DEPREM VE KORUYUCU AİLE OLMAK: NİTEL BİR ÇALIŞMA

Öz

Kırılgan grupta yer alan koruyucu aileler afetten etkilenen önemli kesimlerden biridir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, koruyucu annelerin travma sonrası çocuklarıyla ilişkilerinde karşılaştıkları zorlukları, stresle başa çıkma becerilerini ve psikolojik ihtiyaçlarını anlamaktır. Fenomenolojik desende yürütülen çalışmada, ölçüt örnekleme yöntemiyle on katılımcıya ulaşılmıştır. Veriler, 20-40 dakika süren çevrim içi yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerle toplanmış ve içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Katılımcıların deneyimleri beş tema altında toplanmıştır: “Yaşam tecrübeleri”, “psikofizyolojik durum”, “ebeveyn olarak ihtiyaçlar”, “ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkileri” ve “psikososyal destek ihtiyaçları”. “Yaşam tecrübeleri” temasında “fiziki yaşam ortamına dair zorluklar”, “koruyucu aile olmak” ve “psikolojik baş etmeye çalışmak” yer almıştır. “Psikofizyolojik durum” teması “duygusal durum”, “bilişsel durum” ve “davranışsal durumlar”ı içermektedir. “Ebeveyn olarak ihtiyaçlar” teması “psikososyal ihtiyaçlar” ve “çocuğun gereksinimlerini yerine getirme” olarak belirlenmiştir. “Ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkileri” temasında “psikolojik zorlukların ilişkiye etkisi” ve “bağın güçlenmesi” vurgulanmıştır. “Psikososyal destek ihtiyaçları” ise “çocuğun psikolojik belirtilerine” ve “ebeveyn eğitimine” yönelik destekleri kapsamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, koruyucu annelerin afet sonrası çocuklarına uygun ebeveynlik yapabilmeleri için psikososyal ve eğitsel desteğe ihtiyaç duyduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Afet
• deprem
• travma
• koruyucu aile
• psikolojik gereksinim
• travmaya duyarlı ebeveynlik

EARTHQUAKE AND BEING A FOSTER FAMILY: A QUALITATIVE STUDY

Abstract

Foster families, who are in the vulnerable group, are one of the important segments affected by the disaster. The aim of this study is to understand the difficulties foster mothers face in their relationships with their children after the trauma, their coping skills with stress, and their psychological needs. In the phenomenological design study, ten participants were reached by the criterion sampling method. The data were collected through online semi-structured interviews lasting 20-40 minutes, and content analyses were conducted. The experiences of the participants were categorized under five themes: ‘life experiences’, “psychophysiological status”, “needs as a parent”, “parent-child relationships,” and “psychosocial support needs”. The "life experiences" theme included "challenges in living conditions," "being a foster family," and "coping with the psychological effects." The "psychophysiological condition" theme involved "emotional," "cognitive," and "behavioral states." The "parental needs" theme included "psychosocial needs" and "fulfilling the child’s needs." The "parent-child relationships" theme focused on "the impact of psychological difficulties" and "strengthening the bond." Finally, the "psychosocial support needs" theme involved "support for the child’s psychological symptoms" and "parent education." As a result, it was determined that foster mothers needed psychosocial and educational support to be able to parent their children appropriately after the disaster.

Keywords

• Disaster
• earthquake
• trauma
• foster family
• psychological need
• trauma-sensitive parenting

Kaynakça

1. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2013). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı (DSM-5), Tanı Ölçütleri El Kitabı. (Çev: Köroğlu, E.) Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
2. Bertinelli, L., Mahe, C., and Strobl, E. (2023). Earthquakes and mental health. World Development, 169, 106283–106283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106283
3. Bogdan, E. A., McDonald‐Harker, C., Bassi, E. M., and Haney, T. J. (2023). Holding together after disaster: The role of social skills in strengthening family cohesion and resilience. Family Relations, 72(4), 2194–2214. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12791
4. Boğdan, R.C. ve Biklen, S.K. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
5. Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., and Greca, A. M. L. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in ındividuals, families, and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(1), 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387086
6. Bulut, S. (2009). Depremden sonra çocuklarda görülen travma sonrası stres tepkilerinin yaş ve cinsiyetler açısından karşılaştırılması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(31), 43–51.
7. Cao, X., Jiang, X., Li, X., Lo, M. J. H., Li, R., and Dou, X. (2013). Perceived family functioning and depression in bereaved parents in China after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 27(4), 204–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2013.04.001
8. Carrier, A., Corneille, O., and Yzerbyt, V. (2023, October 28). The Phenomenology of Social Perception: Sociability and Morality Perceptions map onto Experiences of Pleasure and Threat. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/cmq2y

