Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Negative Perception of Birth in terms of Midwifery Ethics Codes

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 1 - 15, 27.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.70915/spkd.1403933

Öz

The purpose of this review is to evaluate negative attitudes towards childbirth reported in studies in terms of midwifery ethical codes, to determine the occurrence and extent of ethical violations. It is believed that this review will contribute to highlighting the ethical dimension of care, which is an important factor in increasing the quality of care and ensuring equality in care by prioritizing the ethical dimension of care to maintain the clinical competence necessary to meet the needs of all women, and by providing ongoing in-service training for healthcare professionals.

Kaynakça

  • • American College of Nurse –Midwives ACNM. (2013). Code of ethics. Erişim adresi: https://www.midwife.org/acnm/files/ACNM LibraryData/UPLOADFILENAME/000000000048/Code-of-Ethics.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2023.
  • • Annborn, A., Finnbogadóttir, H. R. (2022). Obstetric violence a qualitative interview study. Midwifery, 105:103212. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.103212.
  • • Aune, I., Amundsen, H. H., Skaget, L. C. (2014). Is a midwife's continuous presence during childbirth a matter of course? Midwives' experiences and thoughts about factors that may influence their continuous support of women during labour. Midwifery, 30(1):89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2013.02.001.
  • • Berkiten, E. A., Özcan, Ş. M (Sunan)., Acar, Z., Ersoy, N., Karahan, N. (2011). Ulusal ebelik etik kodları projesi. I. Uluslararası & II. Ulusal Ebelik Kongresi 2011; Safranbolu Özet Kitabı. s. 15-20.
  • • Bohren, M. A., Vogel, J. P., Hunter, E. C., Lutsiv, O., Makh, S. K., Souza, J. P., Aguiar, C., Saraiva Coneglian, F., Diniz, A. L., Tunçalp, Ö., Javadi. D., Oladapo, O. T., Khosla, R., Hindin, M. J., Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2015). The Mistreatment of women during childbirth in health facilities globally: A mixed-methods systematic review. PLoS Me, 30;12(6): e1001847. doi: 10.1371/journal. pmed.1001847.
  • • Buchanan, K., Newnham, E., Ireson, D., Davison, C., Bayes S. (2021). Does midwifery-led care demonstrate care ethics: A template analysis. Nurs Ethics. 2022 Feb;29(1):245-257. doi: 10.1177/09697330211008638.
  • • Christe, D. M., Padmanaban, S. (2022). Respectful maternity care initiative: A qualitative study. J Obstet Gynaecol India, 72(1):32-37. doi: 10.1007/s13224-021-01482-1. Epub 2021 Apr 27.
  • • Diaz-Tello, F. (2016). Invisible wounds: Obstetric violence in the United States. Reprod Health Matters, 24(47):56-64. doi: 10.1016/j.rhm.2016.04.004.
  • • Ersoy, N. (2011). Ebelikte meslek etiğinin, etik değerlerinin önemi ve gereği, I. Uluslararası & II. Ulusal Ebelik Kongre Kitabı, Safranbolu, Türkiye.
  • • Esteban-Sepúlveda, S., Fabregas-Mitjans, M., Ordobas-Pages, L., Tutusaus-Arderiu, A., Emanuela Andreica, L., Leyva-Moral, J. M. (2022). The experience of giving birth in a hospital in Spain: Humanization versus technification. Enferm Clin (Engl Ed), 32 Suppl 1: S14-S22. doi: 10.1016/j.enfcle.2021.10.007.
  • • Freedman, L. P., Ramsey, K., Abuya, T., Bellows, B., Ndwiga, C., Warren, C. E., Kujawski, S., Moyo, W., Kruk, M. E., Mbaruku, G. (2014). Defining disrespect and abuse of women in childbirth: A research, policy and rights agenda. Bull World Health Organ, 1;92(12):915-7. doi: 10.2471/BLT.14.137869.
  • • Ford, E., Ayers, S. (2011). Support during birth interacts with prior trauma and birth intervention to predict postnatal post-traumatic stres symptoms. Psychol Health 26(12):1553-70. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2010.533770.
  • • Foster, J., Burgos, R., Tejada, C., Cáceres, R., Altamonte, A. T., Perez, L. J., Noboa, F. R., Urbaez, M. F., Heath, A., Hilliard, R. C., Chiang, F., Hall, P. (2010). A community-based participatory research approach to explore community perceptions of the quality of maternal-newborn health services in the Dominican Republic. Midwifery, 26(5):504-11. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2010.06.001.
  • • Hatamleh, R., Sinclair, M., Kernohan, G. (2022). Birth memories of Jordanian women: Findings from qualitative data. Journal of Research in Nursing, 18(3),235–244. doi.org/10.1177/1744987112441911.
  • • Howarth, A., Swain, N., Treharne, G. J. (2011). First-time New Zealand mothers’ experience of birth: Importance of relationship and support. New Zealand College of Midwives Journal, 45, 6–11.
  • • ICM. (2020). International code of ethics for midwives 2020. Erişim adresi: https://www.internationalmidwives.org/assets/files/general-files/2019/10/eng -international-code-of-ethics-for-midwives.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2023.
  • • Ith, P., Dawson, A., Homer, C. S. (2013). Women's perspective of maternity care in Cambodia. Women Birth, 26(1):71-5. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2012.05.002.
  • • Karlström, A., Nystedt, A., Hildingsson, I. (2015). Themeaning of a very positive birth experience: Focus groups discussions with women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 9;15:251. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0683-0.
  • • Köken Durgun, S., Şen, S., Tayhan, E. (2018). Ulusal ve uluslararası ebelik etik kodları. CBU-SBED, 5(4),218-223.
