Şiddet ile Sosyalleşme Döngüsünü Kırmak: Adli Süreçteki Çocuklar Olgusunun Sosyal Politika Bağlamında Analizi

Öz

Adli süreçteki çocuklar olgusu, salt adli bir sorun olmanın ötesinde, derin yapısal eşitsizliklerin ve psiko-sosyal ihmallerin bir tezahürüdür. Bu çalışma, çocuk suçluluğunu geleneksel bireysel sapma ekseninden çıkararak, "şiddetli sosyalleşme" (violent socialization) kavramı ve sosyal öğrenme kuramı bağlamında yeniden sorunsallaştırmaktadır. Küresel eğilimler –özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Avustralya'daki infaz rejimlerinin yarattığı sistemsel çıkmazlar– ile Türkiye'deki güncel istatistiklerin analizini sunan makale, hapis odaklı ve cezalandırıcı adalet mekanizmalarının rehabilitasyon sağlamaktan ziyade suçlu kimliğini pekiştirdiğini ilgili literatürdeki bulgular ışığında tartışmaktadır. Çalışma temel olarak, çocuk adalet sistemindeki tıkanıklığı hukuki bir mesele olarak değil; aile içi şiddet, yoksulluk ve dijital medyanın kümülatif etkisiyle şekillenen çok boyutlu bir sosyal politika krizi olarak ele almaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, adli süreçteki çocuklara yönelik müdahalelerin suç eylemi sonrasına bırakılamayacağını iddia etmekte; onarıcı adalet pratiklerini, ailenin güçlendirilmesini ve önleyici sosyal hizmetleri merkeze alan yapısal bir paradigma değişikliğinin zorunluluğunu tartışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adli süreçteki çocuklar
• şiddetli sosyalleşme
• sosyal politika
• onarıcı adalet
• topluluk temelli müdahale

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, tamamen literatür taraması ve teorik analiz/belge analizi yöntemlerine dayalı olarak hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmanın tasarımı, veri toplama süreci ve yazım aşamalarında herhangi bir insan veya hayvan deneği kullanılmamıştır. Bu doğrultuda, çalışmanın hazırlanmasında "Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi" kurallarına titizlikle uyulmuş olup, Etik Kurul İzni alınmasını gerektiren bir durum bulunmamaktadır.

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmanın yürütülmesinde ve yayına hazırlanmasında doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak herhangi bir kurumsal/finansal destek alınmamıştır. Makalenin değerlendirme sürecinde değerli katkılarını sunacak olan saygın hakemlere ve dergi editörlüğüne şimdiden teşekkür ederim.

Breaking the Cycle of Socialization through Violence: An Analysis of the Phenomenon of Justice-Involved Youth within the Context of Social Policy

Öz

The phenomenon of justice-involved youth extends far beyond a purely legal problem, serving as a manifestation of deep structural inequalities and psychosocial neglect. By shifting the perspective away from the traditional axis of individual deviance, this study re-problematizes the issue within the framework of the concept of “violent socialization" and social learning theory. Presenting an analysis of global trends—particularly the systemic deadlocks created by correctional regimes in the United States and Australia—alongside current statistics from Turkey, the article discusses, in light of findings from relevant literature, how prison-oriented and punitive justice mechanisms reinforce criminal identity rather than providing rehabilitation. Fundamentally, the study approaches the bottleneck in the juvenile justice system not merely as a legal matter, but as a multidimensional social policy crisis shaped by the cumulative impact of domestic violence, poverty, and digital media. Accordingly, the paper argues that interventions targeting children driven to crime cannot be postponed until after the criminal act has occurred, discussing the necessity of a structural paradigm shift centered on restorative practices, family empowerment, and preventive social services.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Justice-involved youth
• violent socialization
• social policy
• restorative justice
• community-based interventions

Etik Beyan

This study has been prepared based entirely on a literature review and theoretical/documentary analysis methods. No human or animal subjects were utilized during the design, data collection, or writing phases of the study. Accordingly, the rules of the "Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive" were strictly followed in the preparation of this study, and there is no requirement to obtain an Ethics Committee Approval.

Teşekkür

No institutional or financial support was received directly or indirectly for the conduct and preparation of this study. I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and the editorial board in advance for their valuable contributions during the evaluation process.