9. Certel, N. (2019). Koruyucu aile derneklerine üye olan koruyucu ailelerin bu modele ilişkin deneyim ve değerlendirmeleri. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 30(1), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.516772
10. Chemtob, C. M., Nomura, Y., Rajendran, K., Yehuda, R., Schwartz, D., and Abramovitz, R. A. (2010). Impact of maternal post–traumatic stress disorder and depression following exposure to the September 11 attacks on preschool children’s behavior. Child Development, 81(4), 1129–1141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01458.x
11. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri: Beş Yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma ve Araştırma Deseni (3. Baskı). (M. Bütün ve S.B. Demir, Çev.). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
12. Creswell, J. W., and Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. New York: Sage Publications.
13. Deutsch, R., Drozd, L., and Ajoku, C. (2020). Trauma‐informed interventions in parent–child contact cases. Family Court Review, 58(2), 470–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcre.12483
14. Eysenbach, G. (2002). How do consumers search for and appraise health information on the world wide web? Qualitative study using focus groups, usability tests, and in-depth interviews. BMJ, 324(7337), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7337.573
15. Fisher, P. A., and Chamberlain, P. (2000). Multidimensional treatment foster care: A program for intensive parenting, family support, and skill building. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8(3), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/106342660000800303
16. Ghaderi, S. (2023). Phenomenological studies. Springer Texts in Education, 377–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04394-9_58
17. Giannakopoulos, G., and Kolaitis, G. (2021). Sleep problems in children and adolescents following traumatic life events. World Journal of Psychiatry, 11(2), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i2.27
18. Gil-Rivas, V., Holman, E. A., and Silver, R. C. (2004). Adolescent Vulnerability following the September 11th Terrorist Attacks: A Study of Parents and their Children. Applied Developmental Science, 8(3), 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads0803_3
19. Grimm, A.L., Hulse, M., and Schmidt, P.S. (2012) Post- and peri-traumatic stress in disaster survivors: an explorative study about the influence of individual and event characteristics across different types of disasters. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3(7382), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.7382
20. Groome, D., and Soureti, A. (2004). Post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety symptoms in children exposed to the 1999 greek earthquake. British Journal of Psychology, 95(3), 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1348/0007126041528149
21. Guest, G., Bunce, A., and Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
22. Gür, G.C. (2024). Shattered ground, resilient souls: examining coping strategies, social support, and earthquake exposure’s effects on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescent and young adults survivors of the 2023 earthquake in Türkiye. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05995-6
23. Hagiwara, D., Watanabe, A., Kamei, K., and Goldman, G. H. (2016). Epidemiological and genomic landscape of azole resistance mechanisms in Aspergillus fungi. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01382
24. Hausman, E.M., Black, S.R., Bromet, E., Carlson, G.A., Danzig, A.P., Kotov, R., and Klein, D.N. (2020). Reciprocal effects of maternal and child internalizing symptoms before and after a natural disaster. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(7), 836–845. https://doi.org/10.1037/FAM0000653
25. Hays, S. (1996). The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. Yale University Press.
26. Hitchcock, C., Goodall, B., Sharples, O., Meiser-Stedman, R., Watson, P., Ford, T., and Dalgleish, T. (2021). Population prevalence of the post-traumatic stress disorder subtype for young children in nationwide surveys of the British general population and of children in care. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(10), 1278–1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.12.036
27. Honda, Y., Fujiwara, T., Yagi, J., Homma, H., Mashiko, H., Nagao, K., Okuyama, M., Ono-Kihara, M., and Kihara, M. (2019). Long-term impact of parental post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms on mental health of their offspring after the great east Japan earthquake. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 496–496. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYT.2019.00496
28. İlhan, N., Aykal, D., and Erbaş Özil, M. (2024). Deprem sonrasında kullanılan geçici barınma birimlerinin yerleşim düzeni bağlamında ergonomik analizi. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 9, 245–269. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1334397
29. Kang, M,H., Moon, J.W., Je, B., Ji-Bum, K., and Chung, H. (2021). The social movement of an online community of mothers during a disaster: An analysis of the mom-café in Pohang, Korea. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 65, 102579. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2021.102579
30. Kartol, A., Üztemur, S., and Yaşar, P. (2023). ‘I cannot see ahead’: psychological distress, doomscrolling and dark future among adult survivors following Mw 7.7. and 7.6 earthquakes in Türkiye. BMC Public Health, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17460-3
31. Khatri, R.J, Tippett, V., and Durham, J. (2023). The role of self-help women’s groups in disaster risk reduction and community resilience in Nepal. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 38, 71–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X23002121
32. Kobayashi, N., Nemoto, H., Seto, M., Sato, S., Kikuchi, S., Honda, N., Suzuki, T., Sato, K., Sugawara, J., Ito, K.,
33. Kayano, R., Ozaki, N., Beadling. C.V., Kelman, I., Imamura, F., Matsuoka, H., and Tomita, H. (2020). Experiences of perinatal women and public healthcare providers in a community affected by the great east Japan earthquake and tsunami: Concerns that must be considered for the mental healthcare of perinatal women in post-disaster settings. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2020.101767
34. Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology (4th ed.). New York: Sage Publications.
35. La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., Vernberg, E. M., and Prinstein, M. J. (1996). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress in children after Hurricane Andrew: A prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(4), 712–723. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.64.4.712
36. Liang, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhou, Y., and Liu, Z. (2022). How Maternal trauma exposure contributed to children’s depressive symptoms following the wenchuan earthquake: A multiple mediation model study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16881–16881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416881