  • • Kruk, M. E., Kujawski, S., Mbaruku, G., Ramsey, K., Moyo, W., Freedman, L. P. (2018). Disrespectful and abusive treatment during facility delivery in Tanzania: A facility and community survey. Health Policy Plan, 1;33(1):e26-e33. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czu079.
  • • Mannava, P., Durrant, K., Fisher, J., Chersich, M., Luchters, S. (2015). Attitudes and behaviours of maternal health care providers in interactions withc lients: A systematic review. Globalization and Health, 15;11:36. doi: 10.1186/s12992-015-0117-9.
  • • Mukamurigo, J. U., Dencker, A., Ntaganira, J., Berg, M. (2017a). The meaning of a poor childbirth experience- A qualitative phenomenological study with women in Rwanda. PLoS One, 8;12(12):e0189371. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189371.
  • • Mukamurigo, J. U., Berg, M., Ntaganira, J., Nyirazinyoye, L., Dencker, A. (2017b). Associations between perceptions of care and women's childbirth experience: A population-based cross-sectional study in Rwanda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 9;17(1):181. doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1363-z.
  • • Nguyen, M. H., Gammeltoft, T., Rasch, V.. (2007). Situation analysis of quality of abortion care in the main maternity hospital in Hai Phòng, Viet Nam. Reprod Health Matters, 15(29):172-82. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(07)29283-3.
  • • Oladapo, O. T., Tunçalp, Ö., Bonet, M., Lawrie, T. A., Portela, A., Downe, S., Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2018). WHO model of intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience: Transforming care of women and babies for improved health and wellbeing. BJOG, 125(8):918-922. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.15237.
  • • Olza, I., Leahy-Warren, P., Benyamini, Y., Kazmierczak, M., Karlsdottir, S. I., Spyridou, A., Crespo-Mirasol, E., Takács, L., Hall, P. J., Murphy, M., Jonsdottir, S. S., Downe, S., Nieuwenhuijze, M. J. (2018). Women's psychological experiences of physiological childbirth: a meta-synthesis. BMJ Open, 18;8(10):e020347. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020347.
  • • Pell, C., Metaca, A., Were, F., Afrah, N. A., Chatio, S., Manda-Taylor, L., Hamel, M. J., Hodgson, A., Tagbor, H., Kalilani, L., Ouma, P., Pool, R. (2013). Factors affecting antenatal care attendance: Results from qualitative studies in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi. PLoS One, 8(1):e53747. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0053747.
  • • Perera, D., Lund, R., Swahnberg, K., Schei, B., Infanti, J. J. (2018). ‘When helpers hurt’: Women’s and midwives’ stories of obstetric violence in state health institutions, Colombo district, Sri Lanka. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 7;18(1):211. doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-1869-z.
  • • Prosen, M. A. (2022). Systematic integrative literature review of the factors influencing the professionalization of midwifery in the last decade (2009–2019). Midwifery, 106:103246. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.103246.
  • • Prytherch, H., Kagoné, M., Aninanya, G. A., Williams, J. E., Kakoko, D. C., Leshabari, M. T., Yé, M., Marx, M., Sauerborn, R. (2013). Motivation and incentives of rural maternal and neonatal health care providers: a comparison of qualitative findings from Burkina Faso, Ghana and Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res, 25;13:149. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-149.
  • • Rahimiyan M. N., T. Rahnavard T., Lari M.Z. (2015). Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia. 12:839-845. DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2103.
  • • Reis, T. M. R., Zamberlan, C., Silveira de Quadros, J., Grasel, J. T., Moro, A. S. S. (2015). Obstetric nurses: contributions to the objective sof the millennium development Goals. Rev Gaúcha Enferm, 36, 94-101.
  • • Cumhurbaşkanlığı Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi Hasta Hakları Yönetmeliği. (2019, 16 Ocak). T. C. Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 30657). Erişim adresi: https://mevzuat.gov.tr/.
  • • Silal, S. P., Penn-Kekana, L., Harris, B., Birch, S., McIntyre, D. (2012). Exploring inequalities in access to and use of maternal health services in South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res, 21;12:120. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-120.
  • • Simpson, M., Catling, C. (2016). Understanding psychological traumatic birth experiences: A literatüre review. Women Birth, 29(3):203-7. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.10.009.
  • • Smarandache, A., Kim, T.H., Bohr, Y., Tamim, H. (2016). Predictors of a negative labour and birth experience based on a national survey of Canadian women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18;16(1):114. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-0903-2.
  • • Tosun, H., Aksoy, N. (2019). Ebelik uygulamalarında mahremiyet. Pro Health Res, 1(1), 21-27.
  • • Van der Pijl, M. S. G., Verhoeven, C.J.M., Verweij, R., van der Linden, T., Kingma, E., Hollander, M. H., de Jonge, A. (2022). Disrespect and abuse during labour and birth amongst 12,239 women in the Netherlands: A national survey. Reprod Health, 8;19(1):160. doi: 10.1186/s12978-022-01460-4.
  • • Varkey, B. (2020). Principles of clinical ethics and their application to practice. Med Princ Pract, 30(1):17-28. doi: 10.1159/000509119.
  • • WHO. (2023). WHO recommendations: intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-RHR-18.12. Erişim tarihi: 12.12.2023.