Kaynakça

1. Aazami, A., Valek, R., Ponce, A. N., & Zare, H. (2023). Risk and Protective Factors and Interventions for Reducing Juvenile Delinquency: A Systematic Review. Social Sciences, 12(9), Makale 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12090474
2. Abram, K. M., Choe, J. Y., Washburn, J. J., Romero, E. G., & Teplin, L. A. (2009). Functional Impairment in Youth Three Years after Detention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(6), 528-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.10.005
3. Adalet İstatistikleri 2025. (2026). T.C. Adalet Bakanlığı Adli Sicil ve İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü. Akers, R. L. (2009). Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Transaction Publishers.
4. Amani, B., Milburn, N., Lopez, S., Young-Brinnm, A., Castro, L., Lee, A., & Bath, E. (2018). Families and the Juvenile Justice System: Considerations for Family-Based Interventions. Family and Community Health, 41(1), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000172
5. Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., Rothstein, H. R., & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151-173. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018251
6. Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). The Psychology of Criminal Conduct. Routledge.
7. Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2014). The Psychology of Criminal Conduct. Routledge.
8. Andrews, D. a., Zinger, I., Hoge, R. D., Bonta, J., Gendreau, P., & Cullen, F. T. (1990). Does Correctional Treatment Work? A Clinically Relevant and Psychologically Informed Meta-Analysis. Criminology, 28(3), 369-404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01330.x