37. Many, M., Cross, T., Michelle, H., Moore, B., Rosenburg, Z., Howard, J., and Osofsky, J. (2012). The function of avoidance in ımproving the understanding of disaster recovery. Journal of Human Behavior in The Social Environment, 22(4), 436–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2012.664974
38. Margolin, G., Ramos, M. C., and Guran, E. L. (2010). Earthquakes and children: The role of psychologists with families and communities. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018103
39. Masten, A. S., and Osofsky, J. D. (2010). Disasters and their impact on child Development: Introduction to the special section. Child Development, 81(4), 1029–1039. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01452.x
40. Maxwell, J. A. (2012). A realist approach for qualitative research. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.006
41. McLaughlin, K.A., Colich, N.L., Rodman, A.M. and Weissman, D.G. (2020). Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience. BMC Medicine, 18(96). 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01561-6
42. McMillen, J. C., North, C. S., and Smith, E. M. (2000). What parts of PTSD are normal: Intrusion, avoidance, or arousal? Data from the Northridge, California, earthquake. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007768830246
43. Moustafa, K. (2024). Tent-cities: A resilient future urban solution to live and mitigate earthquake damages. Cities, 145, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104696
44. Nishihara, M., Nakamura, Y., Fuchimukai, T., and Ohnishi, M. (2018). Factors associated with social support in child-rearing among mothers in post-disaster communities. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 23(1), 58–58. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12199-018-0747-7
45. Norris, F. H., and Stevens, S. P. (2007). Community resilience and the role of the family in post-disaster recovery: Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 30(3), 419–435.
46. Norris, F., Friedman, M., Watson, P., Byrne, C., Diaz, E., and Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Psychiatry, 65, 207–239.
47. Oswald, S. H., Heil, K., and Goldbeck, L. (2010). History of maltreatment and mental health problems in foster children: A review of the literature. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(5), 462–472. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp114
48. Özdemir, O., Boysan, M., Güzel, P., and Özdemir, E.Y. (2015). Relationships between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociation, quality of life, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation among earthquake survivors. Psychiatry Research-Neuroimaging, 228(3), 598–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2015.05.045
49. Özel, E. ve Zelyurt, H. (2016). Anne baba eğitiminin aile çocuk ilişkilerine etkisi. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 16(36), 9–34.
50. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. New York: Sage Publications.
51. Pfefferbaum, B., Simic, Z., and North, C.S. (2018). Parent-reported child reactions to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center Attacks (New York USA) in relation to parent post-disaster psychopathology three years after the event. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 33(5), 558–564. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X18000869
52. Prati, G., Catufi, V., and Pietrantoni, L. (2012). Emotional and behavioural reactions to tremors of the Umbria-Marche earthquake. Disasters, 36(3), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-7717.2011.01264.X
53. Proctor, L. J., Fauchier, A., Oliver, P. H., Ramos, M. C., Rios, M. A., and Margolin, G. (2007). Family context and young children's responses to earthquake. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(9), 941–949. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01771.x
54. Ruggiero, R. M. (2018). Chronic critical illness: the limbo between life and death. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 355(3), 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2017.07.001
55. Rutkowski, J. (2022). Powiatowe centrum pomocy rodzinie w perspektywie kryzysów pieczy zastępczej. W stronę transformacji działania. Kultura, Społeczeństwo, Edukacja, 21(1), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.14746/kse.2022.21.7
56. Sattler, D. N. (2006). Family Resources, Family Strains, and Stress Following the Northridge Earthquake. Stress, Trauma, and Crisis, 9(3–4), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434610600854038
57. Schonfeld, D. J., and Demaria, T. (2020). Supporting children and families in the aftermath of disasters. In Springer eBooks (pp. 289–300). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43428-1_12
58. Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22(2), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.3233/efi-2004-22201
59. Shonkoff, J. P., and Garner, A. S. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232–e246. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663
60. Smith, J. A. (2015). Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods (3rd ed.). New York: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-015-0214-1
61. T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı (2023). Koruyucu aile resmi internet sitesi. İllere göre koruyucu aile istatistikleri. https://aile.gov.tr/koruyucuaile/illere-gore-koruyucu-aile-istatistikleri/
62. T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı, Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2023). SBB deprem sonrası değerlendirme raporu. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-%20Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf
63. Tagliacozzo, S. (2018). Government agency communication during post-disaster reconstruction: Insights from the Christchurch earthquakes recovery. Natural Hazards Review, 19(2), 04018001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000283
64. Weems, C. F., and Overstreet, S. (2008). Child and adolescent mental health research in the context of Hurricane Katrina: An ecological needs-based perspective and introduction to the special section. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(3), 487–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410802148251
65. Yanardağ, R. (2024). Konteyner kentte yaşayan depremzede ergen bireylerin temel sorun ve ihtiyaçlarının keşfedilmesi. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 28(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.20296/tsadergisi.1369894
66. Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi.
67. Yumbul, Ç., Wieling, E., and Çelik, H. (2018). Mother–child relationships following a disaster: The experiences of Turkish mothers living in a container city after the 2011 Van earthquake. Contemporary Family Therapy, 40(3), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10591-017-9445-7