Ebelik Etik Kodları Bakımından Olumsuz Doğum Algısı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 1 - 15, 27.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.70915/spkd.1403933

Öz

Bu derlemenin amacı yapılan çalışmalarda bildirilen doğuma ilişkin olumsuz tutumların ebelik etik kodları bakımından değerlendirilmesi, etik ihlallerin ve boyutunun belirlenmesidir. Sağlık profesyonelleri için sürekli hizmet içi eğitim uygulanması, tüm kadınların ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için gereken klinik yeterliliği korumak ve bakımda eşitliğin sağlanması için bakımın etik boyutunun öncelenmesi, bakım kalitesinin arttırılmasında önemli bir unsur olduğu için, bu boyuta dikkat çekmeye derlemenin katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • • American College of Nurse –Midwives ACNM. (2013). Code of ethics. Erişim adresi: https://www.midwife.org/acnm/files/ACNM LibraryData/UPLOADFILENAME/000000000048/Code-of-Ethics.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2023.
  • • Annborn, A., Finnbogadóttir, H. R. (2022). Obstetric violence a qualitative interview study. Midwifery, 105:103212. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.103212.
  • • Aune, I., Amundsen, H. H., Skaget, L. C. (2014). Is a midwife's continuous presence during childbirth a matter of course? Midwives' experiences and thoughts about factors that may influence their continuous support of women during labour. Midwifery, 30(1):89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2013.02.001.
  • • Berkiten, E. A., Özcan, Ş. M (Sunan)., Acar, Z., Ersoy, N., Karahan, N. (2011). Ulusal ebelik etik kodları projesi. I. Uluslararası & II. Ulusal Ebelik Kongresi 2011; Safranbolu Özet Kitabı. s. 15-20.
  • • Bohren, M. A., Vogel, J. P., Hunter, E. C., Lutsiv, O., Makh, S. K., Souza, J. P., Aguiar, C., Saraiva Coneglian, F., Diniz, A. L., Tunçalp, Ö., Javadi. D., Oladapo, O. T., Khosla, R., Hindin, M. J., Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2015). The Mistreatment of women during childbirth in health facilities globally: A mixed-methods systematic review. PLoS Me, 30;12(6): e1001847. doi: 10.1371/journal. pmed.1001847.
  • • Buchanan, K., Newnham, E., Ireson, D., Davison, C., Bayes S. (2021). Does midwifery-led care demonstrate care ethics: A template analysis. Nurs Ethics. 2022 Feb;29(1):245-257. doi: 10.1177/09697330211008638.
  • • Christe, D. M., Padmanaban, S. (2022). Respectful maternity care initiative: A qualitative study. J Obstet Gynaecol India, 72(1):32-37. doi: 10.1007/s13224-021-01482-1. Epub 2021 Apr 27.
  • • Diaz-Tello, F. (2016). Invisible wounds: Obstetric violence in the United States. Reprod Health Matters, 24(47):56-64. doi: 10.1016/j.rhm.2016.04.004.
  • • Ersoy, N. (2011). Ebelikte meslek etiğinin, etik değerlerinin önemi ve gereği, I. Uluslararası & II. Ulusal Ebelik Kongre Kitabı, Safranbolu, Türkiye.
  • • Esteban-Sepúlveda, S., Fabregas-Mitjans, M., Ordobas-Pages, L., Tutusaus-Arderiu, A., Emanuela Andreica, L., Leyva-Moral, J. M. (2022). The experience of giving birth in a hospital in Spain: Humanization versus technification. Enferm Clin (Engl Ed), 32 Suppl 1: S14-S22. doi: 10.1016/j.enfcle.2021.10.007.
  • • Freedman, L. P., Ramsey, K., Abuya, T., Bellows, B., Ndwiga, C., Warren, C. E., Kujawski, S., Moyo, W., Kruk, M. E., Mbaruku, G. (2014). Defining disrespect and abuse of women in childbirth: A research, policy and rights agenda. Bull World Health Organ, 1;92(12):915-7. doi: 10.2471/BLT.14.137869.
  • • Ford, E., Ayers, S. (2011). Support during birth interacts with prior trauma and birth intervention to predict postnatal post-traumatic stres symptoms. Psychol Health 26(12):1553-70. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2010.533770.
