.tr/uploads/ksgm/uploads/pages/kadina-yonelik-siddetle-mucadele-ulusal-eylem-plani/kadina-yonelik-siddetle-mucadele-ulusal-eylem-plani-2016-2020-icin-tiklayiniz.pdf
• Directorate General on the Status of Women, 2021. Violence against Women IV. National Action Plan (2021-2025). Retrieved July 19, 2023, from https://www.aile.gov.tr/media/82082/kadina-yonelik-siddetle-mucadele-iv-ulusal-eylem-plani-2021-2025.pdf.
• TUIK (2022). Education, Culture, Sports and Tourism Statistics. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=egitim-kultur-spor-ve-turizm-105&dil=1.
• UN (2020). Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Women. Retrieved April, 9 , 2022 from https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/report/policy-brief-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-women/policy-brief-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-women-en-1.pdf
• UN (2022). What is domestic abuse? Retrieved February 9, 2022 from https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/what-is-domestic-abuse.
• UNFPA. (2020). COVID-19 from a Gender Perspective: Sexual Health, Reproductive Health and Rights Protection and Promoting Gender Equality. Retrieved February 20, 2022 from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/Turkish_-COVID-19_A_Gender_Lens_Guidance_Note.pdf.
• UN Women (2020a). Intensification of efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women: Report of the Secretary-General. Retrieved March 13, 2022 from https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/07/a-75-274-sg-report-ending-violence-against-women-and-girls.
• UN Women, (2020b). Checklist for COVID-19 response by UN Women Deputy Executive Director Åsa Regnér. Retrieved March 20, 2022 from https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/3/news-checklist-for-covid-19-response-by-ded-regner.
• UN Women (2021). COVID-19 and Violence Against Women: The evidence behind the talk. Retrived March 21, 2022 from https://data.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/documents/Publications/COVID-19%20and%20VAW_Insights%20from%20big%20data%20analysis_final.pdf
• UN Women (2022). Facts and figures: Ending violence against women. Retrieved May 20, 2022 from https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/facts-and-figures.
• Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J. Gyamfi, N., and Jackson, D. (2020). Family violence and COVID-19: Increased Vulnerability and Reduced Options for Support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, (29), 549–552.
• Vest, J. R., Catlin, T. K., Chen, J. J., and Brownson, R. C. (2002). Multistate analysis of factors associated with intimate partner violence. American journal of preventive medicine, 22(3), 156-164.
• WHO (2017). Violence Against Women. Retrieved March 17, 2022 from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women.
• WHO, (2020). Mental Health and Psychosocial Considerations During the COVID-19 Outbreak. Retrived March 18, 2020 from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf?sfvrsn=6d3578af_2.
• WHO (2021). On behalf of the United Nations Inter-Agency Working Group on Violence Against Women Estimation and Data. Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018. Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. Retrieved January 26, 2022 from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/341338/9789240026681-eng.pdf.
• WHO (2022). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Retrieved April 26, 2022 from https://www.who.int/europe/emergencies/situations/covid-19.
• Wood, L., Schrag, R. V., Baumler, E., Hairston, D., Guillot-Wright, S., Torres, E., and Temple, J. R. (2022). On the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic: Occupational experiences of the intimate partner violence and sexual assault workforce. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(11-12).