9. Aos, S., Phipps, P., Barnoski, R., & Lieb, R. (2018). The Comparative Costs and Benefits of Programs to Reduce Crime. Içinde B. Welsh, Costs and Benefits of Preventing Crime (1. bs., ss. 149-175). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429501265-6
10. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2022, Şubat 25). Australia’s children, Children under youth justice supervision. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/australias-children/contents/justice-safety/children-youth-justice-supervision
11. Ayano, G., Rooney, R., Pollard, C. M., Dantas, J. A. R., Lobo, R., Jeemi, Z., Burns, S., Cunningham, R., Monterosso, S., Millar, L., Hassan, S., Dovchin, S., Oliver, R., Coleman, K., & Alati, R. (2024). Risk and protective factors of youth crime: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 113, 102479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102479
12. Bandura, A. (1976). Social Learning Analysis of Aggression. İçinde Analysis of Delinquency and Aggression. Routledge.
13. Barrett, J. G., & Janopaul-Naylor, E. (2016a). Description of a collaborative community approach to impacting juvenile arrests. Psychological Services, 13(2), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000066
14. Barrett, J. G., & Janopaul-Naylor, E. (2016b). Description of a collaborative community approach to impacting juvenile arrests. Psychological Services, 13(2), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000066
15. Barrett, J. G., & Janopaul-Naylor, E. (2016c). Description of a collaborative community approach to impacting juvenile arrests. Psychological Services, 13(2), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000066
16. Barrett, J. G., Janopaul-Naylor, E., Rose, J., Progovac, A. M., Hou, S. S.-Y., & Cook, B. L. (2019). Do Diverted Kids Stay Out of Trouble?: A Longitudinal Analysis of Recidivism Outcomes in Diversion. Journal of Applied Juvenile Justice Services, 33(1), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.52935/19.2118.1
17. Beck, A. J., & Rantala, R. R. (2016). Sexual Victimization Reported by Juvenile Correctional Authorities, 2007–12.
18. Borduin, C. M., Mann, B. J., Cone, L. T., Henggeler, S. W., Fucci, B. R., Blaske, D. M., & Williams, R. A. (1995). Multisystemic treatment of serious juvenile offenders: Long-term prevention of criminality and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(4), 569-578. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.63.4.569
19. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Harvard University Press.
20. Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2009). Comfortably numb: Desensitizing effects of violent media on helping others. Psychological Science, 20(3), 273-277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02287.x
21. Campaign for the Fair Sentencing of Youth. (2025). States that Ban Life without Parole for Children. Campaign for the Fair Sentencing of Youth | CFSY. https://cfsy.org/media-resources/states-that-ban-juvenile-life-without-parole/
22. Carnagey, N. L., Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2007). The effect of video game violence on physiological desensitization to real-life violence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(3), 489-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.003
23. D’Agostino, E., Frazier, S. L., Hansen, E., Nardi, M. I., & Messiah, S. E. (2020). Association of a Park-Based Violence Prevention and Mental Health Promotion After-School Program With Youth Arrest Rates. JAMA Network Open, 3(1), e1919996. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19996
24. D’Agostino, E. M., Frazier, S. L., Hansen, E., Patel, H. H., Ahmed, Z., Okeke, D., Nardi, M. I., & Messiah, S. E. (2019). Two-year changes in neighborhood juvenile arrests after implementation of a park-based afterschool mental health promotion program in Miami–Dade County, Florida, 2015–2017. American Journal of Public Health, 109(Suppl 3), S214-S220. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305050
25. Delaney, A. X. (2021). Norms of Violence: Violent Socialization Processes and the Spillover Effect for Youth Crime. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429288029
26. Dierkhising, C. B., Lane, A., & Natsuaki, M. N. (2014). Victims behind bars: A preliminary study of abuse during juvenile incarceration and post-release social and emotional functioning. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20(2), 181-190. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000002
27. Drabman, R. S., & Thomas, M. H. (1974). Does media violence increase children’s toleration of real-life aggression? Developmental Psychology, 10(3), 418-421. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036439
28. Elsaesser, C., Patton, D. U., Weinstein, E., Santiago, J., Clarke, A., & Eschmann, R. (2021). Small becomes big, fast: Adolescent perceptions of how social media features escalate online conflict to offline violence. Children and Youth Services Review, 122, 105898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105898
29. Farrington, D. P. (2003). Key Results from the First Forty Years of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Içinde T. P. Thornberry & M. D. Krohn (Ed.), Taking Stock of Delinquency: An Overview of Findings from Contemporary Longitudinal Studies (ss. 137-183). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47945-1_5
30. Faverio, M., & Sidoti, O. (2024, Aralık 12). Teens, Social Media and Technology 2024. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2024/12/12/teens-social-media-and-technology-2024/
31. Gentile, D. A. (2003). Media Violence and Children: A Complete Guide for Parents and Professionals. Praeger.
32. Gerbner, G. (1978). Cultural Indicators: Violence Profile No. 9. Journal of Communication, 28(3), 176-207.
33. Gershoff, E. T. (2008). Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children. http://www.nospank.net/gershoff.pdf
34. Greenwood, P. (2008). Prevention and Intervention Programs for Juvenile Offenders. 18(2), 185-210.
35. Happ, C., Melzer, A., & Steffgen, G. (2015). Like the good or bad guy—Empathy in antisocial and prosocial games. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 4(2), 80-96. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000021
36. Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C. M., Rowland, M. D., & Cunningham, P. B. (2009). Multisystemic Therapy for Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents. Guilford Press.
37. Higginson, A., Benier, K., Shenderovich, Y., Bedford, L., Mazerolle, L., & Murray, J. (2018). Factors associated with youth gang membership in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 14(1), 1-128. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2018.11
38. Holman, B., & Zeidenburg, J. (2013). Dangers of Detention: The Impact of Incarcerating Youth in Detention and Other Secure Facilities. Justice Policy Institute. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/dangers-detention-impact-incarcerating-youth-detention-and-other
39. Huesmann, L. R., & Eron, L. D. (2013). Television and the Aggressive Child: A Cross-national Comparison. Routledge. Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C.-L., & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children’s exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 201-221. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.201