  • • Foster, J., Burgos, R., Tejada, C., Cáceres, R., Altamonte, A. T., Perez, L. J., Noboa, F. R., Urbaez, M. F., Heath, A., Hilliard, R. C., Chiang, F., Hall, P. (2010). A community-based participatory research approach to explore community perceptions of the quality of maternal-newborn health services in the Dominican Republic. Midwifery, 26(5):504-11. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2010.06.001.
  • • Hatamleh, R., Sinclair, M., Kernohan, G. (2022). Birth memories of Jordanian women: Findings from qualitative data. Journal of Research in Nursing, 18(3),235–244. doi.org/10.1177/1744987112441911.
  • • Howarth, A., Swain, N., Treharne, G. J. (2011). First-time New Zealand mothers’ experience of birth: Importance of relationship and support. New Zealand College of Midwives Journal, 45, 6–11.
  • • ICM. (2020). International code of ethics for midwives 2020. Erişim adresi: https://www.internationalmidwives.org/assets/files/general-files/2019/10/eng -international-code-of-ethics-for-midwives.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2023.
  • • Ith, P., Dawson, A., Homer, C. S. (2013). Women's perspective of maternity care in Cambodia. Women Birth, 26(1):71-5. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2012.05.002.
  • • Karlström, A., Nystedt, A., Hildingsson, I. (2015). Themeaning of a very positive birth experience: Focus groups discussions with women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 9;15:251. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0683-0.
  • • Köken Durgun, S., Şen, S., Tayhan, E. (2018). Ulusal ve uluslararası ebelik etik kodları. CBU-SBED, 5(4),218-223.
  • • Kruk, M. E., Kujawski, S., Mbaruku, G., Ramsey, K., Moyo, W., Freedman, L. P. (2018). Disrespectful and abusive treatment during facility delivery in Tanzania: A facility and community survey. Health Policy Plan, 1;33(1):e26-e33. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czu079.
  • • Mannava, P., Durrant, K., Fisher, J., Chersich, M., Luchters, S. (2015). Attitudes and behaviours of maternal health care providers in interactions withc lients: A systematic review. Globalization and Health, 15;11:36. doi: 10.1186/s12992-015-0117-9.
  • • Mukamurigo, J. U., Dencker, A., Ntaganira, J., Berg, M. (2017a). The meaning of a poor childbirth experience- A qualitative phenomenological study with women in Rwanda. PLoS One, 8;12(12):e0189371. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189371.
  • • Mukamurigo, J. U., Berg, M., Ntaganira, J., Nyirazinyoye, L., Dencker, A. (2017b). Associations between perceptions of care and women's childbirth experience: A population-based cross-sectional study in Rwanda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 9;17(1):181. doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1363-z.
  • • Nguyen, M. H., Gammeltoft, T., Rasch, V.. (2007). Situation analysis of quality of abortion care in the main maternity hospital in Hai Phòng, Viet Nam. Reprod Health Matters, 15(29):172-82. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(07)29283-3.
  • • Oladapo, O. T., Tunçalp, Ö., Bonet, M., Lawrie, T. A., Portela, A., Downe, S., Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2018). WHO model of intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience: Transforming care of women and babies for improved health and wellbeing. BJOG, 125(8):918-922. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.15237.
  • • Olza, I., Leahy-Warren, P., Benyamini, Y., Kazmierczak, M., Karlsdottir, S. I., Spyridou, A., Crespo-Mirasol, E., Takács, L., Hall, P. J., Murphy, M., Jonsdottir, S. S., Downe, S., Nieuwenhuijze, M. J. (2018). Women's psychological experiences of physiological childbirth: a meta-synthesis. BMJ Open, 18;8(10):e020347. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020347.
  • • Pell, C., Metaca, A., Were, F., Afrah, N. A., Chatio, S., Manda-Taylor, L., Hamel, M. J., Hodgson, A., Tagbor, H., Kalilani, L., Ouma, P., Pool, R. (2013). Factors affecting antenatal care attendance: Results from qualitative studies in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi. PLoS One, 8(1):e53747. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0053747.
  • • Perera, D., Lund, R., Swahnberg, K., Schei, B., Infanti, J. J. (2018). ‘When helpers hurt’: Women’s and midwives’ stories of obstetric violence in state health institutions, Colombo district, Sri Lanka. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 7;18(1):211. doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-1869-z.
  • • Prosen, M. A. (2022). Systematic integrative literature review of the factors influencing the professionalization of midwifery in the last decade (2009–2019). Midwifery, 106:103246. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.103246.
  • • Prytherch, H., Kagoné, M., Aninanya, G. A., Williams, J. E., Kakoko, D. C., Leshabari, M. T., Yé, M., Marx, M., Sauerborn, R. (2013). Motivation and incentives of rural maternal and neonatal health care providers: a comparison of qualitative findings from Burkina Faso, Ghana and Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res, 25;13:149. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-149.
  • • Rahimiyan M. N., T. Rahnavard T., Lari M.Z. (2015). Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia. 12:839-845. DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2103.
  • • Reis, T. M. R., Zamberlan, C., Silveira de Quadros, J., Grasel, J. T., Moro, A. S. S. (2015). Obstetric nurses: contributions to the objective sof the millennium development Goals. Rev Gaúcha Enferm, 36, 94-101.
  • • Cumhurbaşkanlığı Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi Hasta Hakları Yönetmeliği. (2019, 16 Ocak). T. C. Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 30657). Erişim adresi: https://mevzuat.gov.tr/.
  • • Silal, S. P., Penn-Kekana, L., Harris, B., Birch, S., McIntyre, D. (2012). Exploring inequalities in access to and use of maternal health services in South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res, 21;12:120. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-120.
  • • Simpson, M., Catling, C. (2016). Understanding psychological traumatic birth experiences: A literatüre review. Women Birth, 29(3):203-7. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.10.009.
  • • Smarandache, A., Kim, T.H., Bohr, Y., Tamim, H. (2016). Predictors of a negative labour and birth experience based on a national survey of Canadian women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18;16(1):114. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-0903-2.
  • • Tosun, H., Aksoy, N. (2019). Ebelik uygulamalarında mahremiyet. Pro Health Res, 1(1), 21-27.
  • • Van der Pijl, M. S. G., Verhoeven, C.J.M., Verweij, R., van der Linden, T., Kingma, E., Hollander, M. H., de Jonge, A. (2022). Disrespect and abuse during labour and birth amongst 12,239 women in the Netherlands: A national survey. Reprod Health, 8;19(1):160. doi: 10.1186/s12978-022-01460-4.
  • • Varkey, B. (2020). Principles of clinical ethics and their application to practice. Med Princ Pract, 30(1):17-28. doi: 10.1159/000509119.
  • • WHO. (2023). WHO recommendations: intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-RHR-18.12. Erişim tarihi: 12.12.2023.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hasta Güvenliği
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Döndü Kurnaz

Ayden Çoban 0000-0002-2189-2488

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Ocak 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 23 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kurnaz, D., & Çoban, A. (2025). Ebelik Etik Kodları Bakımından Olumsuz Doğum Algısı. Sağlıkta Performans Ve Kalite Dergisi, 22(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.70915/spkd.1403933

Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü

Sağlıkta Performans ve Kalite Dergisi