40. Kim, J., Macy ,Rebecca J., & and Wretman, C. J. (2022). The effect of early exposure to violence on acceptance of violence and dating violence perpetration in university students: The moderating role of pro-violence messages. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 31(5), 609-627. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2021.1894289
41. Konijn, E. A., Nije Bijvank, M., & Bushman, B. J. (2007). I wish I were a warrior: The role of wishful identification in the effects of violent video games on aggression in adolescent boys. Developmental Psychology, 43(4), 1038-1044. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.1038
42. Krisberg, B., & Howell, J. C. (1999). The impact of the juvenile justice system and prospects for graduated sanctions in a comprehensive strategy.". İçinde Serious & violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (ss. 346-366). SAGE Publication.
43. Lambie, I., & Randell, I. (2013). The impact of incarceration on juvenile offenders. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(3), 448-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.007
44. Latimer, J., Dowden, C., & Muise, D. (2005). The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practices: A Meta-Analysis. The Prison Journal, 85(2), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885505276969
45. Leverso, J., Diouane, Y., & Mohler, G. (2025). Measuring Online–Offline Spillover of Gang Violence Using Bivariate Hawkes Processes. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 41(1), 103-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-024-09592-5
46. Lipsey, M. W. (2009). The Primary Factors that Characterize Effective Interventions with Juvenile Offenders: A Meta-Analytic Overview. Victims & Offenders, 4(2), 124-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564880802612573
47. Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2012). From Juvenile Delinquency to Adult Crime: Criminal Careers, Justice Policy, and Prevention. Oxford University Press.
48. Margolin, G., & Gordis, E. B. (2000). The Effects of Family and Community Violence on Children. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(Volume 51, 2000), 445-479. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.445
49. Mathur, M. B., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2019). Finding Common Ground in Meta-Analysis “Wars” on Violent Video Games. Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 14(4), 705-708. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850104
50. May, J., Osmond, K., & Billick, S. (2014). Juvenile Delinquency Treatment and Prevention: A Literature Review. Psychiatric Quarterly, 85(3), 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-014-9296-4
51. Morris, A., & Maxwell, G. (2001). Restorative Justice for Juveniles: Conferencing, Mediation and Circles. Bloomsbury Publishing.
52. Moule, R. K., Decker, S. H., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2017). Technology and conflict: Group processes and collective violence in the Internet era. Crime, Law and Social Change, 68(1), 47-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9661-3
53. National Center for State Legislatures. (2025). Juvenile Age of Jurisdiction and Transfer to Adult Court Laws. https://www.ncsl.org/civil-and-criminal-justice/juvenile-age-of-jurisdiction-and-transfer-to-adult-court-laws?__cf_chl_tk=C6DkyBc9Khg1e83LnF1U._CT9yaa9fpf5dHtqtY0eJU-1747648820-1.0.1.1-L64Q3fYXjFNOR.vR1GiVWYO7i8NMRIzN.tvOQxLmp7U
54. Osher, D. M., Quinn, M. M., Poirier, J. M., & Rutherford, R. B. (2003). Deconstructing the pipeline: Using efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-benefit data to reduce minority youth incarceration. New Directions for Youth Development, (99), 91-120. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.56
55. Patton, D. U., Eschmann, R. D., & Butler, D. A. (2013). Internet banging: New trends in social media, gang violence, masculinity and hip hop. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(5), A54-A59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.035
56. Prescott, A. T., Sargent, J. D., & Hull, J. G. (2018). Metaanalysis of the relationship between violent video game play and physical aggression over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(40), 9882-9888. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611617114
57. Puzzancherra, C. (2022). Trends in Youth Arrests for Violent Crimes (Juvenile Justice Statistics National Report Series Fact Sheet). U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP).
58. Rebellon, C. J., & Van Gundy, K. (2005). Can Control Theory Explain the Link Between Parental Physical Abuse and Delinquency? A Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 42(3), 247-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427804271926
59. Rovner, J. (2023, Nisan 7). Juvenile Life Without Parole: An Overview. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/policy-brief/juvenile-life-without-parole-an-overview/
60. Ruiz, A. (2022). Where’s the Beef? How Chicago Gang Members Utilize Social Media to Promote Beefs and Incite Gang Violence and Gang Murders. University Honors Program Senior Projects. https://neiudc.neiu.edu/uhp-projects/42
61. Schweinhart, L., Montie, J., Xiang, Z., Barnett, S., Belfeld, C., & Nores, M. (2016). The High/Scope Perry Preschool study through age 40: Summary, conclusions, and frequently asked questions. Scope Press. http://www. highscope. org/file/Research/PerryProject/specialsummary_rev2011 _02_2. pdf
62. Seigle, E., Walsh, N., & Weber, J. (2014). Reducing juvenile recidivism: Core principles and best practices. The Council of State Governments Justice Center. https://csgjusticecenter.org/publications/reducing-juvenile-recidivism/
63. Spano, R., Rivera, C., & Bolland, J. M. (2010). Are Chronic Exposure To Violence and Chronic Violent Behavior Closely Related Developmental Processes During Adolescence? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(10), 1160-1179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854810377164
64. Valkenburg, P. M., Meier, A., & Beyens, I. (2022). Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44, 58-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.017
65. Weisburd, D., Zastrow, T., Kuen, K., & Andresen, M. A. (2024). Crime concentrations at micro places: A review of the evidence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 78, 101979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2024.101979
66. Widom, C. S. (1989). The Cycle of Violence. Science, 244(4901), 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2704995
67. Wilson, B. J. (2008). Media and children’s aggression, fear, and altruism. The Future of Children, 18(1), 87-118. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0005
68. Yoshikawa, H. (1995). Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Social Outcomes and Delinquency. The Future of Children, 5(3), 51-75. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602367
69. Yukhnenko, D., Farouki, L., & Fazel, S. (2023). Criminal recidivism rates globally: A 6-year systematic review update. Journal of Criminal Justice, 88, 102115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2023.102115